<html><head><title>NASM Manual</title></head> <body><h1 align=center>The Netwide Assembler: NASM</h1> <p>This manual documents NASM, the Netwide Assembler: an assembler targetting the Intel x86 series of processors, with portable source. <p><p><a href="nasmdoc1.html">Chapter 1: Introduction</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc1.html#section-1.1">Section 1.1: What Is NASM?</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc1.html#section-1.1.1">Section 1.1.1: Why Yet Another Assembler?</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc1.html#section-1.1.2">Section 1.1.2: License Conditions</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc1.html#section-1.2">Section 1.2: Contact Information</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc1.html#section-1.3">Section 1.3: Installation</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc1.html#section-1.3.1">Section 1.3.1: Installing NASM under MS-DOS or Windows</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc1.html#section-1.3.2">Section 1.3.2: Installing NASM under Unix</a><br> <p><a href="nasmdoc2.html">Chapter 2: Running NASM</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1">Section 2.1: NASM Command-Line Syntax</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.1">Section 2.1.1: The <code><nobr>-o</nobr></code> Option: Specifying the Output File Name</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.2">Section 2.1.2: The <code><nobr>-f</nobr></code> Option: Specifying the Output File Format</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.3">Section 2.1.3: The <code><nobr>-l</nobr></code> Option: Generating a Listing File</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.4">Section 2.1.4: The <code><nobr>-M</nobr></code> Option: Generate Makefile Dependencies</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.5">Section 2.1.5: The <code><nobr>-MG</nobr></code> Option: Generate Makefile Dependencies</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.6">Section 2.1.6: The <code><nobr>-MF</nobr></code> Option: Set Makefile Dependency File</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.7">Section 2.1.7: The <code><nobr>-MD</nobr></code> Option: Assemble and Generate Dependencies</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.8">Section 2.1.8: The <code><nobr>-MT</nobr></code> Option: Dependency Target Name</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.9">Section 2.1.9: The <code><nobr>-MQ</nobr></code> Option: Dependency Target Name (Quoted)</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.10">Section 2.1.10: The <code><nobr>-MP</nobr></code> Option: Emit phony targets</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.11">Section 2.1.11: The <code><nobr>-F</nobr></code> Option: Selecting a Debug Information Format</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.12">Section 2.1.12: The <code><nobr>-g</nobr></code> Option: Enabling Debug Information.</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.13">Section 2.1.13: The <code><nobr>-X</nobr></code> Option: Selecting an Error Reporting Format</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.14">Section 2.1.14: The <code><nobr>-Z</nobr></code> Option: Send Errors to a File</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.15">Section 2.1.15: The <code><nobr>-s</nobr></code> Option: Send Errors to <code><nobr>stdout</nobr></code></a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.16">Section 2.1.16: The <code><nobr>-i</nobr></code> Option: Include File Search Directories</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.17">Section 2.1.17: The <code><nobr>-p</nobr></code> Option: Pre-Include a File</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.18">Section 2.1.18: The <code><nobr>-d</nobr></code> Option: Pre-Define a Macro</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.19">Section 2.1.19: The <code><nobr>-u</nobr></code> Option: Undefine a Macro</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.20">Section 2.1.20: The <code><nobr>-E</nobr></code> Option: Preprocess Only</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.21">Section 2.1.21: The <code><nobr>-a</nobr></code> Option: Don't Preprocess At All</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.22">Section 2.1.22: The <code><nobr>-O</nobr></code> Option: Specifying Multipass Optimization</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.23">Section 2.1.23: The <code><nobr>-t</nobr></code> Option: Enable TASM Compatibility Mode</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.24">Section 2.1.24: The <code><nobr>-w</nobr></code> and <code><nobr>-W</nobr></code> Options: Enable or Disable Assembly Warnings</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.25">Section 2.1.25: The <code><nobr>-v</nobr></code> Option: Display Version Info</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.26">Section 2.1.26: The <code><nobr>-y</nobr></code> Option: Display Available Debug Info Formats</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.27">Section 2.1.27: The <code><nobr>--prefix</nobr></code> and <code><nobr>--postfix</nobr></code> Options.