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>Blender Documentation Volume I - User Guide: Last modified April 29 2004 S68</TH
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><DIV
CLASS="section"
><H1
CLASS="section"
><A
NAME="materials_textures"
></A
>Textures</H1
><P
> The material settings that we've seen up to now produce nice, smooth,
<I
CLASS="emphasis"
>uniform</I
>
objects. Of course, such objects are never true to reality, where
disuniformities are most common.
</P
><P
> Blender accounts for these disuniformities, whether in color, reflective
or specular power, roughness, and so on, via <I
CLASS="emphasis"
>textures</I
>.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="section"
><H2
CLASS="section"
><A
NAME="AEN4173"
></A
>Textures from the Material Point of View</H2
><P
> In Blender, the Materials and Textures form separate blocks in order to
keep the interface simple and to allow
universal integration between Textures, Lamps, and World blocks.
</P
><P
> The
relationship between a Material and a Texture, called the
'mapping,' is two-sided. First, the information that
is passed on to the Texture must be specified. Then the effect of the
Texture on the Material is specified. The <TT
CLASS="literal"
>Texture</TT
> panel on the
right-hand side (and similar panes exists for the the Lamp and World buttons)
defines all these calculations.
</P
><P
> For an untextured material the panel shows a column of eight empty
texture <I
CLASS="emphasis"
>channels</I
> (<A
HREF="x4167.html#BSG.TEX.F.S68.101"
>Figure 15</A
>),
by selecting one and pressing
<TT
CLASS="literal"
>Add New</TT
> or by selecting an existing texture with the MenuButton right below
(<A
HREF="x4167.html#BSG.TEX.F.S68.106"
>Figure 16</A
>) you add a texture and the Panel
shows two more tabs: <TT
CLASS="literal"
>Map Input</TT
>
and <TT
CLASS="literal"
>Map To</TT
>.
The Tabs buttons are organized in the sequence in
which the
'texture pipeline' is performed.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="figure"
><A
NAME="BSG.TEX.F.S68.101"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="mediaobject"
><P
><IMG
SRC="PartM/materials/gfx/TextureChannelsHoriz.png"></P
></DIV
><P
><B
>Figure 15. Texture Channels</B
></P
></DIV
><P
> Each channel
has its own individual mapping. By default, textures
are executed
one after another and then superimposed. As a result, an added second
Texture channel can
completely replace the first one!
Next to each non-empty texture channel a check button allows you to
select or de-select a given channel. De-selected channels
are simply removed from the pipeline.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="figure"
><A
NAME="BSG.TEX.F.S68.106"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="mediaobject"
><P
><IMG
SRC="PartM/materials/gfx/MaterialTextureBlock.png"></P
></DIV
><P
><B
>Figure 16. Texture selection block</B
></P
></DIV
><P
> The Texture itself is designated by its name, which you can edit in the Text Button
above the Texture selection MenuButton.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="figure"
><A
NAME="BSG.TEX.F.S68.102"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="mediaobject"
><P
><IMG
SRC="PartM/materials/gfx/MaterialCoordInput.png"></P
></DIV
><P
><B
>Figure 17. Material Coordinate input</B
></P
></DIV
><P
> <A
HREF="x4167.html#BSG.TEX.F.S68.102"
>Figure 17</A
> shows the <TT
CLASS="literal"
>Map Input</TT
> panel.
Each Texture has a 3D coordinate (the texture
coordinate) as input. The values, passed to the texture as coordinates
for each pixel of the rendered image belonging to a given material, are
computed according to these buttons:
</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="literal"
>UV</TT
>
Uses a special kind of mapping called 'UV' mapping. This is especially useful
when using images as textures, as we'll see in <A
HREF="x4840.html"
>the Section called <I
>UV editor and FaceSelect</I
></A
>.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="literal"
>Object</TT
>
Uses an Object as source of coordinates; usually an Empty. The Object name must
be specified in the text button on the right. This is the preferred way to
place a small image as a logo or whatever at a given point on the object.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="literal"
>Glob</TT
>
Uses Blender Global 3D coordinates.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="literal"
>Orco</TT
>
Uses the Object local, original, coordinates.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="literal"
>Stick</TT
>
Uses the Object local, sticky, coordinates.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="literal"
>Win</TT
>
Uses the rendered image window coordinates.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="literal"
>Nor</TT
>
Uses the direction of the normal vector as coordinates.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="literal"
>Refl</TT
>
Uses the direction of the reflection vector as coordinates.
