<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <title>Performance Considerations</title> </head> <body><div class="manualnavbar" style="text-align: center;"> <div class="prev" style="text-align: left; float: left;"><a href="features.gc.collecting-cycles.html">Collecting Cycles</a></div> <div class="next" style="text-align: right; float: right;"><a href="features.dtrace.html">DTrace Dynamic Tracing</a></div> <div class="up"><a href="features.gc.html">Garbage Collection</a></div> <div class="home"><a href="index.html">PHP Manual</a></div> </div><hr /><div id="features.gc.performance-considerations" class="sect1"> <h2 class="title">Performance Considerations</h2> <p class="para"> We have already mentioned in the previous section that simply collecting the possible roots had a very tiny performance impact, but this is when you compare PHP 5.2 against PHP 5.3. Although the recording of possible roots compared to not recording them at all, like in PHP 5.2, is slower, other changes to the PHP runtime in PHP 5.3 prevented this particular performance loss from even showing. </p> <p class="para"> There are two major areas in which performance is affected. The first area is reduced memory usage, and the second area is run-time delay when the garbage collection mechanism performs its memory cleanups. We will look at both of those issues. </p> <div class="sect2" id="features.gc.performance-considerations.reduced-mem"> <h3 class="title">Reduced Memory Usage</h3> <p class="para"> First of all, the whole reason for implementing the garbage collection mechanism is to reduce memory usage by cleaning up circular-referenced variables as soon as the prerequisites are fulfilled. In PHP's implementation, this happens as soon as the root-buffer is full, or when the function <span class="function"><a href="function.gc-collect-cycles.html" class="function">gc_collect_cycles()</a></span> is called. In the graph below, we display the memory usage of the script below, in both PHP 5.2 and PHP 5.3, excluding the base memory that PHP itself uses when starting up. </p> <p class="para"> <div class="example" id="example-396"> <p><strong>Example #1 Memory usage example</strong></p> <div class="example-contents"> <div class="phpcode"><code><span style="color: #000000"> <span style="color: #0000BB"><?php<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">class </span><span style="color: #0000BB">Foo<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">{<br /> public </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$var </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'3.1415962654'</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br />}<br /><br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">$baseMemory </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">memory_get_usage</span><span style="color: #007700">();<br /><br />for ( </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$i </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">0</span><span style="color: #007700">; </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$i </span><span style="color: #007700"><= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">100000</span><span style="color: #007700">; </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$i</span><span style="color: #007700">++ )<br />{<br /> </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$a </span><span style="color: #007700">= new </span><span style="color: #0000BB">Foo</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /> </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$a</span><span style="color: #007700">-></span><span style="color: #0000BB">self </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$a</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /> if ( </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$i </span><span style="color: #007700">% </span><span style="color: #0000BB">500 </span><span style="color: #007700">=== </span><span style="color: #0000BB">0 </span><span style="color: #007700">)<br /> {<br /> echo </span><span style="color: #0000BB">sprintf</span><span style="color: #007700">( </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'%8d: '</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$i </span><span style="color: #007700">), </span><span style="color: #0000BB">memory_get_usage</span><span style="color: #007700">() - </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$baseMemory</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #DD0000">"\n"</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /> }<br />}<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span> </span> </code></div> </div> <div class="mediaobject"> <div class="imageobject"> <img src="images/12f37b1c6963c1c5c18f30495416a197-gc-benchmark.png" alt="Comparison of memory usage between PHP 5.2 and PHP 5.3" width="850" height="480" /> </div> </div> </div> </p> <p class="para"> In this very academic example, we are creating an object in which a property is set to point back to the object itself. When the <var class="varname"><var class="varname">$a</var></var> variable in the script is re-assigned in the next iteration of the loop, a memory leak would typically occur. In this case, two zval-containers are leaked (the object zval, and the property zval), but only one possible root is found: the variable that was unset. When the root-buffer is full after 10,000 iterations (with a total of 10,000 possible roots), the garbage collection mechanism kicks in and frees the memory associated with those possible roots. This can very clearly be seen in the jagged memory-usage graph for PHP 5.3. After each 10,000 iterations, the mechanism kicks in and frees the memory associated with the circular referenced variables. The mechanism itself does not have to do a whole lot of work in this example, because the structure that is leaked is extremely simple. From the diagram, you see that the maximum memory usage in PHP 5.3 is about 9 Mb, whereas in PHP 5.2 the memory usage keeps increasing. </p> </div> <div class="sect2" id="features.gc.performance-considerations.slowdowns"> <h3 class="title">Run-Time Slowdowns</h3> <p class="para"> The second area where the garbage collection mechanism influences performance is the time taken when the garbage collection mechanism kicks in to free the "leaked" memory. In order to see how much this is, we slightly modify the previous script to allow for a larger number