</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.1.28">Section 2.1.28: The <code><nobr>NASMENV</nobr></code> Environment Variable</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.2">Section 2.2: Quick Start for MASM Users</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.2.1">Section 2.2.1: NASM Is Case-Sensitive</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.2.2">Section 2.2.2: NASM Requires Square Brackets For Memory References</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.2.3">Section 2.2.3: NASM Doesn't Store Variable Types</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.2.4">Section 2.2.4: NASM Doesn't <code><nobr>ASSUME</nobr></code></a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.2.5">Section 2.2.5: NASM Doesn't Support Memory Models</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.2.6">Section 2.2.6: Floating-Point Differences</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc2.html#section-2.2.7">Section 2.2.7: Other Differences</a><br> <p><a href="nasmdoc3.html">Chapter 3: The NASM Language</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.1">Section 3.1: Layout of a NASM Source Line</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.2">Section 3.2: Pseudo-Instructions</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.2.1">Section 3.2.1: <code><nobr>DB</nobr></code> and Friends: Declaring Initialized Data</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.2.2">Section 3.2.2: <code><nobr>RESB</nobr></code> and Friends: Declaring Uninitialized Data</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.2.3">Section 3.2.3: <code><nobr>INCBIN</nobr></code>: Including External Binary Files</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.2.4">Section 3.2.4: <code><nobr>EQU</nobr></code>: Defining Constants</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.2.5">Section 3.2.5: <code><nobr>TIMES</nobr></code>: Repeating Instructions or Data</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.3">Section 3.3: Effective Addresses</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.4">Section 3.4: Constants</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.4.1">Section 3.4.1: Numeric Constants</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.4.2">Section 3.4.2: Character Strings</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.4.3">Section 3.4.3: Character Constants</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.4.4">Section 3.4.4: String Constants</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.4.5">Section 3.4.5: Unicode Strings</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.4.6">Section 3.4.6: Floating-Point Constants</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.4.7">Section 3.4.7: Packed BCD Constants</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.5">Section 3.5: Expressions</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.5.1">Section 3.5.1: <code><nobr>|</nobr></code>: Bitwise OR Operator</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.5.2">Section 3.5.2: <code><nobr>^</nobr></code>: Bitwise XOR Operator</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.5.3">Section 3.5.3: <code><nobr>&</nobr></code>: Bitwise AND Operator</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.5.4">Section 3.5.4: <code><nobr><<</nobr></code> and <code><nobr>>></nobr></code>: Bit Shift Operators</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.5.5">Section 3.5.5: <code><nobr>+</nobr></code> and <code><nobr>-</nobr></code>: Addition and Subtraction Operators</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.5.6">Section 3.5.6: <code><nobr>*</nobr></code>, <code><nobr>/</nobr></code>, <code><nobr>//</nobr></code>, <code><nobr>%</nobr></code> and <code><nobr>%%</nobr></code>: Multiplication and Division</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.5.7">Section 3.5.7: Unary Operators: <code><nobr>+</nobr></code>, <code><nobr>-</nobr></code>, <code><nobr>~</nobr></code>, <code><nobr>!</nobr></code> and <code><nobr>SEG</nobr></code></a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.6">Section 3.6: <code><nobr>SEG</nobr></code> and <code><nobr>WRT</nobr></code></a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.7">Section 3.7: <code><nobr>STRICT</nobr></code>: Inhibiting Optimization</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.8">Section 3.8: Critical Expressions</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc3.html#section-3.9">Section 3.9: Local Labels</a><br> <p><a href="nasmdoc4.html">Chapter 4: The NASM Preprocessor</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.1">Section 4.1: Single-Line Macros</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.1.1">Section 4.1.1: The Normal Way: <code><nobr>%define</nobr></code></a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.1.2">Section 4.1.2: Resolving <code><nobr>%define</nobr></code>: <code><nobr>%xdefine</nobr></code></a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.1.3">Section 4.1.3: Macro Indirection: <code><nobr>%[...]</nobr></code></a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.1.4">Section 4.1.4: Concatenating Single Line Macro Tokens: <code><nobr>%+</nobr></code></a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.1.5">Section 4.1.5: The Macro Name Itself: <code><nobr>%?</nobr></code> and <code><nobr>%??