</P
></LI
></UL
><DIV
CLASS="figure"
><A
NAME="BSG.TEX.F.S68.103"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="mediaobject"
><P
><IMG
SRC="PartM/materials/gfx/MaterialTextureMapping.png"></P
></DIV
><P
><B
>Figure 18. Texture mapping</B
></P
></DIV
><P
> If the texture is an image it is 2D, and we must map the 3D space onto it.
The most flexible way to do so is
with UV mapping, otherwise four possible pre-set
mappings are provided (<A
HREF="x4167.html#BSG.TEX.F.S68.103"
>Figure 18</A
>).
</P
><DIV
CLASS="figure"
><A
NAME="BSG.TEX.F.S68.104"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="mediaobject"
><P
><IMG
SRC="PartM/materials/gfx/MaterialTextureSwitch.png"></P
></DIV
><P
><B
>Figure 19. Coordinate transformation</B
></P
></DIV
><P
> The X, Y and Z coordinates passed to the texture can be shuffled about to
obtain special effects. The buttons in <A
HREF="x4167.html#BSG.TEX.F.S68.104"
>Figure 19</A
>
allow you to switch X into Y or Z and so on, or to turn them
off.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="figure"
><A
NAME="BSG.TEX.F.S68.105"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="mediaobject"
><P
><IMG
SRC="PartM/materials/gfx/MaterialTextureTransform.png"></P
></DIV
><P
><B
>Figure 20. Texture coordinate Offsets and Scaling factors</B
></P
></DIV
><P
> Coordinates can be scaled and translated by assigning an offset (<A
HREF="x4167.html#BSG.TEX.F.S68.105"
>Figure 20</A
>).
</P
><DIV
CLASS="figure"
><A
NAME="BSG.TEX.F.S68.107"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="mediaobject"
><P
><IMG
SRC="PartM/materials/gfx/MaterialTextureInput.png"></P
></DIV
><P
><B
>Figure 21. Texture Inputs</B
></P
></DIV
><P
> Moving to the <TT
CLASS="literal"
>Map To</TT
> tab,
<A
HREF="x4167.html#BSG.TEX.F.S68.107"
>Figure 21</A
> shows the texture input settings. The
three
buttons determine whether the texture should be used as a
<TT
CLASS="literal"
>Stencil</TT
> (a Mask for subsequent texture channels); a
<TT
CLASS="literal"
>Negative</TT
>
texture (assigning negative, rather than positive, values); or as a black
and white (<TT
CLASS="literal"
>No RGB</TT
>), intensity only, texture. The three sliders
below these buttons define the texture
base color, which can be overridden by color specifications
inside the texture definition. Finally the last slider defines the
intensity
of the texture effect.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="figure"
><A
NAME="BSG.TEX.F.S68.108"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="mediaobject"
><P
><IMG
SRC="PartM/materials/gfx/MaterialTextureOutput.png"></P
></DIV
><P
><B
>Figure 22. Texture Outputs </B
></P
></DIV
><P
> <A
HREF="x4167.html#BSG.TEX.F.S68.108"
>Figure 22</A
> shows the toggle buttons
which determine which characteristic of the material will be affected
by the texture. Some of these button are three state buttons, meaning that
the texture can
be applied as positive or negative. All of these buttons are independent.
</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="literal"
>Col</TT
>
(on/off) Uses the texture to alter the Material color.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="literal"
>Nor</TT
>
(off/positive/negative) Uses the texture to alter the direction of the local
normal. This is
used to fake surface imperfections or unevenness via bump mapping.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="literal"
>Csp</TT
>
(on/off) Uses the texture to alter the Specular color.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="literal"
>Cmir</TT
>
(on/off) Uses the texture to alter the Mirror color.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="literal"
>Ref, Spec, Hard, Alpha, Emit</TT
>
(off/positive/negative) Uses the texture to alter the Corresponding Material
value.
