<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>GEN09</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="csound.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="syntax-highlighting.css" /> <meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /> <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The Canonical Csound Reference Manual" /> <link rel="up" href="ScoregensTop.html" title="Score Statements and GEN Routines" /> <link rel="prev" href="GEN08.html" title="GEN08" /> <link rel="next" href="GEN10.html" title="GEN10" /> </head> <body> <div class="navheader"> <table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"> <tr> <th colspan="3" align="center">GEN09</th> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="GEN08.html">Prev</a> </td> <th width="60%" align="center">Score Statements and GEN Routines</th> <td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="GEN10.html">Next</a></td> </tr> </table> <hr /> </div> <div class="refentry"> <a id="GEN09"></a> <div class="titlepage"></div> <a id="IndexGEN09" class="indexterm"></a> <div class="refnamediv"> <h2> <span class="refentrytitle">GEN09</span> </h2> <p>GEN09 — Generate composite waveforms made up of weighted sums of simple sinusoids. </p> </div> <div class="refsect1"> <a id="idm281472820138248"></a> <h2>Description</h2> <p> These subroutines generate composite waveforms made up of weighted sums of simple sinusoids. The specification of each contributing partial requires 3 p-fields using <span class="emphasis"><em>GEN09</em></span>. </p> </div> <div class="refsect1"> <a id="idm281472820063800"></a> <h2>Syntax</h2> <pre class="synopsis"><span class="command"><strong>f</strong></span> # time size 9 pna stra phsa pnb strb phsb ...</pre> </div> <div class="refsect1"> <a id="idm281472820061720"></a> <h2>Initialization</h2> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>size</em></span> -- number of points in the table. Must be a power of 2 or power-of-2 plus 1 (see <a class="link" href="f.html" title="f Statement (or Function Table Statement)"><em class="citetitle">f statement</em></a>). </p> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>pna, pnb</em></span>, etc. -- partial no. (relative to a fundamental that would occupy <span class="emphasis"><em>size</em></span> locations per cycle) of sinusoid a, sinusoid b, etc. Must be positive, but need not be a whole number, i.e., non-harmonic partials are permitted. Partials may be in any order. </p> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>stra, strb</em></span>, etc. -- strength of partials <span class="emphasis"><em>pna, pnb</em></span>, etc. These are relative strengths, since the composite waveform may be rescaled later. Negative values are permitted and imply a 180 degree phase shift. </p> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>phsa, phsb</em></span>, etc. -- initial phase of partials <span class="emphasis"><em>pna, pnb,</em></span> etc., expressed in degrees (0-360). </p> <div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"> <table border="0" summary="Note: Note"> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"> <img alt="[Note]" src="images/note.png" /> </td> <th align="left">Note</th> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"> <p> </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "> <li class="listitem"> <p> These subroutines generate stored functions as sums of sinusoids of different frequencies. The two major restrictions on <span class="emphasis"><em>GEN10</em></span> that the partials be harmonic and in phase do not apply to <span class="emphasis"><em>GEN09</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>GEN19</em></span>. </p> <p> In each case the composite wave, once drawn, is then rescaled to unity if p4 was positive. A negative p4 will cause rescaling to be skipped. </p> </li> </ul> </div> <p> </p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="refsect1"> <a id="idm281472820049800"></a> <h2>Examples</h2> <p> Here is an example of the GEN09 routine. It uses the files <a class="ulink" href="examples/gen09.csd" target="_top"><em class="citetitle">gen09.csd</em></a>. </p> <div class="example"> <a id="idm281472820047944"></a> <p class="title"> <strong>Example 1190. Example of the GEN09 routine.</strong> </p> <div class="example-contents"> <p>See the sections <a class="link" href="UsingRealTime.html" title="Real-Time Audio"><em class="citetitle">Real-time Audio</em></a> and <a class="link" href="CommandFlags.html" title="Csound command line"><em class="citetitle">Command Line Flags</em></a> for more information on using command line flags.</p> <div class="refsect1"> <a id="idm281472682579736"></a> <pre class="programlisting"> <span class="nt"><CsoundSynthesizer></span> <span class="nt"><CsOptions></span> <span class="c1">; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform</span> -odac <span class="c1">;;;realtime audio out</span> <span class="c1">;-iadc ;;;uncomment -iadc if realtime audio input is needed too</span> <span class="c1">; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below:</span> <span class="c1">; -o gen09.wav -W ;;; for file output any platform</span> <span class="nt"></CsOptions></span> <span class="nt"><CsInstruments></span> <span class="vg">sr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">44100</span> <span class="vg">ksmps</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">32</span> <span class="vg">nchnls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="vg">0dbfs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span> gi<span class="n">1</span> <span