</nobr></code></a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.1.6">Section 4.1.6: Undefining Single-Line Macros: <code><nobr>%undef</nobr></code></a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.1.7">Section 4.1.7: Preprocessor Variables: <code><nobr>%assign</nobr></code></a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.1.8">Section 4.1.8: Defining Strings: <code><nobr>%defstr</nobr></code></a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.2">Section 4.2: String Manipulation in Macros</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.2.1">Section 4.2.1: Concatenating Strings: <code><nobr>%strcat</nobr></code></a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.2.2">Section 4.2.2: String Length: <code><nobr>%strlen</nobr></code></a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.2.3">Section 4.2.3: Extracting Substrings: <code><nobr>%substr</nobr></code></a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.3">Section 4.3: Multi-Line Macros: <code><nobr>%macro</nobr></code></a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.3.1">Section 4.3.1: Overloading Multi-Line Macros</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.3.2">Section 4.3.2: Macro-Local Labels</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.3.3">Section 4.3.3: Greedy Macro Parameters</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.3.4">Section 4.3.4: Default Macro Parameters</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.3.5">Section 4.3.5: <code><nobr>%0</nobr></code>: Macro Parameter Counter</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.3.6">Section 4.3.6: <code><nobr>%rotate</nobr></code>: Rotating Macro Parameters</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.3.7">Section 4.3.7: Concatenating Macro Parameters</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.3.8">Section 4.3.8: Condition Codes as Macro Parameters</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.3.9">Section 4.3.9: Disabling Listing Expansion</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.3.10">Section 4.3.10: Undefining Multi-Line Macros: <code><nobr>%unmacro</nobr></code></a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.4">Section 4.4: Conditional Assembly</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.4.1">Section 4.4.1: <code><nobr>%ifdef</nobr></code>: Testing Single-Line Macro Existence</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.4.2">Section 4.4.2: <code><nobr>%ifmacro</nobr></code>: Testing Multi-Line Macro Existence</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.4.3">Section 4.4.3: <code><nobr>%ifctx</nobr></code>: Testing the Context Stack</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.4.4">Section 4.4.4: <code><nobr>%if</nobr></code>: Testing Arbitrary Numeric Expressions</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.4.5">Section 4.4.5: <code><nobr>%ifidn</nobr></code> and <code><nobr>%ifidni</nobr></code>: Testing Exact Text Identity</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.4.6">Section 4.4.6: <code><nobr>%ifid</nobr></code>, <code><nobr>%ifnum</nobr></code>, <code><nobr>%ifstr</nobr></code>: Testing Token Types</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.4.7">Section 4.4.7: <code><nobr>%iftoken</nobr></code>: Test for a Single Token</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.4.8">Section 4.4.8: <code><nobr>%ifempty</nobr></code>: Test for Empty Expansion</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.5">Section 4.5: Preprocessor Loops: <code><nobr>%rep</nobr></code></a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.6">Section 4.6: Source Files and Dependencies</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.6.1">Section 4.6.1: <code><nobr>%include</nobr></code>: Including Other Files</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.6.2">Section 4.6.2: <code><nobr>%pathsearch</nobr></code>: Search the Include Path</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.6.3">Section 4.6.3: <code><nobr>%depend</nobr></code>: Add Dependent Files</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.6.4">Section 4.6.4: <code><nobr>%use</nobr></code>: Include Standard Macro Package</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.7">Section 4.7: The Context Stack</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.7.1">Section 4.7.1: <code><nobr>%push</nobr></code> and <code><nobr>%pop</nobr></code>: Creating and Removing Contexts</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.7.2">Section 4.7.2: Context-Local Labels</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.7.3">Section 4.7.3: Context-Local Single-Line Macros</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.7.4">Section 4.7.4: <code><nobr>%repl</nobr></code>: Renaming a Context</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.7.5">Section 4.7.5: Example Use of the Context Stack: Block IFs</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.8">Section 4.8: Stack Relative Preprocessor Directives</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.8.1">Section 4.8.1: <code><nobr>%arg</nobr></code> Directive</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.8.2">Section 4.8.2: <code><nobr>%stacksize</nobr></code> Directive</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.8.3">Section 4.8.3: <code><nobr>%local</nobr></code> Directive</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.9">Section 4.9: Reporting User-Defined Errors: <code><nobr>%error</nobr></code>, <code><nobr>%warning</nobr></code>, <code><nobr>%fatal</nobr></code></a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.10">Section 4.10: Other Preprocessor Directives</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.10.1">Section 4.10.1: <code><nobr>%line</nobr></code> Directive</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.10.2">Section 4.10.2: <code><nobr>%!</nobr></code><code><nobr><env></nobr></code>: Read an environment variable.