</P
></LI
></UL
><DIV
CLASS="figure"
><A
NAME="BSG.TEX.F.S68.109"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="mediaobject"
><P
><IMG
SRC="PartM/materials/gfx/MaterialTextureOutputSettings.png"></P
></DIV
><P
><B
>Figure 23. Output settings</B
></P
></DIV
><P
> The output settings (<A
HREF="x4167.html#BSG.TEX.F.S68.109"
>Figure 23</A
>) determine the
strength of
the effect of the Texture output. Mixing is possible with a standard
value, including addition,
subtraction, or multiplication. Textures give three types of output:
</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
> RGB textures: return three values, which always affect color.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Bump textures: return three values, which always affect the normal
vector. Only the "Stucci" and "Image" texture can give normals.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Intensity textures: return a single value. This intensity can
control "Alpha," for example, or determine the strength of a color
specified using the <I
CLASS="emphasis"
>mapping</I
> buttons.
</P
></LI
></UL
><P
> You can adjust the intensity of these settings separately using the
pertinent sliders
(<A
HREF="x4167.html#BSG.TEX.F.S68.109"
>Figure 23</A
>).
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="section"
><H2
CLASS="section"
><A
NAME="AEN4303"
></A
>Textures themselves</H2
><P
> Once a new texture has been added to a material, it can be defined by
switching to the Texture Buttons (<B
CLASS="keycap"
>F6</B
>) or <B
CLASS="guiicon"
> <IMG
SRC="PartM/materials/gfx/TextureButtonsButton.png">
</B
> sub-context of the Shading context to obtain <A
HREF="x4167.html#BSG.TEX.F.S68.110"
>Figure 24</A
>.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="figure"
><A
NAME="BSG.TEX.F.S68.110"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="mediaobject"
><P
><IMG
SRC="PartM/materials/gfx/TextureButtons.png"></P
></DIV
><P
><B
>Figure 24. Texture buttons</B
></P
></DIV
><P
> A new, empty texture Button Window presents two panels: a
Texture <TT
CLASS="literal"
>Preview</TT
> and a <TT
CLASS="literal"
>Texture</TT
>
panel, the latter with two tabs.
</P
><P
> In the <TT
CLASS="literal"
>Preview</TT
> panel toggle buttons
define if this is a Material, Lamp or World texture, and a
button <TT
CLASS="literal"
>Default Var</TT
> allows to return texture
parameters to default values.
</P
><P
> The <TT
CLASS="literal"
>Texture</TT
> tab replicates the texture channels
and the Texture Menu Button of the linked Material.
The two columns of Toggle Buttons selects the Texture type. The button
<TT
CLASS="literal"
>Image</TT
> allows
an image to be loaded and used as a texture (the first button simply
is "no texture"). The third button allows for the use of a very special
kind
of texture, the Environment Map (<TT
CLASS="literal"
>EnvMap</TT
>).
The last button (<TT
CLASS="literal"
>Plugin</TT
>)
allows for loading
an external piece of code to define the texture. (These three buttons
are rather unique and will be treated separately later on.)
As soon as a texture type is chosen a new Panel appears, with a name matching
the texture type, where texture parameters can be set.
</P
><P
> The remaining buttons define 3D <I
CLASS="emphasis"
>procedural</I
> textures,
which are textures that are defined mathematically. They are generally simpler
to use, and will give outstanding results once mastered. We will describe just
one of these, the <TT
CLASS="literal"
>Wood</TT
> button, leaving
you to investigate further. (The reference chapter in this book contains a
full details on each.)
</P
><P
> <TT
CLASS="literal"
>Wood</TT
> is a <I
CLASS="emphasis"
>procedural</I
>, which means
that each 3D coordinate can be translated directly into a color or a
value. These types of textures are 'real' 3D. By that we mean that they
fit together perfectly at the edges and continue to look like what they are
meant
to look like even when they are cut; as if a block of wood had really been
cut
in two.
</P
><P
> Procedural textures are <I
CLASS="emphasis"
>not</I
> filtered or
anti-aliased. This is hardly ever a problem: the user can easily keep
the specified frequencies within acceptable limits.
</P
><P
> Procedural texture can either produce colored textures or intensity only
textures.