class="nb">ftgen</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">^</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">0.333</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">180</span> <span class="c1">;an approximation of a square wave</span> gi<span class="n">2</span> <span class="nb">ftgen</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">^</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">180</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">0.333</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0</span> <span class="c1">;same values as gi1, except some phase values</span> gi<span class="n">3</span> <span class="nb">ftgen</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">^</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">.4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">2.2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">.5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">3.8</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="c1">;inharmonic, but does not sound well --> wave does not end at same point as where it begins --> artefacts</span> gi<span class="n">4</span> <span class="nb">ftgen</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">^</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">.4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">22</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">.5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">38</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="c1">;the same proportions, but value of partial number is multiplied 10 times -->the sound is much clearer,</span> <span class="c1">;because the sudden "jump" like the one in gi3 will pop up only once in 10 repetitions</span> <span class="kd">instr</span> <span class="nf">1</span> k<span class="n">amp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">.6</span> k<span class="n">cps</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">220</span> i<span class="n">fn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">p4</span> a<span class="n">sig</span> <span class="nb">poscil</span> k<span class="n">amp</span><span class="p">,</span> k<span class="n">cps</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">p5</span><span class="p">,</span> i<span class="n">fn</span> <span class="nb">outs</span> a<span class="n">sig</span><span class="p">,</span>a<span class="n">sig</span> <span class="kd">endin</span> <span class="nt"></CsInstruments></span> <span class="nt"><CsScore></span> <span class="nb">i</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="c1">;subtle difference between table 1 and 2</span> <span class="nb">i</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="mi">3</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="nb">i</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="mi">7</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="mi">3</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="c1">;big difference between table 3 and 4</span> <span class="nb">i</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="mi">10</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="mi">4</span> <span class="mf">.1</span> <span class="c1">;p5 has to compensate for the 10 repetitions of gi4 as opposed to gi3 to get the same pitch</span> <span class="nb">e</span> <span class="nt"></CsScore></span> <span class="nt"></CsoundSynthesizer></span> </pre> </div> </div> </div> <p><br class="example-break" /> <span class="phrase">These are the diagrams of the waveforms of the GEN09 routines, as used in the example:</span> </p> <div class="mediaobject"> <img src="images/gen09_1.png" alt="gi1 ftgen 1,0,2^10,9, 1,3,0, 3,1,0, 9,0.333,180 - approximation of a square wave" /> <div class="caption"> <p>gi1 ftgen 1,0,2^10,9, 1,3,0, 3,1,0, 9,0.333,180 - approximation of a square wave</p> </div> </div> <p> </p> <div class="mediaobject"> <img src="images/gen09_2.png" alt="gi2 ftgen 2,0,2^10,9, 1,3,180, 3,1,0, 9,0.333,0 - same values as gi1, except phase value" /> <div class="caption"> <p>gi2 ftgen 2,0,2^10,9, 1,3,180, 3,1,0, 9,0.333,0 - same values as gi1, except phase value</p> </div> </div> <p> </p> <div class="mediaobject"> <img src="images/gen09_3.png" alt="gi3 ftgen 3,0,2^10,9, 1,2,0, 3,2,0, 9,0.333,180 - inharmonic partials, but with distortion due to the sudden jump in ending and beginning of the wave" /> <div class="caption"> <p>gi3 ftgen 3,0,2^10,9, 1,2,0, 3,2,0, 9,0.333,180 - inharmonic partials, but with distortion due to the sudden jump in ending and beginning of the wave</p> </div> </div> <p> </p> <div class="mediaobject"> <img src="images/gen09_4.png" alt="gi4 ftgen 4,0,2^10,9, 1,2,180, 3,2,0, 9,0.333,0 - same ratio as gi3, except with less artefacts" /> <div class="caption"> <p>gi4 ftgen 4,0,2^10,9, 1,2,180, 3,2,0, 9,0.333,0 - same ratio as gi3, except with less artefacts</p> </div> </div> <p> </p> </div> <div class="refsect1"> <a id="idm281472820029096"></a> <h2>See Also</h2> <p> <a class="link" href="GEN10.html" title="GEN10"><em class="citetitle">GEN10</em></a>, <a class="link" href="GEN19.html" title="GEN19"><em class="citetitle">GEN19</em></a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="navfooter"> <hr /> <table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"> <tr> <td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="GEN08.html">Prev</a> </td> <td width="20%" align="center"> <a accesskey="u" href="ScoregensTop.html">Up</a> </td> <td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="GEN10.html">Next</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">GEN08 </td> <td width="20%" align="center"> <a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a> </td> <td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> GEN10</td> </tr> </table> </div> </body> </html>