</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.11">Section 4.11: Standard Macros</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.11.1">Section 4.11.1: NASM Version Macros</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.11.2">Section 4.11.2: <code><nobr>__NASM_VERSION_ID__</nobr></code>: NASM Version ID</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.11.3">Section 4.11.3: <code><nobr>__NASM_VER__</nobr></code>: NASM Version string</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.11.4">Section 4.11.4: <code><nobr>__FILE__</nobr></code> and <code><nobr>__LINE__</nobr></code>: File Name and Line Number</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.11.5">Section 4.11.5: <code><nobr>__BITS__</nobr></code>: Current BITS Mode</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.11.6">Section 4.11.6: <code><nobr>__OUTPUT_FORMAT__</nobr></code>: Current Output Format</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.11.7">Section 4.11.7: Assembly Date and Time Macros</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.11.8">Section 4.11.8: <code><nobr>__USE_</nobr></code><em>package</em><code><nobr>__</nobr></code>: Package Include Test</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.11.9">Section 4.11.9: <code><nobr>__PASS__</nobr></code>: Assembly Pass</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.11.10">Section 4.11.10: <code><nobr>STRUC</nobr></code> and <code><nobr>ENDSTRUC</nobr></code>: Declaring Structure Data Types</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.11.11">Section 4.11.11: <code><nobr>ISTRUC</nobr></code>, <code><nobr>AT</nobr></code> and <code><nobr>IEND</nobr></code>: Declaring Instances of Structures</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc4.html#section-4.11.12">Section 4.11.12: <code><nobr>ALIGN</nobr></code> and <code><nobr>ALIGNB</nobr></code>: Data Alignment</a><br> <p><a href="nasmdoc5.html">Chapter 5: Standard Macro Packages</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc5.html#section-5.1">Section 5.1: <code><nobr>altreg</nobr></code>: Alternate Register Names</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc5.html#section-5.2">Section 5.2: <code><nobr>smartalign</nobr></code>: Smart <code><nobr>ALIGN</nobr></code> Macro</a><br> <p><a href="nasmdoc6.html">Chapter 6: Assembler Directives</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc6.html#section-6.1">Section 6.1: <code><nobr>BITS</nobr></code>: Specifying Target Processor Mode</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc6.html#section-6.1.1">Section 6.1.1: <code><nobr>USE16</nobr></code> & <code><nobr>USE32</nobr></code>: Aliases for BITS</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc6.html#section-6.2">Section 6.2: <code><nobr>DEFAULT</nobr></code>: Change the assembler defaults</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc6.html#section-6.3">Section 6.3: <code><nobr>SECTION</nobr></code> or <code><nobr>SEGMENT</nobr></code>: Changing and Defining Sections</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc6.html#section-6.3.1">Section 6.3.1: The <code><nobr>__SECT__</nobr></code> Macro</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc6.html#section-6.4">Section 6.4: <code><nobr>ABSOLUTE</nobr></code>: Defining Absolute Labels</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc6.html#section-6.5">Section 6.5: <code><nobr>EXTERN</nobr></code>: Importing Symbols from Other Modules</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc6.html#section-6.6">Section 6.6: <code><nobr>GLOBAL</nobr></code>: Exporting Symbols to Other Modules</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc6.html#section-6.7">Section 6.7: <code><nobr>COMMON</nobr></code>: Defining Common Data Areas</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc6.html#section-6.8">Section 6.8: <code><nobr>CPU</nobr></code>: Defining CPU Dependencies</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc6.html#section-6.9">Section 6.9: <code><nobr>FLOAT</nobr></code>: Handling of floating-point constants</a><br> <p><a href="nasmdoc7.html">Chapter 7: Output Formats</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.1">Section 7.1: <code><nobr>bin</nobr></code>: Flat-Form Binary Output</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.1.1">Section 7.1.1: <code><nobr>ORG</nobr></code>: Binary File Program Origin</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.1.2">Section 7.1.2: <code><nobr>bin</nobr></code> Extensions to the <code><nobr>SECTION</nobr></code> Directive</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.1.3">Section 7.1.3: Multisection Support for the <code><nobr>bin</nobr></code> Format</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.1.4">Section 7.1.4: Map Files</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.2">Section 7.2: <code><nobr>ith</nobr></code>: Intel Hex Output</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.3">Section 7.3: <code><nobr>srec</nobr></code>: Motorola S-Records Output</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.4">Section 7.4: <code><nobr>obj</nobr></code>: Microsoft OMF Object Files</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.4.1">Section 7.4.1: <code><nobr>obj</nobr></code> Extensions to the <code><nobr>SEGMENT</nobr></code> Directive</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.4.2">Section 7.4.2: <code><nobr>GROUP</nobr></code>: Defining Groups of Segments</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.4.3">Section 7.4.3: <code><nobr>UPPERCASE</nobr></code>: Disabling Case Sensitivity in Output</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.4.4">Section 7.4.4: <code><nobr>IMPORT</nobr></code>: Importing DLL Symbols</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.4.5">Section 7.4.5: <code><nobr>EXPORT</nobr></code>: Exporting DLL Symbols</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.4.6">Section 7.4.6: <code><nobr>..start</nobr></code>: Defining the Program Entry Point</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.4.7">Section 7.4.7: <code><nobr>obj</nobr></code> Extensions to the <code><nobr>EXTERN</nobr></code> Directive</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.4.8">Section 7.4.8: <code><nobr>obj</nobr></code> Extensions to the <code><nobr>COMMON</nobr></code> Directive</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.5">Section 7.5: <code><nobr>win32</nobr></code>: Microsoft Win32 Object Files</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.5.1">Section 7.5.1: <code><nobr>win32</nobr></code> Extensions to the <code><nobr>SECTION</nobr></code> Directive</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.5.2">Section 7.5.2: <code><nobr>win32</nobr></code>: Safe Structured Exception Handling</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.6">Section 7.6: <code><nobr>win64</nobr></code>: Microsoft Win64 Object Files</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.6.1">Section 7.6.1: <code><nobr>win64</nobr></code>: Writing Position-Independent Code</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.6.2">Section 7.6.2: <code><nobr>win64</nobr></code>: Structured Exception Handling</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.7">Section 7.7: <code><nobr>coff</nobr></code>: Common Object File Format</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.8">Section 7.8: <code><nobr>macho32</nobr></code> and <code><nobr>macho64</nobr></code>: Mach Object File Format</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.9">Section 7.9: <code><nobr>elf32</nobr></code> and <code><nobr>elf64</nobr></code>: Executable and Linkable Format Object Files</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.9.1">Section 7.9.1: ELF specific directive <code><nobr>osabi</nobr></code></a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.9.2">Section 7.9.2: <code><nobr>elf</nobr></code> Extensions to the <code><nobr>SECTION</nobr></code> Directive</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.9.3">Section 7.9.3: Position-Independent Code: <code><nobr>elf</nobr></code> Special Symbols and <code><nobr>WRT</nobr></code></a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.9.4">Section 7.9.4: Thread Local Storage: <code><nobr>elf</nobr></code> Special Symbols and <code><nobr>WRT</nobr></code></a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.9.5">Section 7.9.5: <code><nobr>elf</nobr></code> Extensions to the <code><nobr>GLOBAL</nobr></code> Directive</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.9.6">Section 7.9.6: <code><nobr>elf</nobr></code> Extensions to the <code><nobr>COMMON</nobr></code> Directive </a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.9.7">Section 7.9.7: 16-bit code and ELF </a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.9.8">Section 7.9.8: Debug formats and ELF </a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.10">Section 7.10: <code><nobr>aout</nobr></code>: Linux <code><nobr>a.out</nobr></code> Object Files</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.11">Section 7.11: <code><nobr>aoutb</nobr></code>: NetBSD/FreeBSD/OpenBSD <code><nobr>a.out</nobr></code> Object Files</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.12">Section 7.12: <code><nobr>as86</nobr></code>: Minix/Linux <code><nobr>as86</nobr></code> Object Files</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.13">Section 7.13: <code><nobr>rdf</nobr></code>: Relocatable Dynamic Object File Format</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.13.1">Section 7.13.1: Requiring a Library: The <code><nobr>LIBRARY</nobr></code> Directive</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.13.2">Section 7.13.2: Specifying a Module Name: The <code><nobr>MODULE</nobr></code> Directive</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.13.3">Section 7.13.3: <code><nobr>rdf</nobr></code> Extensions to the <code><nobr>GLOBAL</nobr></code> Directive</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.13.4">Section 7.13.4: <code><nobr>rdf</nobr></code> Extensions to the <code><nobr>EXTERN</nobr></code> Directive</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc7.html#section-7.14">Section 7.14: <code><nobr>dbg</nobr></code>: Debugging Format</a><br> <p><a href="nasmdoc8.html">Chapter 8: Writing 16-bit Code (DOS, Windows 3/3.1)</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc8.html#section-8.1">Section 8.1: Producing <code><nobr>.EXE</nobr></code> Files</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc8.html#section-8.1.1">Section 8.1.1: Using the <code><nobr>obj</nobr></code> Format To Generate <code><nobr>.EXE</nobr></code> Files</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc8.html#section-8.1.2">Section 8.1.2: Using the <code><nobr>bin</nobr></code> Format To Generate <code><nobr>.EXE</nobr></code> Files</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc8.html#section-8.2">Section 8.2: Producing <code><nobr>.COM</nobr></code> Files</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc8.html#section-8.2.1">Section 