If intensity only ones are used the result is a black and white texture,
which can be greately enhanced by the use of colorbands. The colorband is an
often-neglected tool in the <TT
CLASS="literal"
>Colors</TT
> tab in the
<TT
CLASS="literal"
>Texture</TT
> Panel that gives you an impressive level
of control over how
procedural textures are rendered. Instead of simply rendering each
texture as a linear progression from 0.0 to 1.0, you can use the
colorband to create a gradient which progresses through as many
variations of color and transparency (alpha) as you like
(<A
HREF="x4167.html#BSG.TEX.F.S68.110b"
>Figure 25</A
>).
</P
><DIV
CLASS="figure"
><A
NAME="BSG.TEX.F.S68.110b"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="mediaobject"
><P
><IMG
SRC="PartM/materials/gfx/TextureColorBand.png"></P
></DIV
><P
><B
>Figure 25. Texture Colorband.</B
></P
></DIV
><P
> Skilled use of colorbands leads to really cool marble and cloud textures.
To use it, select a procedural texture, such as
<TT
CLASS="literal"
>Wood</TT
>. Click the <TT
CLASS="literal"
>Colorband</TT
> button.
</P
><P
>
The
<TT
CLASS="literal"
>Colorband</TT
> is Blender's gradient editor. Each point on
the
band can be placed at any location and can be assigned any color and
transparency. Blender will interpolate the values from one point to
the next. To use it, select the point you want to edit with the
<TT
CLASS="literal"
>Cur:</TT
> number
button, then add and delete points with the <TT
CLASS="literal"
>Add</TT
> and
<TT
CLASS="literal"
>Del</TT
> buttons. The RGB and Alpha values of the current
point
are displayed, along with the point's location on the band.
Drag with the left mouse to change the location of the current point.
</P
><P
> We can use two
<TT
CLASS="literal"
>Wood</TT
> textures to make ring patterns in two different
scales, each of which will have different effects on the appearance of the
wood. The
<TT
CLASS="literal"
>Wood</TT
> textures are identical except for the way in which
they are
mapped in the material buttons window, and in the different color bands
used.
</P
><P
> We will also also use a <TT
CLASS="literal"
>Clouds</TT
> texture to make a grain
pattern. To see the result of just one texture, isolated from the
others, remember the Check buttons in the <TT
CLASS="literal"
>Texture</TT
> Panel
in Material Buttons.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="figure"
><A
NAME="BSG.TEX.F.S68.111"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="mediaobject"
><P
><IMG
SRC="PartM/materials/gfx/TextureSep.png"></P
></DIV
><P
><B
>Figure 26. Copying and Pasting Textures</B
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="tip"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="tip"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="25"
ALIGN="CENTER"
VALIGN="TOP"
><IMG
SRC="./stylesheet-images/tip.gif"
HSPACE="5"
ALT="Tip"></TD
><TH
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>Copying texture settings</B
></TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
> </TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><P
> By adding an existing texture you link that texture, but all the Material
mapping
parameters remains as they are. To copy all texture settings, inclusive
of mappings, you must copy a given texture channel and paste it into
another
by using the two arrow buttons in <A
HREF="x4167.html#BSG.TEX.F.S68.111"
>Figure 26</A
>.
</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
> <A
HREF="x4167.html#BSG.TEX.F.S68.112"
>Figure 27</A
>, <A
HREF="x4167.html#BSG.TEX.F.S68.113"
>Figure 28</A
>
and
<A
HREF="x4167.html#BSG.TEX.F.S68.114"
>Figure 29</A
> show the three individual textures
which, when combined
in a single material and mapped to various material parameters,
create a nice wood texture (<A
HREF="x4167.html#BSG.TEX.F.S68.115"
>Figure 30</A
>).
