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<div class="refentry">
<a id="pvscale"></a>
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<a id="IndexPvscale" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="refnamediv">
<h2>
<span class="refentrytitle">pvscale</span>
</h2>
<p>pvscale —
Scale the frequency components of a pv stream.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472899699848"></a>
<h2>Description</h2>
<p>
Scale the frequency components of a pv stream, resulting
in pitch shift. Output amplitudes can be optionally modified in order
to attempt formant preservation.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472899618664"></a>
<h2>Syntax</h2>
<pre class="synopsis">fsig <span class="command"><strong>pvscale</strong></span> fsigin, kscal[, kkeepform, kgain, kcoefs]</pre>
</div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472899616488"></a>
<h2>Performance</h2>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>fsig</em></span> -- output pv stream
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>fsigin</em></span> -- input pv stream
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>kscal</em></span> -- scaling ratio.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>kkeepform</em></span> -- attempt to keep input signal
formants; 0: do not keep formants;
1: keep formants using a liftered cepstrum method; 2: keep formants by
using a true envelope method
(defaults to 0).
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>kgain</em></span> -- amplitude scaling (defaults to 1).
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>kcoefs</em></span> -- number of cepstrum coefs used in formant preservation (defaults to 80).
</p>
<p>
The quality of the pitch shift will be improved with the use of a
Hanning window in the pvoc analysis. Formant preservation method 1 is less intensive than method 2, which might not be suited
to realtime use.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
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<img alt="[Warning]" src="images/warning.png" />
</td>
<th align="left">Warning</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">
<p>
It is unsafe to use the same f-variable for both input and output of pvs opcodes. Using the same one might lead to undefined behavior on some opcodes. Use a different one on the left and right sides of the opcode.
</p>
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<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472899608824"></a>
<h2>Examples</h2>
<p>
</p>
<div class="example">
<a id="idm281472899607896"></a>
<p class="title">
<strong>Example 748. Example</strong>
</p>
<div class="example-contents">
<pre class="programlisting">
asig <span class="opc">in</span> <span class="comment">; get the signal in</span>
fsig <span class="opc">pvsanal</span> asig, 1024, 256, 1024, 1 <span class="comment">; analyse it</span>
ftps <span class="opc">pvscale</span> fsig, 1.5, 1, 1 <span class="comment">; transpose it keeping formants</span>
atps <span class="opc">pvsynth</span> ftps <span class="comment">; synthesise it</span>
adp <span class="opc">delayr</span> 0.1 <span class="comment">; delay original signal</span>
adel <span class="opc">deltapn</span> 1024 <span class="comment">; by 1024 samples</span>
<span class="opc">delayw</span> asig
<span class="opc">out</span> atps <span class="op">+</span> adel <span class="comment">; add tranposed and original</span></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p><br class="example-break" />
</p>
<p>
The example above shows a vocal harmoniser. The delay is necessary to
time-align the signals, as the analysis-synthesis process will imply a
delay of 1024 samples between the analysis input and the synthesis output.
</p>
<p>
Here is an example of the use of the <span class="emphasis"><em>pvscale</em></span> opcode. It uses the file <a class="ulink" href="examples/pvscale.csd" target="_top"><em class="citetitle">pvscale.csd</em></a>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<a id="idm281472899592936"></a>
<p class="title">
<strong>Example 749. Example of the <span class="emphasis"><em>pvscale</em></span> opcode.</strong>
</p>
<div class="example-contents">
<p>See the sections <a class="link" href="UsingRealTime.html" title="Real-Time Audio"><em class="citetitle">Real-time Audio</em></a> and <a class="link" href="CommandFlags.html" title="Csound command line"><em class="citetitle">Command Line Flags</em></a> for more information on using command line flags.</p>
<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472720766904"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="nt"><CsoundSynthesizer></span>
<span class="nt"><CsOptions></span>
-odac
<span class="nt"></CsOptions></span>
<span class="nt"><CsInstruments></span>
<span class="vg">sr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">44100</span>
<span class="vg">ksmps</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">16</span>
<span class="vg">nchnls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="vg">0dbfs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="c1">;; example written by joachim heintz 2009</span>
<span class="kd">instr</span> <span class="nf">1</span>
i<span class="n">fftsize</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1024</span>
i<span class="n">overlap</span> <span class="o">=</span> i<span class="n">fftsize</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="mi">4</span>
i<span class="n">winsize</span> <span class="o">=</span> i<span class="n">fftsize</span>
i<span class="n">winshape</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="c1">; von-Hann window</span>
S<span class="n">file</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"fox.wav"</span>
a<span class="n">in</span> <span class="nb">soundin</span> S<span class="n">file</span>
<span class="n">fftin</span> <span class="nb">pvsanal</span> a<span class="n">in</span><span class="p">,</span> i<span class="n">fftsize</span><span class="p">,</span> i<span class="n">overlap</span><span class="p">,</span> i<span class="n">winsize</span><span class="p">,</span> i<span class="n">winshape</span><span class="c1">; fft-analysis of the audio-signal</span>
<span class="n">fftblur</span> <span class="nb">pvscale</span> <span class="n">fftin</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">p4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">p5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">p6</span><span class="c1">; scale</span>
a<span class="n">out</span> <span class="nb">pvsynth</span> <span class="n">fftblur</span><span class="c1">; resynthesis</span>
<span class="nb">out</span> a<span class="n">out</span>
<span class="kd">endin</span>
<span class="nt"></CsInstruments></span>
<span class="nt"><CsScore></span>
<span class="nb">i</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">3</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="c1">; original sound</span>
<span class="nb">i</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="mi">3</span> <span class="mi">3</span> <span class="mf">1.5</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="c1">; fifth higher without ...</span>
<span class="nb">i</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="mi">6</span> <span class="mi">3</span> <span class="mf">1.5</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="c1">; ... and with different ...</span>
<span class="nb">i</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="mi">9</span> <span class="mi">3</span> <span class="mf">1.5</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="c1">; ... kinds of formant preservation</span>
<span class="nb">e</span>
<span class="nt"></CsScore></span>
<span class="nt"></CsoundSynthesizer></span>
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><br class="example-break" />
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472899588216"></a>
<h2>See Also</h2>
<p>
<a class="link" href="pvsanal.html" title="pvsanal"><em class="citetitle">pvsanal</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="pvsynth.html" title="pvsynth"><em class="citetitle">pvsynth</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="pvsadsyn.html" title="pvsadsyn"><em class="citetitle">pvsadsyn</em></a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472899584248"></a>
<h2>Credits</h2>
<p>
</p>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr>
<td>Author: Victor Lazzarini</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>November 2004 </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
</p>
<p>New plugin in version 5</p>
<p>November 2004.</p>
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