8.2.1: Using the <code><nobr>bin</nobr></code> Format To Generate <code><nobr>.COM</nobr></code> Files</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc8.html#section-8.2.2">Section 8.2.2: Using the <code><nobr>obj</nobr></code> Format To Generate <code><nobr>.COM</nobr></code> Files</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc8.html#section-8.3">Section 8.3: Producing <code><nobr>.SYS</nobr></code> Files</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc8.html#section-8.4">Section 8.4: Interfacing to 16-bit C Programs</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc8.html#section-8.4.1">Section 8.4.1: External Symbol Names</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc8.html#section-8.4.2">Section 8.4.2: Memory Models</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc8.html#section-8.4.3">Section 8.4.3: Function Definitions and Function Calls</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc8.html#section-8.4.4">Section 8.4.4: Accessing Data Items</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc8.html#section-8.4.5">Section 8.4.5: <code><nobr>c16.mac</nobr></code>: Helper Macros for the 16-bit C Interface</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc8.html#section-8.5">Section 8.5: Interfacing to Borland Pascal Programs</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc8.html#section-8.5.1">Section 8.5.1: The Pascal Calling Convention</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc8.html#section-8.5.2">Section 8.5.2: Borland Pascal Segment Name Restrictions</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc8.html#section-8.5.3">Section 8.5.3: Using <code><nobr>c16.mac</nobr></code> With Pascal Programs</a><br> <p><a href="nasmdoc9.html">Chapter 9: Writing 32-bit Code (Unix, Win32, DJGPP)</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc9.html#section-9.1">Section 9.1: Interfacing to 32-bit C Programs</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc9.html#section-9.1.1">Section 9.1.1: External Symbol Names</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc9.html#section-9.1.2">Section 9.1.2: Function Definitions and Function Calls</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc9.html#section-9.1.3">Section 9.1.3: Accessing Data Items</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc9.html#section-9.1.4">Section 9.1.4: <code><nobr>c32.mac</nobr></code>: Helper Macros for the 32-bit C Interface</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc9.html#section-9.2">Section 9.2: Writing NetBSD/FreeBSD/OpenBSD and Linux/ELF Shared Libraries</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc9.html#section-9.2.1">Section 9.2.1: Obtaining the Address of the GOT</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc9.html#section-9.2.2">Section 9.2.2: Finding Your Local Data Items</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc9.html#section-9.2.3">Section 9.2.3: Finding External and Common Data Items</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc9.html#section-9.2.4">Section 9.2.4: Exporting Symbols to the Library User</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc9.html#section-9.2.5">Section 9.2.5: Calling Procedures Outside the Library</a><br> <a href="nasmdoc9.html#section-9.2.6">Section 9.2.6: Generating the Library File</a><br> <p><a href="nasmdo10.html">Chapter 10: Mixing 16 and 32 Bit Code</a><br> <a href="nasmdo10.html#section-10.1">Section 10.1: Mixed-Size Jumps</a><br> <a href="nasmdo10.html#section-10.2">Section 10.2: Addressing Between Different-Size Segments</a><br> <a href="nasmdo10.html#section-10.3">Section 10.3: Other Mixed-Size Instructions</a><br> <p><a href="nasmdo11.html">Chapter 11: Writing 64-bit Code (Unix, Win64)</a><br> <a href="nasmdo11.html#section-11.1">Section 11.1: Register Names in 64-bit Mode</a><br> <a href="nasmdo11.html#section-11.2">Section 11.2: Immediates and Displacements in 64-bit Mode</a><br> <a href="nasmdo11.html#section-11.3">Section 11.3: Interfacing to 64-bit C Programs (Unix)</a><br> <a href="nasmdo11.html#section-11.4">Section 11.4: Interfacing to 64-bit C Programs (Win64)</a><br> <p><a href="nasmdo12.html">Chapter 12: Troubleshooting</a><br> <a href="nasmdo12.html#section-12.1">Section 12.1: Common Problems</a><br> <a href="nasmdo12.html#section-12.1.1">Section 12.1.1: NASM Generates Inefficient Code</a><br> <a href="nasmdo12.html#section-12.1.2">Section 12.1.2: My Jumps are Out of Range</a><br> <a href="nasmdo12.html#section-12.1.3">Section 12.1.3: <code><nobr>ORG</nobr></code> Doesn't Work</a><br> <a href="nasmdo12.html#section-12.1.4">Section 12.1.4: <code><nobr>TIMES</nobr></code> Doesn't Work</a><br> <a href="nasmdo12.html#section-12.2">Section 12.2: Bugs</a><br> <p><a href="nasmdoca.html">Appendix A: Ndisasm</a><br> <a href="nasmdoca.html#section-A.1">Section A.1: Introduction</a><br> <a href="nasmdoca.html#section-A.2">Section A.2: Getting Started: Installation</a><br> <a href="nasmdoca.html#section-A.3">Section A.3: Running NDISASM</a><br> <a href="nasmdoca.html#section-A.3.1">Section A.3.1: COM Files: Specifying an Origin</a><br> <a href="nasmdoca.html#section-A.3.2">Section A.3.2: Code Following Data: Synchronisation</a><br> <a href="nasmdoca.html#section-A.3.3">Section A.3.3: Mixed Code and Data: Automatic (Intelligent) Synchronisation </a><br> <a href="nasmdoca.html#section-A.3.4">Section A.3.4: Other Options</a><br> <a href="nasmdoca.html#section-A.4">Section A.4: Bugs and Improvements</a><br> <p><a href="nasmdocb.html">Appendix B: Instruction List</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1">Section B.1: Introduction</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.1">Section B.1.1: Special instructions...