<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
<title>%</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="csound.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="syntax-highlighting.css" />
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" />
<link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The Canonical Csound Reference Manual" />
<link rel="up" href="OpcodesTop.html" title="Orchestra Opcodes and Operators" />
<link rel="prev" href="dollar.html" title="$NAME" />
<link rel="next" href="opand.html" title="&&" />
</head>
<body>
<div class="navheader">
<table width="100%" summary="Navigation header">
<tr>
<th colspan="3" align="center">%</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="dollar.html">Prev</a> </td>
<th width="60%" align="center">Orchestra Opcodes and Operators</th>
<td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="opand.html">Next</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr />
</div>
<div class="refentry">
<a id="modulus"></a>
<div class="titlepage"></div>
<a id="IndexPercent" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="refnamediv">
<h2>
<span class="refentrytitle">%</span>
</h2>
<p>% —
Modulus operator.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472953849080"></a>
<h2>Description</h2>
<p>
Arithmetic operators perform operations of change-sign (negate), don't-change-sign, logical AND logical OR, add, subtract, multiply and divide. Note that a value or an expression may fall between two of these operators, either of which could take it as its left or right argument, as in
</p>
<div class="literallayout">
<p>a + b * c.</p>
</div>
<p>
</p>
<p>
In such cases three rules apply:
</p>
<p>
1. * and <span class="emphasis"><em>/</em></span> bind to their neighbors more strongly than + and −. Thus the above expression is taken as
</p>
<div class="literallayout">
<p>a + (b * c)</p>
</div>
<p>
with * taking b and c and then + taking a and b * c.
</p>
<p>
2. <span class="emphasis"><em>+</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>−</em></span> bind more strongly than &&, which in turn is stronger than ||:
</p>
<div class="literallayout">
<p>a && b - c || d</p>
</div>
<p>
is taken as
</p>
<div class="literallayout">
<p>(a && (b - c)) || d</p>
</div>
<p>
</p>
<p>
3. When both operators bind equally strongly, the operations are done left to right:
</p>
<div class="literallayout">
<p>a - b - c</p>
</div>
<p>
is taken as
</p>
<div class="literallayout">
<p>(a - b) - c</p>
</div>
<p>
</p>
<p>
Parentheses may be used as above to force particular groupings.
</p>
<p>
The operator <span class="emphasis"><em>%</em></span> returns the value of <span class="emphasis"><em>a</em></span> reduced by <span class="emphasis"><em>b</em></span>, so that the result, in absolute value, is less than the absolute value of <span class="emphasis"><em>b</em></span>, by repeated subtraction. This is the same as modulus function in integers. New in Csound version 3.50.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472953760088"></a>
<h2>Syntax</h2>
<pre class="synopsis">a <span class="command"><strong>%</strong></span> b (no rate restriction)</pre>
<p>
where the arguments <span class="emphasis"><em>a</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>b</em></span> may be further expressions.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472953756440"></a>
<h2>Arguments</h2>
<p>
The arguments of % can be scalar values or k-rate one
dimensional arrays (vectors), or any combination. If one of the
arguments is an array, so is the value.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472953754904"></a>
<h2>Examples</h2>
<p>
Here is an example of the % operator. It uses the file <a class="ulink" href="examples/modulus.csd" target="_top"><em class="citetitle">modulus.csd</em></a>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<a id="idm281472953753048"></a>
<p class="title">
<strong>Example 21. Example of the % operator.</strong>
</p>
<div class="example-contents">
<p>See the sections <a class="link" href="UsingRealTime.html" title="Real-Time Audio"><em class="citetitle">Real-time Audio</em></a> and <a class="link" href="CommandFlags.html" title="Csound command line"><em class="citetitle">Command Line Flags</em></a> for more information on using command line flags.</p>
<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472789307304"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="nt"><CsoundSynthesizer></span>
<span class="nt"><CsOptions></span>
<span class="c1">; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform</span>
-odac -Ma --midi-key=4 --midi-velocity-amp=5 -m0 <span class="c1">;;;realtime audio out and midi in</span>
<span class="c1">;-iadc ;;;uncomment -iadc if realtime audio input is needed too</span>
<span class="c1">; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below:</span>
<span class="c1">; -o %.wav -W ;;; for file output any platform</span>
<span class="nt"></CsOptions></span>
<span class="nt"><CsInstruments></span>
