<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>sqrt</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="csound.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="syntax-highlighting.css" /> <meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /> <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The Canonical Csound Reference Manual" /> <link rel="up" href="OpcodesTop.html" title="Orchestra Opcodes and Operators" /> <link rel="prev" href="spsend.html" title="spsend" /> <link rel="next" href="squinewave.html" title="squinewave" /> </head> <body> <div class="navheader"> <table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"> <tr> <th colspan="3" align="center">sqrt</th> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="spsend.html">Prev</a> </td> <th width="60%" align="center">Orchestra Opcodes and Operators</th> <td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="squinewave.html">Next</a></td> </tr> </table> <hr /> </div> <div class="refentry"> <a id="sqrt"></a> <div class="titlepage"></div> <a id="IndexSqrt" class="indexterm"></a> <div class="refnamediv"> <h2> <span class="refentrytitle">sqrt</span> </h2> <p>sqrt — Returns a square root value. </p> </div> <div class="refsect1"> <a id="idm281472885869112"></a> <h2>Description</h2> <p> Returns the square root of <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span> (<span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span> non-negative). </p> <p> The argument value is restricted for <a class="link" href="log.html" title="log"><em class="citetitle">log</em></a>, <a class="link" href="log10.html" title="log10"><em class="citetitle">log10</em></a>, and <span class="emphasis"><em>sqrt</em></span>. </p> </div> <div class="refsect1"> <a id="idm281472885797400"></a> <h2>Syntax</h2> <pre class="synopsis"><span class="command"><strong>sqrt</strong></span>(x) (no rate restriction)</pre> <pre class="synopsis"><span class="command"><strong>sqrt</strong></span>(k/i[]) (k- or i-arrays )</pre> <p> where the argument within the parentheses may be an expression. Value converters perform arithmetic translation from units of one kind to units of another. The result can then be a term in a further expression. </p> </div> <div class="refsect1"> <a id="idm281472885793192"></a> <h2>Examples</h2> <p> Here is an example of the sqrt opcode. It uses the file <a class="ulink" href="examples/sqrt.csd" target="_top"><em class="citetitle">sqrt.csd</em></a>. </p> <div class="example"> <a id="idm281472885791416"></a> <p class="title"> <strong>Example 917. Example of the sqrt opcode.</strong> </p> <div class="example-contents"> <p>See the sections <a class="link" href="UsingRealTime.html" title="Real-Time Audio"><em class="citetitle">Real-time Audio</em></a> and <a class="link" href="CommandFlags.html" title="Csound command line"><em class="citetitle">Command Line Flags</em></a> for more information on using command line flags.</p> <div class="refsect1"> <a id="idm281472709417096"></a> <pre class="programlisting"> <span class="nt"><CsoundSynthesizer></span> <span class="nt"><CsOptions></span> <span class="c1">; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform</span> -odac <span class="c1">;;;realtime audio out</span> <span class="c1">;-iadc ;;;uncomment -iadc if realtime audio input is needed too</span> <span class="c1">; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below:</span> <span class="c1">; -o sqrt.wav -W ;;; for file output any platform</span> <span class="nt"></CsOptions></span> <span class="nt"><CsInstruments></span> <span class="vg">sr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">44100</span> <span class="vg">ksmps</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">32</span> <span class="vg">0dbfs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="vg">nchnls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="kd">instr</span> <span class="nf">1</span> a<span class="n">sig</span> <span class="nb">pluck</span> <span class="mf">0.7</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">55</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">55</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span> k<span class="n">pan</span> <span class="nb">line</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nb">p3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">1</span> k<span class="n">left</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">sqrt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">-</span>k<span class="n">pan</span><span class="p">)</span> k<span class="n">right</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">sqrt</span><span class="p">(</span>k<span class="n">pan</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nb">printks</span> <span class="s">"square root of left channel = %f</span><span class="se">\\</span><span class="s">n"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> k<span class="n">left</span> <span class="c1">;show coarse of sqaure root values</span> <span class="nb">outs</span> a<span class="n">sig</span><span class="o">*</span>k<span class="n">left</span><span class="p">,</span> a<span class="n">sig</span><span class="o">*</span>k<span class="n">right</span> <span class="c1">;where 0.707126 is between 2 speakers</span> <span class="kd">endin</span> <span class="nt"></CsInstruments></span> <span class="nt"><CsScore></span> <span class="nb">i</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">10</span> <span class="nb">e</span> <span class="nt"></CsScore></span> <span class="nt"></CsoundSynthesizer></span> </pre> </div> </div> </div> <p><br class="example-break" /> Its output should include lines like these: </p> <pre class="screen"> square root of left channel = 1.000000 square root of left channel = 0.948688 square root of left channel = 0.894437 square root of left channel = 0.836676 square root of left channel = 0.774620 square root of left channel = 0.707139 square root of left channel = 0.632499 square root of left channel = 0.547781 square root of left channel = 0.447295 square root of left channel = 0.316242 </pre> <p> </p> </div> <div class="refsect1"> <a id="idm281472885786056"></a> <h2>See Also</h2> <p> <a class="link" href="abs.html" title="abs"><em class="citetitle">abs</em></a>, <a class="link" href="exp.html" title="exp"><em class="citetitle">exp</em></a>, <a class="link" href="frac.html" title="frac"><em class="citetitle">frac</em></a>, <a class="link" href="int.html" title="int"><em class="citetitle">int</em></a>, <a class="link" href="log.html" title="log"><em class="citetitle">log</em></a>, <a class="link" href="log10.html" title="log10"><em class="citetitle">log10</em></a>, <a class="link" href="opi.html" title="i"><em class="citetitle">i</em></a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="navfooter"> <hr /> <table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"> <tr> <td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="spsend.html">Prev</a> </td> <td width="20%" align="center"> <a accesskey="u" href="OpcodesTop.html">Up</a> </td> <td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="squinewave.html">Next</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">spsend </td> <td width="20%" align="center"> <a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a> </td> <td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> squinewave</td> </tr> </table> </div> </body> </html>