</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.2">Section B.1.2: Conventional instructions</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.3">Section B.1.3: Katmai Streaming SIMD instructions (SSE -- a.k.a. KNI, XMM, MMX2)</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.4">Section B.1.4: Introduced in Deschutes but necessary for SSE support</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.5">Section B.1.5: XSAVE group (AVX and extended state)</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.6">Section B.1.6: Generic memory operations</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.7">Section B.1.7: New MMX instructions introduced in Katmai</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.8">Section B.1.8: AMD Enhanced 3DNow! (Athlon) instructions</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.9">Section B.1.9: Willamette SSE2 Cacheability Instructions</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.10">Section B.1.10: Willamette MMX instructions (SSE2 SIMD Integer Instructions)</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.11">Section B.1.11: Willamette Streaming SIMD instructions (SSE2)</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.12">Section B.1.12: Prescott New Instructions (SSE3)</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.13">Section B.1.13: VMX Instructions</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.14">Section B.1.14: Extended Page Tables VMX instructions</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.15">Section B.1.15: Tejas New Instructions (SSSE3)</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.16">Section B.1.16: AMD SSE4A</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.17">Section B.1.17: New instructions in Barcelona</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.18">Section B.1.18: Penryn New Instructions (SSE4.1)</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.19">Section B.1.19: Nehalem New Instructions (SSE4.2)</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.20">Section B.1.20: AMD SSE5 instructions</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.21">Section B.1.21: Intel SMX</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.22">Section B.1.22: Geode (Cyrix) 3DNow! additions</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.23">Section B.1.23: Intel new instructions in ???</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.24">Section B.1.24: Intel AES instructions</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.25">Section B.1.25: Intel AVX AES instructions</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.26">Section B.1.26: Intel AVX instructions</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.27">Section B.1.27: Intel Carry-Less Multiplication instructions (CLMUL)</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.28">Section B.1.28: Intel AVX Carry-Less Multiplication instructions (CLMUL)</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.29">Section B.1.29: Intel Fused Multiply-Add instructions (FMA)</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.30">Section B.1.30: VIA (Centaur) security instructions</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.31">Section B.1.31: AMD XOP, FMA4 and CVT16 instructions (SSE5)</a><br> <a href="nasmdocb.html#section-B.1.32">Section B.1.32: Systematic names for the hinting nop instructions</a><br> <p><a href="nasmdocc.html">Appendix C: NASM Version History</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.1">Section C.1: NASM 2 Series</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.1.1">Section C.1.1: Version 2.07</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.1.2">Section C.1.2: Version 2.06</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.1.3">Section C.1.3: Version 2.05.01</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.1.4">Section C.1.4: Version 2.05</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.1.5">Section C.1.5: Version 2.04</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.1.6">Section C.1.6: Version 2.03.01</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.1.7">Section C.1.7: Version 2.03</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.1.8">Section C.1.8: Version 2.02</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.1.9">Section C.1.9: Version 2.01</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.1.10">Section C.1.10: Version 2.00</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2">Section C.2: NASM 0.98 Series</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.1">Section C.2.1: Version 0.98.39</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.2">Section C.2.2: Version 0.98.38</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.3">Section C.2.3: Version 0.98.37</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.4">Section C.2.4: Version 0.98.36</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.5">Section C.2.5: Version 0.98.35</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.6">Section C.2.6: Version 0.98.34</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.7">Section C.2.7: Version 0.98.33</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.8">Section C.2.8: Version 0.98.32</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.9">Section C.2.9: