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<h2>
<span class="refentrytitle">grain</span>
</h2>
<p>grain —
Generates granular synthesis textures.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472926755560"></a>
<h2>Description</h2>
<p>
Generates granular synthesis textures.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472926754232"></a>
<h2>Syntax</h2>
<pre class="synopsis">ares <span class="command"><strong>grain</strong></span> xamp, xpitch, xdens, kampoff, kpitchoff, kgdur, igfn, \
iwfn, imgdur [, igrnd]</pre>
</div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472926682584"></a>
<h2>Initialization</h2>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>igfn</em></span> -- The ftable number of the grain waveform. This can be just a sine wave or a sampled sound.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>iwfn</em></span> -- Ftable number of the amplitude envelope used for the grains (see also <a class="link" href="GEN20.html" title="GEN20"><em class="citetitle">GEN20</em></a>).
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>imgdur</em></span> -- Maximum grain duration in seconds. This is the biggest value to be assigned to <span class="emphasis"><em>kgdur</em></span>.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>igrnd</em></span> (optional) -- if non-zero, turns off grain offset randomness. This means that all grains will begin reading from the beginning of the <span class="emphasis"><em>igfn</em></span> table. If zero (the default), grains will start reading from random <span class="emphasis"><em>igfn</em></span> table positions.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472926675896"></a>
<h2>Performance</h2>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>xamp</em></span> -- Amplitude of each grain.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>xpitch</em></span> -- Grain pitch. To use the original frequency of the input sound, use the formula:
</p>
<div class="literallayout">
<p> sndsr / ftlen(<span class="emphasis"><em>igfn</em></span>)</p>
</div>
<p>
</p>
<p>
where sndsr is the original sample rate of the <span class="emphasis"><em>igfn</em></span> sound.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>xdens</em></span> -- Density of grains measured in grains per second. If this is constant then the output is synchronous granular synthesis, very similar to <a class="link" href="fof.html" title="fof"><em class="citetitle">fof</em></a>. If <span class="emphasis"><em>xdens</em></span> has a random element (like added noise), then the result is more like asynchronous granular synthesis.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>kampoff</em></span> -- Maximum amplitude deviation from <span class="emphasis"><em>xamp</em></span>. This means that the maximum amplitude a grain can have is <span class="emphasis"><em>xamp</em></span> + <span class="emphasis"><em>kampoff</em></span> and the minimum is <span class="emphasis"><em>xamp</em></span>. If <span class="emphasis"><em>kampoff</em></span> is set to zero then there is no random amplitude for each grain.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>kpitchoff</em></span> -- Maximum pitch deviation from <span class="emphasis"><em>xpitch</em></span> in Hz. Similar to <span class="emphasis"><em>kampoff</em></span>.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>kgdur</em></span> -- Grain duration in seconds. The maximum value for this should be declared in <span class="emphasis"><em>imgdur</em></span>. If <span class="emphasis"><em>kgdur</em></span> at any point becomes greater than <span class="emphasis"><em>imgdur</em></span>, it will be truncated to <span class="emphasis"><em>imgdur</em></span>.
</p>
<p>
The grain generator is based primarily on work and writings of Barry Truax and Curtis Roads.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472926659816"></a>
<h2>Examples</h2>
<p>
This example generates a texture with gradually shorter grains and wider amp and pitch spread. It uses the file <a class="ulink" href="examples/grain.csd" target="_top"><em class="citetitle">grain.csd</em></a>, and <a class="ulink" href="examples/beats.wav" target="_top"><em class="citetitle">beats.wav</em></a>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<a id="idm281472926657064"></a>
<p class="title">
<strong>Example 389. Example of the grain opcode.</strong>
</p>
<div class="example-contents">
<p>See the sections <a class="link" href="UsingRealTime.html" title="Real-Time Audio"><em class="citetitle">Real-time Audio</em></a> and <a class="link" href="CommandFlags.html" title="Csound command line"><em class="citetitle">Command Line Flags</em></a> for more information on using command line flags.</p>
<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472756606040"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="nt"><CsoundSynthesizer></span>
<span class="nt"><CsOptions></span>
<span class="c1">; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform </span>
-odac <span class="c1">;;;realtime audio out </span>
<span class="c1">;-iadc ;;;uncomment -iadc if realtime audio input is needed too </span>
<span class="c1">; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below: </span>
<span class="c1">; -o grain.wav -W ;;; for file output any platform </span>
<span class="nt"></CsOptions></span>
<span class="nt"><CsInstruments></span>
<span class="vg">sr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">44100</span>
<span class="vg">ksmps</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">32</span>
<span class="vg">nchnls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="vg">0dbfs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="kd">instr</span> <span class="nf">1</span>
i<span class="n">nsnd</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span>
i<span class="n">basfrq</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">44100</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="nb">ftlen</span><span class="p">(</span>i<span class="n">nsnd</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">; Use original sample rate of insnd file </span>
k<span class="n">amp</span> <span class="nb">expseg</span> <span class="mf">.001</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">p3</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">.1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">p3</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">.01</span> <span class="c1">;a swell in amplitude</span>
k<span class="n">pitch</span> <span class="nb">line</span> i<span class="n">basfrq</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">p3</span><span class="p">,</span> i<span class="n">basfrq</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mf">.8</span>
k<span class="n">dens</span> <span class="nb">line</span> <span class="mi">600</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">p3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">100</span>
k<span class="n">aoff</span> <span class="nb">line</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">p3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">.1</span>
k<span class="n">poff</span> <span class="nb">line</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">p3</span><span class="p">,</span> i<span class="n">basfrq</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mf">.5</span>
k<span class="n">gdur</span> <span class="nb">line</span> <span class="mf">.4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">p3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">.01</span>
i<span class="n">maxgdur</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">.5</span>
a<span class="n">sigL</span> <span class="nb">grain</span> k<span class="n">amp</span><span class="p">,</span> k<span class="n">pitch</span><span class="p">,</span> k<span class="n">dens</span><span class="p">,</span> k<span class="n">aoff</span><span class="p">,</span> k<span class="n">poff</span><span class="p">,</span> k<span class="n">gdur</span><span class="p">,</span> i<span class="n">nsnd</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> i<span class="n">maxgdur</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.0</span>
a<span class="n">sigR</span> <span class="nb">grain</span> k<span class="n">amp</span><span class="p">,</span> k<span class="n">pitch</span><span class="p">,</span> k<span class="n">dens</span><span class="p">,</span> k<span class="n">aoff</span><span class="p">,</span> k<span class="n">poff</span><span class="p">,</span> k<span class="n">gdur</span><span class="p">,</span> i<span class="n">nsnd</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> i<span class="n">maxgdur</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.0</span>
<span class="nb">outs</span> a<span class="n">sigL</span><span class="p">,</span> a<span class="n">sigR</span>
<span class="kd">endin</span>
<span class="nt"></CsInstruments></span>
<span class="nt"><CsScore></span>
<span class="nb">f</span><span class="mi">5</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">512</span> <span class="mi">20</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="c1">; Hanning window </span>
<span class="nb">f</span><span class="mi">10</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">16384</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="s">"beats.wav"</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="nb">i</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">15</span>
<span class="nb">e</span>
<span class="nt"></CsScore></span>
<span class="nt"></CsoundSynthesizer></span>
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><br class="example-break" />
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472926652744"></a>
<h2>Credits</h2>
<p>
</p>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr>
<td>Author: Paris Smaragdis</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MIT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>May 1997</td>
</tr>
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