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<h1>SQLAlchemy 0.6.8 Documentation</h1>
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Version: <span class="versionnum">0.6.8</span> Last Updated: 06/05/2011 13:10:26
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<span id="contents"></span><h1>Table of Contents<a class="headerlink" href="#table-of-contents" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>Full table of contents. For a high level overview of all
documentation, see <a class="reference internal" href="index.html"><em>SQLAlchemy Documentation</em></a>.</p>
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<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html">Overview</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#id1">Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#documentation-overview">Documentation Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#code-examples">Code Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#installation-guide">Installation Guide</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#installing-with-setuptools-or-pip">Installing with setuptools or pip</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#installing-using-setup-py">Installing using setup.py</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#installing-the-c-extensions">Installing the C Extensions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#installing-on-python-3">Installing on Python 3</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#installing-a-database-api">Installing a Database API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#checking-the-installed-sqlalchemy-version">Checking the Installed SQLAlchemy Version</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#to-0-6-migration">0.5 to 0.6 Migration</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/index.html">SQLAlchemy ORM</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/tutorial.html">Object Relational Tutorial</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/tutorial.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/tutorial.html#version-check">Version Check</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/tutorial.html#connecting">Connecting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/tutorial.html#define-and-create-a-table">Define and Create a Table</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/tutorial.html#define-a-python-class-to-be-mapped">Define a Python Class to be Mapped</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/tutorial.html#setting-up-the-mapping">Setting up the Mapping</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/tutorial.html#creating-table-class-and-mapper-all-at-once-declaratively">Creating Table, Class and Mapper All at Once Declaratively</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/tutorial.html#creating-a-session">Creating a Session</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/tutorial.html#adding-new-objects">Adding new Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/tutorial.html#rolling-back">Rolling Back</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/tutorial.html#querying">Querying</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/tutorial.html#building-a-relationship">Building a Relationship</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/tutorial.html#working-with-related-objects">Working with Related Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/tutorial.html#querying-with-joins">Querying with Joins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/tutorial.html#deleting">Deleting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/tutorial.html#building-a-many-to-many-relationship">Building a Many To Many Relationship</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/tutorial.html#further-reference">Further Reference</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/mapper_config.html">Mapper Configuration</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/mapper_config.html#customizing-column-properties">Customizing Column Properties</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/mapper_config.html#deferred-column-loading">Deferred Column Loading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/mapper_config.html#sql-expressions-as-mapped-attributes">SQL Expressions as Mapped Attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/mapper_config.html#changing-attribute-behavior">Changing Attribute Behavior</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/mapper_config.html#composite-column-types">Composite Column Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/mapper_config.html#mapping-a-class-against-multiple-tables">Mapping a Class against Multiple Tables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/mapper_config.html#mapping-a-class-against-arbitrary-selects">Mapping a Class against Arbitrary Selects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/mapper_config.html#multiple-mappers-for-one-class">Multiple Mappers for One Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/mapper_config.html#multiple-persistence-mappers-for-one-class">Multiple “Persistence” Mappers for One Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/mapper_config.html#constructors-and-object-initialization">Constructors and Object Initialization</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/mapper_config.html#the-mapper-api">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mapper()</span></tt> API</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/relationships.html">Relationship Configuration</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/relationships.html#basic-relational-patterns">Basic Relational Patterns</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/relationships.html#adjacency-list-relationships">Adjacency List Relationships</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/relationships.html#specifying-alternate-join-conditions-to-relationship">Specifying Alternate Join Conditions to relationship()</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/relationships.html#rows-that-point-to-themselves-mutually-dependent-rows">Rows that point to themselves / Mutually Dependent Rows</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/relationships.html#mutable-primary-keys-update-cascades">Mutable Primary Keys / Update Cascades</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/relationships.html#the-relationship-api">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">relationship()</span></tt> API</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/collections.html">Collection Configuration and Techniques</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/collections.html#working-with-large-collections">Working with Large Collections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/collections.html#customizing-collection-access">Customizing Collection Access</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/inheritance.html">Mapping Class Inheritance Hierarchies</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/inheritance.html#joined-table-inheritance">Joined Table Inheritance</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/inheritance.html#single-table-inheritance">Single Table Inheritance</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/inheritance.html#concrete-table-inheritance">Concrete Table Inheritance</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/inheritance.html#using-relationships-with-inheritance">Using Relationships with Inheritance</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/inheritance.html#using-inheritance-with-declarative">Using Inheritance with Declarative</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/session.html">Using the Session</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/session.html#what-does-the-session-do">What does the Session do ?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/session.html#getting-a-session">Getting a Session</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/session.html#id1">Using the Session</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/session.html#cascades">Cascades</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/session.html#managing-transactions">Managing Transactions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/session.html#embedding-sql-insert-update-expressions-into-a-flush">Embedding SQL Insert/Update Expressions into a Flush</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/session.html#using-sql-expressions-with-sessions">Using SQL Expressions with Sessions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/session.html#joining-a-session-into-an-external-transaction">Joining a Session into an External Transaction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/session.html#the-session-object-and-sessionmaker-function">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Session</span></tt> object and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sessionmaker()</span></tt> function</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/session.html#contextual-thread-local-sessions">Contextual/Thread-local Sessions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/session.html#partitioning-strategies">Partitioning Strategies</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/session.html#session-utilities">Session Utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/session.html#attribute-and-state-management-utilities">Attribute and State Management Utilities</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/query.html">Querying</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/query.html#the-query-object">The Query Object</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/query.html#orm-specific-query-constructs">ORM-Specific Query Constructs</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/loading.html">Relationship Loading Techniques</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/loading.html#using-loader-strategies-lazy-loading-eager-loading">Using Loader Strategies: Lazy Loading, Eager Loading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/loading.html#the-zen-of-eager-loading">The Zen of Eager Loading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/loading.html#what-kind-of-loading-to-use">What Kind of Loading to Use ?