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<h2>
<span class="refentrytitle">ˆ</span>
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<p>ˆ —
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Power of</span>”</span> operator.
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<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472952823032"></a>
<h2>Description</h2>
<p>
Arithmetic operators perform operations of change-sign (negate), don't-change-sign, logical AND logical OR, add, subtract, multiply and divide. Note that a value or an expression may fall between two of these operators, either of which could take it as its left or right argument, as in
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<p><br />
a + b * c.<br />
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<p>
In such cases three rules apply:
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<p>
1. * and <span class="emphasis"><em>/</em></span> bind to their neighbors more strongly than + and −. Thus the above expression is taken as
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<p> <br />
a + (b * c)<br />
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<p>
with * taking b and c and then + taking a and b * c.
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<p>
2. <span class="emphasis"><em>+</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>−</em></span> bind more strongly than &&, which in turn is stronger than ||:
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<p> <br />
a && b - c || d<br />
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<p>
is taken as
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<p> <br />
(a && (b - c)) || d<br />
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</p>
<p>
3. When both operators bind equally strongly, the operations are done left to right:
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<p> <br />
a - b - c<br />
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<p>
is taken as
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<p> <br />
(a - b) - c<br />
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</p>
<p>
Parentheses may be used as above to force particular groupings.
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<p>
The operator <span class="emphasis"><em>ˆ</em></span> raises <span class="emphasis"><em>a</em></span> to the <span class="emphasis"><em>b</em></span> power. <span class="emphasis"><em>b</em></span> may not be audio-rate. Use with caution as precedence may not work correctly. See <a class="link" href="pow.html" title="pow"><em class="citetitle">pow</em></a>. (New in Csound version 3.493.)
</p>
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<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472952766888"></a>
<h2>Syntax</h2>
<pre class="synopsis">a <span class="command"><strong>ˆ</strong></span> b (b not audio-rate)</pre>
<p>
where the arguments <span class="emphasis"><em>a</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>b</em></span> may be further expressions.
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<a id="idm281472952763464"></a>
<h2>Examples</h2>
<p>
Here is an example of the ˆ operator. It uses the file <a class="ulink" href="examples/raises.csd" target="_top"><em class="citetitle">raises.csd</em></a>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<a id="idm281472952761560"></a>
<p class="title">
<strong>Example 34. Example of the ˆ operator.</strong>
</p>
<div class="example-contents">
<p>See the sections <a class="link" href="UsingRealTime.html" title="Real-Time Audio"><em class="citetitle">Real-time Audio</em></a> and <a class="link" href="CommandFlags.html" title="Csound command line"><em class="citetitle">Command Line Flags</em></a> for more information on using command line flags.</p>
<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472788457656"></a>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="nt"><CsoundSynthesizer></span>
<span class="nt"><CsOptions></span>
<span class="c1">; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform</span>
-odac <span class="c1">;;;realtime audio out</span>
<span class="c1">;-iadc ;;;uncomment -iadc if RT audio input is needed too</span>
<span class="c1">; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below:</span>
<span class="c1">;-o ^.wav ; output to audio file</span>
<span class="nt"></CsOptions></span>
<span class="nt"><CsInstruments></span>
<span class="vg">sr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">44100</span>
<span class="vg">ksmps</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">32</span>
<span class="vg">nchnls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="vg">0dbfs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="kd">instr</span> <span class="nf">1</span> <span class="c1">; Lo-Fi sound</span>
k<span class="n">pow</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span> <span class="c1">;exponent</span>
k<span class="n">base</span> <span class="nb">line</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">p3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">2.2</span> <span class="c1">;vary the base</span>
k<span class="n">Quantize</span> <span class="o">=</span> k<span class="n">base</span><span class="o">^</span>k<span class="n">pow</span>
k<span class="n">Quantize</span> <span class="o">=</span> k<span class="n">Quantize</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="mf">0.5</span> <span class="c1">;half the number of steps for each side of a bipolar signal</span>
<span class="nb">printk2</span> k<span class="n">Quantize</span>
a<span class="n">sig</span> <span class="nb">diskin2</span> <span class="s">"fox.wav"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="c1">;loop the fox</span>
a<span class="n">sig</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">round</span><span class="p">(</span>a<span class="n">sig</span> <span class="o">*</span> k<span class="n">Quantize</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">/</span> k<span class="n">Quantize</span> <span class="c1">;quantize and scale audio signal</span>
<span class="nb">outs</span> a<span class="n">sig</span><span class="p">,</span> a<span class="n">sig</span>
<span class="kd">endin</span>
<span class="nt"></CsInstruments></span>
<span class="nt"><CsScore></span>
<span class="nb">i</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mf">19.2</span>
<span class="nb">e</span>
<span class="nt"></CsScore></span>
<span class="nt"></CsoundSynthesizer></span>
</pre>
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<p><br class="example-break" />
Its output should include lines like these:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
i1 0.50000
i1 0.50021
i1 0.50042
......
i1 1327.49320
i1 1327.74465</pre>
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</p>
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<div class="refsect1">
<a id="idm281472952756664"></a>
<h2>See Also</h2>
<p>
<a class="link" href="subtracts.html" title="-"><em class="citetitle">-</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="adds.html" title="+"><em class="citetitle">+</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="opand.html" title="&&"><em class="citetitle">&&</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="opor.html" title="||"><em class="citetitle">||</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="multiplies.html" title="*"><em class="citetitle">*</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="divides.html" title="/"><em class="citetitle">/</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="modulus.html" title="%"><em class="citetitle">%</em></a>
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