Version 0.98.31</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.10">Section C.2.10: Version 0.98.30</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.11">Section C.2.11: Version 0.98.28</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.12">Section C.2.12: Version 0.98.26</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.13">Section C.2.13: Version 0.98.25alt</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.14">Section C.2.14: Version 0.98.25</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.15">Section C.2.15: Version 0.98.24p1</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.16">Section C.2.16: Version 0.98.24</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.17">Section C.2.17: Version 0.98.23</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.18">Section C.2.18: Version 0.98.22</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.19">Section C.2.19: Version 0.98.21</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.20">Section C.2.20: Version 0.98.20</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.21">Section C.2.21: Version 0.98.19</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.22">Section C.2.22: Version 0.98.18</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.23">Section C.2.23: Version 0.98.17</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.24">Section C.2.24: Version 0.98.16</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.25">Section C.2.25: Version 0.98.15</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.26">Section C.2.26: Version 0.98.14</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.27">Section C.2.27: Version 0.98.13</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.28">Section C.2.28: Version 0.98.12</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.29">Section C.2.29: Version 0.98.11</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.30">Section C.2.30: Version 0.98.10</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.31">Section C.2.31: Version 0.98.09</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.32">Section C.2.32: Version 0.98.08</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.33">Section C.2.33: Version 0.98.09b with John Coffman patches released 28-Oct-2001</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.34">Section C.2.34: Version 0.98.07 released 01/28/01</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.35">Section C.2.35: Version 0.98.06f released 01/18/01</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.36">Section C.2.36: Version 0.98.06e released 01/09/01</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.37">Section C.2.37: Version 0.98p1</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.38">Section C.2.38: Version 0.98bf (bug-fixed)</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.39">Section C.2.39: Version 0.98.03 with John Coffman's changes released 27-Jul-2000</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.40">Section C.2.40: Version 0.98.03</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.41">Section C.2.41: Version 0.98</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.42">Section C.2.42: Version 0.98p9</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.43">Section C.2.43: Version 0.98p8</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.44">Section C.2.44: Version 0.98p7</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.45">Section C.2.45: Version 0.98p6</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.46">Section C.2.46: Version 0.98p3.7</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.47">Section C.2.47: Version 0.98p3.6</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.48">Section C.2.48: Version 0.98p3.5</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.49">Section C.2.49: Version 0.98p3.4</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.50">Section C.2.50: Version 0.98p3.3</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.51">Section C.2.51: Version 0.98p3.2</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.52">Section C.2.52: Version 0.98p3-hpa</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.53">Section C.2.53: Version 0.98 pre-release 3</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.54">Section C.2.54: Version 0.98 pre-release 2</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.2.55">Section C.2.55: Version 0.98 pre-release 1</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.3">Section C.3: NASM 0.9 Series</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.3.1">Section C.3.1: Version 0.97 released December 1997</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.3.2">Section C.3.2: Version 0.96 released November 1997</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.3.3">Section C.3.3: Version 0.95 released July 1997</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.3.4">Section C.3.4: Version 0.94 released April 1997</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.3.5">Section C.3.5: Version 0.93 released January 1997</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.3.6">Section C.3.6: Version 0.92 released January 1997</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.3.7">Section C.3.7: Version 0.91 released November 1996</a><br> <a href="nasmdocc.html#section-C.3.8">Section C.3.8: Version 0.90 released October 1996</a><br> <p><a href="nasmdoci.html">Index</a> </body></html>
distrib
>
Mandriva
>
2010.0
>
x86_64
>
media
>
main-release
>
by-pkgid
>
92338084351a1c81f3d197608ee63af3
>
files
>
7
