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<div id="header">
<h1>Multibyte character processing in SigScheme</h1>
</div>
<h2 id="_overview">1. Overview</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>SigScheme’s multibyte character handling interface is basically based on R6RS
Unicode character handlings. See also "R6RS conformance" section and
"Characters" subsection of "R5RS conformance" of <a href="spec.html">Specifications
of SigScheme</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In addition to R6RS Unicode character handlings, SigScheme supports EUC-JP,
EUC-CN, EUC-KR and Shift_JIS character encoding schemes and they can be used
simultaneously. But no character encoding conversion method such as iconv is
provided at now.</p></div>
</div>
<h2 id="_current_character_codec">2. Current character codec</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>On SigScheme, characters and strings are processed in accordance with the
parameter <strong>current character codec</strong>. Its initial value is specified by
<tt>--enable-default-encoding</tt> option of the configure script and defaults to
UTF-8. So characters and strings in SigScheme are treated as UTF-8 by default.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The value of current character codec can be checked by <tt>%%current-char-codec</tt>
procedure of SigScheme extension.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>sscm> (require-extension (sscm-ext))
sscm> (%%current-char-codec)
"UTF-8"</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To specify another encoding as default character codec, pass <tt>-C</tt> option to
<tt>sscm</tt> command as follows, or specify it in the second argument of
<tt>scm_initialize()</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>$ sscm -C ISO-8859-1
$ sscm -C UTF-8
$ sscm -C EUC-JP
$ sscm -C EUC-CN
$ sscm -C EUC-KR
$ sscm -C Shift_JIS</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><tt>provided?</tt> predicate can be used to know whether an encoding is enabled by the
configuration or not.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>(provided? "utf8")
(provided? "eucjp")
(provided? "euccn")
(provided? "euckr")
(provided? "sjis")</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <tt>ISO-8859-1</tt> encoding is used as generic singlebyte character encoding and
accepts any character represented in integer range 0-255, and always provided
regardless of configuration.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Use <tt>with-char-codec</tt> procedure to switch to another encoding temporarily.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>(define euc-A (with-char-codec "EUC-JP" (lambda () (integer->char #xa4a2))))</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>See also "Ports" section of this document for current character codec switching
on I/O.</p></div>
</div>
<h2 id="_characters">3. Characters</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>When the reader is working on an UTF-8 port:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>#\あ ==> #\あ ;; U+3042 HIRAGANA LETTER A
#\x3042 ==> #\あ ;; U+3042 HIRAGANA LETTER A</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Conversion between character and integer is performed based on the value of
<tt>%%current-char-codec</tt>. When <tt>%%current-char-codec</tt> is "UTF-8", integer value
of an Unicode character corresponds to the Unicode code point.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When <tt>%%current-char-codec</tt> is "UTF-8":</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>(integer->char #x3042) ==> #\あ ;; U+3042 HIRAGANA LETTER A
(char->integer #\あ) ==> 12354 ;; #x3042</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If an integer value is invalid for the current codec, an error is caused.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>(with-char-codec "UTF-8" (lambda () (integer->char #x3042))) ==> #\あ
(with-char-codec "ISO-8859-1" (lambda () (integer->char #x3042))) ==> error</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Since a character in SigScheme is internally represented as an integer value
marked with character-object tag without any character encoding information,
user is responsible to manage the character encoding scheme of each character
object.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>And no character encoding conversion is performed on integer<→char conversion
regaradless of <tt>%%current-char-codec</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>;; U+3042 HIRAGANA LETTER A in Unicode
(define ucs-A (with-char-codec "UTF-8" (lambda () (integer->char #x3042))))
;; HIRAGANA LETTER A in EUC-JP
(define eucjp-A (with-char-codec "EUC-JP" (lambda () (integer->char #xa4a2))))
(eqv? ucs-A eucjp-A) ==> #f
;; no conversion is performed
(with-char-codec "UTF-8"
(lambda () (char->integer eucjp-A))) ==> 42146 ;; U+A4A2 YI RADICAL ZUP</tt></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<h2 id="_strings">4. Strings</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>When both reader’s port and <tt>%%current-char-codec</tt> is UTF-8:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>"\x3042;a\x3044;" ==> "あaい"