</P
><DIV
CLASS="figure"
><A
NAME="BSG.TEX.F.S68.112"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="mediaobject"
><P
><IMG
SRC="PartM/materials/gfx/TextureWood1.png"></P
></DIV
><P
><B
>Figure 27. First Wood ring texture</B
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="figure"
><A
NAME="BSG.TEX.F.S68.113"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="mediaobject"
><P
><IMG
SRC="PartM/materials/gfx/TextureWood2.png"></P
></DIV
><P
><B
>Figure 28. Second Wood ring texture</B
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="figure"
><A
NAME="BSG.TEX.F.S68.114"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="mediaobject"
><P
><IMG
SRC="PartM/materials/gfx/TextureWood3.png"></P
></DIV
><P
><B
>Figure 29. Clouds texture</B
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="figure"
><A
NAME="BSG.TEX.F.S68.115"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="mediaobject"
><P
><IMG
SRC="PartM/materials/gfx/TextureWood.png"></P
></DIV
><P
><B
>Figure 30. Final result</B
></P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="section"
><H2
CLASS="section"
><A
NAME="AEN4391"
></A
>ImageTexture</H2
><P
> The Image texture is the only true 2D texture, and is the most frequently
used and most advanced of Blender's textures. The standard, built-in
bump mapping and perspective-corrected mip-mapping, filtering, and
anti-aliasing guarantee outstanding images (set DisplayButtons
<TT
CLASS="literal"
>OSA</TT
> to
ON for this). Because pictures are two-dimensional, the way in which
the 3D texture coordinate is translated to 2D must be specified in the
<I
CLASS="emphasis"
>mapping</I
> buttons (<A
HREF="x4167.html#BSG.TEX.F.S68.103"
>Figure 18 in the Section called <I
>Textures from the Material Point of View</I
></A
>).
</P
><P
> The four standard mappings are: <TT
CLASS="literal"
>Flat</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="literal"
>Cube</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="literal"
>Tube</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="literal"
>Sphere</TT
>. Depending on the
overall
shape of the object, one of these types is more useful.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="figure"
><A
NAME="BSG.TEX.F.S68.116"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="mediaobject"
><P
><IMG
SRC="PartM/materials/gfx/FlatMap.png"></P
></DIV
><P
><B
>Figure 31. Flat Mapping. </B
></P
></DIV
><P
> The Flat mapping (<A
HREF="x4167.html#BSG.TEX.F.S68.116"
>Figure 31</A
>) gives the best
results on single planar faces. It does produce interesting effects on the
sphere, but compared to a
sphere-mapped sphere the result looks flat. On faces not in the mapping
plane
the last pixel of the texture is repeated, which produces stripes on
the cube and cylinder.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="figure"
><A
NAME="BSG.TEX.F.S68.117"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="mediaobject"
><P
><IMG
SRC="PartM/materials/gfx/CubeMap.png"></P
></DIV
><P
><B
>Figure 32. Cube Mapping. </B
></P
></DIV
><P
> The cube-mapping (<A
HREF="x4167.html#BSG.TEX.F.S68.117"
>Figure 32</A
>) often gives the
most useful
results when the objects
are not too curvy and organic (notice the seams on the sphere).
</P
><DIV
CLASS="figure"
><A
NAME="BSG.TEX.F.S68.118"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="mediaobject"
><P
><IMG
SRC="PartM/materials/gfx/TubeMap.png"></P
></DIV
><P
><B
>Figure 33. Tube Mapping. </B
></P
></DIV
><P
>
The tube-mapping (<A
HREF="x4167.html#BSG.TEX.F.S68.118"
>Figure 33</A
>) maps the texture
around an object like a label on a
bottle. The texture is therefore more stretched on the cylinder. This
mapping is of course very good for making the label on a bottle or
assigning stickers to rounded objects. However, this is not a cylindrical
mapping so the ends of the cylinder are undefined.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="figure"
><A
NAME="BSG.TEX.F.S68.119"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="mediaobject"
><P
><IMG
SRC="PartM/materials/gfx/SphereMap.png"></P
></DIV
><P
><B
>Figure 34. Sphere Mapping. </B
></P
></DIV
><P
> The sphere-mapping (<A
HREF="x4167.html#BSG.TEX.F.S68.119"
>Figure 34</A
>) is the best type
for mapping a
sphere, and it is perfect for making a planet and similar stuff. It
is often very useful for creating organic objects. It too produces
interesting effects on a cylinder.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="tip"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="tip"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
><TR
><TD
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><IMG
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><TH
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><B
>Moving a texture</B
></TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
> </TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><P
> As described in the previous section you can manipulate the texture in
the texture part of the MaterialButtons. There is one more important
feature to manipulate the textures.
</P
><P
> When you select an object and press <B
CLASS="keycap"
>TKEY</B
>, you get the
option to
visually scale and move the texture space, but not to rotate the
texture. The <TT
CLASS="literal"
>Object</TT
> coordinate mapping is anyway much
more flexible.
</P
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