<span class="vg">sr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">44100</span>
<span class="vg">ksmps</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">32</span>
<span class="vg">nchnls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="vg">0dbfs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
gi<span class="n">Scale</span> <span class="nb">ftgen</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">34</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">14</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">21</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">27</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">17</span> <span class="c1">;12 note scale with detuned keys</span>
<span class="kd">instr</span> <span class="nf">1</span>
i<span class="n">key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">p4</span>
i<span class="n">vel</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">p5</span>
i<span class="n">ndx</span> <span class="o">=</span> i<span class="n">key</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="mi">12</span> <span class="c1">;work on the twelftone scale</span>
i<span class="n">cent</span> <span class="nb">tab_i</span> i<span class="n">ndx</span><span class="p">,</span> gi<span class="n">Scale</span> <span class="c1">;load the scale</span>
i<span class="n">freqeq</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">cpsmidinn</span><span class="p">(</span>i<span class="n">key</span><span class="p">)</span>
i<span class="n">freq</span> <span class="o">=</span> i<span class="n">freqeq</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="nb">cent</span><span class="p">(</span>i<span class="n">cent</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">;change frequency by cents from table</span>
<span class="nb">prints</span> <span class="s">"Key </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s"> modulus 12 = </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s">. "</span><span class="p">,</span> i<span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span> i<span class="n">ndx</span>
<span class="nb">prints</span> <span class="s">"Equal-tempered frequency of this key = %f,"</span><span class="p">,</span> i<span class="n">freqeq</span>
<span class="nb">prints</span> <span class="s">" but here with cent deviation </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s"> = %f</span><span class="se">%n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> i<span class="n">cent</span><span class="p">,</span> i<span class="n">freq</span>
a<span class="n">sig</span> <span class="nb">vco2</span> i<span class="n">vel</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="mf">.5</span><span class="p">,</span> i<span class="n">freq</span>
<span class="nb">outs</span> a<span class="n">sig</span><span class="p">,</span> a<span class="n">sig</span>
<span class="kd">endin</span>
<span class="nt"></CsInstruments></span>
<span class="nt"><CsScore></span>
<span class="nb">f</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">60</span> <span class="c1">;run for 60 seconds</span>
<span class="nb">e</span>
<span class="nt"></CsScore></span>
<span class="nt"></CsoundSynthesizer></span>
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><br class="example-break" />
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472953748968"></a>
<h2>See Also</h2>
<p>
<a class="link" href="subtracts.html" title="-"><em class="citetitle">-</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="adds.html" title="+"><em class="citetitle">+</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="opand.html" title="&&"><em class="citetitle">&&</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="opor.html" title="||"><em class="citetitle">||</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="multiplies.html" title="*"><em class="citetitle">*</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="divides.html" title="/"><em class="citetitle">/</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="raises.html" title="ˆ"><em class="citetitle">ˆ</em></a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472953741128"></a>
<h2>Credits</h2>
<p>Arithmetic on vectors is new in version 6.00</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="navfooter">
<hr />
<table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer">
<tr>
<td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="dollar.html">Prev</a> </td>
<td width="20%" align="center">
<a accesskey="u" href="OpcodesTop.html">Up</a>
</td>
<td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="opand.html">Next</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">$NAME </td>
<td width="20%" align="center">
<a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a>
</td>
<td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> &&</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
distrib
>
Mageia
>
7
>
armv7hl
>
media
>
core-release
>
by-pkgid
>
5fcfcb7517038d1f44ab4e478e6e61fa
>
files
>
2486