(string->list "あaい") ==> (#\あ #\a #\い)
(string-length "あaい") ==> 3</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A string in SigScheme is internally represented as a C string with its logical
character length without character encoding information. User is responsible to
manage the character encoding scheme of each string object. Though strings have
no encoding information, they have logical character length counted in
<tt>%%current-char-codec</tt> on its object creation. So processing a string in
another encoding such as UTF-8 string as byte string cannot fully be performed.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>;; U+3042 HIRAGANA LETTER A, with string length 1 counted in UTF-8
(define utf8-A "あ")
;; string length is not re-counted even if %%current-char-codec is changed
(with-char-codec "UTF-8" (lambda () (string-length utf8-A))) ==> 1
(with-char-codec "ISO-8859-1" (lambda () (string-length utf8-A))) ==> 1
;; character reference of string is based on %%current-char-codec
(with-char-codec "UTF-8" (lambda () (string-ref utf8-A 0))) ==> #\あ
(with-char-codec "ISO-8859-1" (lambda () (string-ref utf8-A 0))) ==> #\ã
;; character reference that exceeds logical length is an error even if its
;; physical length is enough
(with-char-codec "UTF-8" (lambda () (string-ref utf8-A 1))) ==> error
(with-char-codec "ISO-8859-1" (lambda () (string-ref utf8-A 1))) ==> error</tt></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<h2 id="_identifiers">5. Identifiers</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Any Unicode characters can be used as identifiers in Scheme as R6RS allows.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>'Français-symbole
'日本語シンボル
(define ひらがな->カタカナ (lambda (イ . ロ) ...))</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>But since SigScheme’s Unicode handling is incomplete, all non-ASCII Unicode
characters are treated as ordinary letter. Though it allows using any
whitespace characters and punctuations as identifier, it should not be done.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Non-ASCII identifier in SigScheme is only allowed for Unicode. In other words,
allowed only if the reading port is UTF-8. This limitation is intended to avoid
character identity problem between different character encodings. For example,
WAVE DASH and FULLWIDTH TILDE may be altered to another unexpectedly if the
source code is converted to/from non-Unicode Japanese encoding. Inhibiting
non-Unicode identifiers is the simplest way to avoid such problems.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To use Unicode identifiers, prepend following line to the source code. See also
"Ports" section to understand its mechanism.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt># /usr/bin/env sscm -C UTF-8</tt></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<h2 id="_ports">6. Ports</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
Each port is associated with a single character encoding when it is open
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>sscm> (current-input-port)
#<iport mb UTF-8 file stdin></tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
The encoding of a port is not switched to another once it is open (NOTE: a C extension that operates on low level port can alter it)
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The encoding of a port is determined by <tt>%%current-char-codec</tt> on its opening
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>$ sscm -C UTF-8
sscm> (%%current-char-codec)
"UTF-8"
sscm> (open-output-file "/tmp/sigscheme.tmp")
#<oport mb UTF-8 file /tmp/sigscheme.tmp>
sscm> (with-char-codec "ISO-8859-1"
(lambda () (open-output-file "/tmp/sigscheme.tmp")))
#<oport mb ISO-8859-1 file /tmp/sigscheme.tmp></tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<tt>%%current-char-codec</tt> does not affect already open ports
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>sscm> (current-input-port)
#<iport mb UTF-8 file stdin>
sscm> (with-char-codec "ISO-8859-1"
(lambda ()
(list (%%current-char-codec) (current-input-port))))
("ISO-8859-1" #<iport mb UTF-8 file stdin>)</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
Characters output to a port is encoded to a byte stream according to the port’s own character encoding regardless of <tt>%%current-char-codec</tt> value
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>$ sscm -C ISO-8859-1
sscm> (current-output-port)
#<oport mb ISO-8859-1 file stdout>
sscm> (with-char-codec "UTF-8" (lambda () (write #\x3042)))
Error: ScmMultibyteCharPort: invalid character</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To specify per-file character encoding, prepend following line into the
file. The <tt>load</tt> procedure detects this line and temporarily switches
<tt>%%current-char-codec</tt> and the encoding of the reading port until read all
expressions from the file.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>#! /usr/bin/env sscm -C UTF-8</tt></pre>
</div></div>
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