of iterations and the removal of the intermediate memory usage figures. The second script is here: </p> <p class="para"> <div class="example" id="example-397"> <p><strong>Example #2 GC performance influences</strong></p> <div class="example-contents"> <div class="phpcode"><code><span style="color: #000000"> <span style="color: #0000BB"><?php<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">class </span><span style="color: #0000BB">Foo<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">{<br /> public </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$var </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'3.1415962654'</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br />}<br /><br />for ( </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$i </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">0</span><span style="color: #007700">; </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$i </span><span style="color: #007700"><= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">1000000</span><span style="color: #007700">; </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$i</span><span style="color: #007700">++ )<br />{<br /> </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$a </span><span style="color: #007700">= new </span><span style="color: #0000BB">Foo</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /> </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$a</span><span style="color: #007700">-></span><span style="color: #0000BB">self </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$a</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br />}<br /><br />echo </span><span style="color: #0000BB">memory_get_peak_usage</span><span style="color: #007700">(), </span><span style="color: #DD0000">"\n"</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span> </span> </code></div> </div> </div> </p> <p class="para"> We will run this script two times, once with the <a href="info.configuration.html#ini.zend.enable-gc" class="link">zend.enable_gc</a> setting turned on, and once with it turned off: </p> <p class="para"> <div class="example" id="example-398"> <p><strong>Example #3 Running the above script</strong></p> <div class="example-contents"> <div class="shellcode"><pre class="shellcode">time php -dzend.enable_gc=0 -dmemory_limit=-1 -n example2.php # and time php -dzend.enable_gc=1 -dmemory_limit=-1 -n example2.php</pre> </div> </div> </div> </p> <p class="para"> On my machine, the first command seems to take consistently about 10.7 seconds, whereas the second command takes about 11.4 seconds. This is a slowdown of about 7%. However, the maximum amount of memory used by the script is reduced by 98% from 931Mb to 10Mb. This benchmark is not very scientific, or even representative of real-life applications, but it does demonstrate the memory usage benefits that this garbage collection mechanism provides. The good thing is that the slowdown is always the same 7%, for this particular script, while the memory saving capabilities save more and more memory as more circular references are found during script execution. </p> </div> <div class="sect2" id="features.gc.performance-considerations.internal-stats"> <h3 class="title">PHP's Internal GC Statistics</h3> <p class="para"> It is possible to coax a little bit more information about how the garbage collection mechanism is run from within PHP. But in order to do so, you will have to re-compile PHP to enable the benchmark and data-collecting code. You will have to set the <em>CFLAGS</em> environment variable to <em>-DGC_BENCH=1</em> prior to running <em>./configure</em> with your desired options. The following sequence should do the trick: </p> <p class="para"> <div class="example" id="example-399"> <p><strong>Example #4 Recompiling PHP to enable GC benchmarking</strong></p> <div class="example-contents"> <div class="shellcode"><pre class="shellcode">export CFLAGS=-DGC_BENCH=1 ./config.nice make clean make</pre> </div> </div> </div> </p> <p class="para"> When you run the above example code again with the newly built PHP binary, you will see the following being shown after PHP has finished execution: </p> <p class="para"> <div class="example" id="example-400"> <p><strong>Example #5 GC statistics</strong></p> <div class="example-contents"> <div class="shellcode"><pre class="shellcode">GC Statistics ------------- Runs: 110 Collected: 2072204 Root buffer length: 0 Root buffer peak: 10000 Possible Remove from Marked Root Buffered buffer grey -------- -------- ----------- ------ ZVAL 7175487 1491291 1241690 3611871 ZOBJ 28506264 1527980 677581 1025731</pre> </div> </div> </div> </p> <p class="para"> The most informative statistics are displayed in the first block. You can see here that the garbage collection mechanism ran 110 times, and in total, more than 2 million memory allocations were freed during those 110 runs. As soon as the garbage collection mechanism has run at least one time, the "Root buffer peak" is always 10000. </p> </div> <div class="sect2" id="features.gc.performance-considerations.conclusion"> <h3 class="title">Conclusion</h3> <p class="para"> In general the garbage collector in PHP will only cause a slowdown when the cycle collecting algorithm actually runs, whereas in normal (smaller) scripts there should be no performance hit at all. </p> <p class="para"> However, in the cases where the cycle collection mechanism does run for normal scripts, the memory reduction it will provide allows more of those scripts to run concurrently on your server, since not so much memory is used in total. </p> <p class="para"> The benefits are most apparent for longer-running scripts, such as lengthy test suites or daemon scripts. Also, for <a href="http://gtk.php.net/" class="link external">» PHP-GTK</a> applications that generally tend to run longer than scripts for the Web, the new mechanism should make quite a bit of a difference regarding memory leaks creeping in over time. </p> </div> </div><hr /><div class="manualnavbar" style="text-align: center;"> <div class="prev" style="text-align: left; float: left;"><a href="features.gc.collecting-cycles.html">Collecting Cycles</a></div> <div class="next" style="text-align: right; float: right;"><a href="features.dtrace.html">DTrace Dynamic Tracing</a></div> <div class="up"><a href="features.gc.html">Garbage Collection</a></div> <div class="home"><a href="index.html">PHP Manual</a></div> </div></body></html>