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/loading.html#routing-explicit-joins-statements-into-eagerly-loaded-collections">Routing Explicit Joins/Statements into Eagerly Loaded Collections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/loading.html#relation-loader-api">Relation Loader API</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/interfaces.html">ORM Event Interfaces</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/interfaces.html#mapper-events">Mapper Events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/interfaces.html#session-events">Session Events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/interfaces.html#attribute-events">Attribute Events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/interfaces.html#instrumentation-events-and-re-implementation">Instrumentation Events and Re-implementation</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/extensions/index.html">ORM Extensions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/extensions/associationproxy.html">Association Proxy</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/extensions/declarative.html">Declarative</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/extensions/orderinglist.html">Ordering List</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/extensions/horizontal_shard.html">Horizontal Sharding</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/extensions/sqlsoup.html">SqlSoup</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/examples.html">Examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/examples.html#adjacency-list">Adjacency List</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/examples.html#associations">Associations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/examples.html#attribute-instrumentation">Attribute Instrumentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/examples.html#beaker-caching">Beaker Caching</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/examples.html#derived-attributes">Derived Attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/examples.html#directed-graphs">Directed Graphs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/examples.html#dynamic-relations-as-dictionaries">Dynamic Relations as Dictionaries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/examples.html#horizontal-sharding">Horizontal Sharding</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/examples.html#inheritance-mappings">Inheritance Mappings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/examples.html#large-collections">Large Collections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/examples.html#nested-sets">Nested Sets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/examples.html#polymorphic-associations">Polymorphic Associations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/examples.html#postgis-integration">PostGIS Integration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/examples.html#versioned-objects">Versioned Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/examples.html#vertical-attribute-mapping">Vertical Attribute Mapping</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/examples.html#xml-persistence">XML Persistence</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="orm/exceptions.html">ORM Exceptions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="core/index.html">SQLAlchemy Core</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core/tutorial.html">SQL Expression Language Tutorial</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/tutorial.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/tutorial.html#version-check">Version Check</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/tutorial.html#connecting">Connecting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/tutorial.html#define-and-create-tables">Define and Create Tables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/tutorial.html#insert-expressions">Insert Expressions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/tutorial.html#executing">Executing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/tutorial.html#executing-multiple-statements">Executing Multiple Statements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/tutorial.html#connectionless-implicit-execution">Connectionless / Implicit Execution</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/tutorial.html#selecting">Selecting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/tutorial.html#operators">Operators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/tutorial.html#conjunctions">Conjunctions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/tutorial.html#using-text">Using Text</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/tutorial.html#using-aliases">Using Aliases</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/tutorial.html#using-joins">Using Joins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/tutorial.html#intro-to-generative-selects-and-transformations">Intro to Generative Selects and Transformations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/tutorial.html#everything-else">Everything Else</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/tutorial.html#inserts-and-updates">Inserts and Updates</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/tutorial.html#deletes">Deletes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/tutorial.html#further-reference">Further Reference</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core/expression_api.html">SQL Statements and Expressions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/expression_api.html#functions">Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/expression_api.html#classes">Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/expression_api.html#generic-functions">Generic Functions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core/engines.html">Engine Configuration</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/engines.html#supported-databases">Supported Databases</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/engines.html#database-engine-options">Database Engine Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/engines.html#database-urls">Database Urls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/engines.html#custom-dbapi-connect-arguments">Custom DBAPI connect() arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/engines.html#configuring-logging">Configuring Logging</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core/connections.html">Working with Engines and Connections</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/connections.html#basic-usage">Basic Usage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/connections.html#using-transactions">Using Transactions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/connections.html#understanding-autocommit">Understanding Autocommit</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/connections.html#connectionless-execution-implicit-execution">Connectionless Execution, Implicit Execution</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/connections.html#using-the-threadlocal-execution-strategy">Using the Threadlocal Execution Strategy</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core/pooling.html">Connection Pooling</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/pooling.html#connection-pool-configuration">Connection Pool Configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/pooling.html#switching-pool-implementations">Switching Pool Implementations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/pooling.html#using-a-custom-connection-function">Using a Custom Connection Function</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/pooling.html#constructing-a-pool">Constructing a Pool</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/pooling.html#pool-event-listeners">Pool Event Listeners</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/pooling.html#builtin-pool-implementations">Builtin Pool Implementations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/pooling.html#pooling-plain-db-api-connections">Pooling Plain DB-API Connections</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core/schema.html">Schema Definition Language</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="core/schema.html#column-insert-update-defaults">Column Insert/Update Defaults</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core/serializer.html">Expression Serializer Extension</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="dialects/mssql.html#connecting">Connecting</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dialects/oracle.html">Oracle</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dialects/postgresql.html">PostgreSQL</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="dialects/postgresql.html#sequences-serial">Sequences/SERIAL</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dialects/sqlite.html">SQLite</a><ul>
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