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  <div class="section" id="s-module-django.shortcuts">
<span id="s-django-shortcut-functions"></span><span id="module-django.shortcuts"></span><span id="django-shortcut-functions"></span><h1>Django shortcut functions<a class="headerlink" href="#module-django.shortcuts" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p id="index-0">The package <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.shortcuts</span></tt> collects helper functions and classes that
&#8220;span&#8221; multiple levels of MVC. In other words, these functions/classes
introduce controlled coupling for convenience&#8217;s sake.</p>
<div class="section" id="s-render-to-response">
<span id="render-to-response"></span><h2><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">render_to_response</span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#render-to-response" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.shortcuts.render_to_response">
<tt class="descname">render_to_response</tt>(<em>template[, dictionary][, context_instance][, mimetype]</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.shortcuts.render_to_response" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Renders a given template with a given context dictionary and returns an
<a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/request-response.html#django.http.HttpResponse" title="django.http.HttpResponse"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">HttpResponse</span></tt></a> object with that rendered text.</p>
</dd></dl>

<div class="section" id="s-required-arguments">
<span id="required-arguments"></span><h3>Required arguments<a class="headerlink" href="#required-arguments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">template</span></tt></dt>
<dd>The full name of a template to use or sequence of template names.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-optional-arguments">
<span id="optional-arguments"></span><h3>Optional arguments<a class="headerlink" href="#optional-arguments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dictionary</span></tt></dt>
<dd>A dictionary of values to add to the template context. By default, this
is an empty dictionary. If a value in the dictionary is callable, the
view will call it just before rendering the template.</dd>
<dt><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">context_instance</span></tt></dt>
<dd><p class="first">The context instance to render the template with. By default, the template
will be rendered with a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Context</span></tt> instance (filled with values from
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dictionary</span></tt>). If you need to use <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/templates/api.html#subclassing-context-requestcontext"><em>context processors</em></a>, render the template with a
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">RequestContext</span></tt> instance instead. Your code might look something like
this:</p>
<div class="last highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">render_to_response</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;my_template.html&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
                          <span class="n">my_data_dictionary</span><span class="p">,</span>
                          <span class="n">context_instance</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RequestContext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mimetype</span></tt></p>
<blockquote>
<div class="versionadded">
<span class="title">New in Django 1.0:</span> <a class="reference internal" href="../../releases/1.0.html"><em>Please, see the release notes</em></a></div>
<p>The MIME type to use for the resulting document. Defaults to the value of
the <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/settings.html#std:setting-DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE</span></tt></a> setting.</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-example">
<span id="example"></span><h3>Example<a class="headerlink" href="#example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The following example renders the template <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">myapp/index.html</span></tt> with the
MIME type <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">application/xhtml+xml</span></tt>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.shortcuts</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">render_to_response</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">my_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="c"># View code here...</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">render_to_response</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;myapp/index.html&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&quot;foo&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;bar&quot;</span><span class="p">},</span>
        <span class="n">mimetype</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;application/xhtml+xml&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This example is equivalent to:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.http</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">HttpResponse</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.template</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Context</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">loader</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">my_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="c"># View code here...</span>
    <span class="n">t</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">loader</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;myapp/template.html&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Context</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">})</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HttpResponse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">),</span>
        <span class="n">mimetype</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;application/xhtml+xml&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-redirect">
<span id="redirect"></span><h2><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">redirect</span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#redirect" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.shortcuts.redirect">
<tt class="descname">redirect</tt>(<em>to</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>permanent=False</em><span class="optional">]</span>, <em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.shortcuts.redirect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="versionadded">
<span class="title">New in Django 1.1:</span> <a class="reference internal" href="../../releases/1.1.html"><em>Please, see the release notes</em></a></div>
<p>Returns an HttpResponseRedirect to the apropriate URL for the arguments
passed.</p>
<p>The arguments could be:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>A model: the model's <cite>get_absolute_url()</cite> function will be called.</li>
<li>A view name, possibly with arguments: <cite>urlresolvers.reverse()</cite> will
be used to reverse-resolve the name.</li>
<li>A URL, which will be used as-is for the redirect location.</li>
</ul>
<p>By default issues a temporary redirect; pass permanent=True to issue a
permanent redirect</p>
</dd></dl>

<div class="section" id="s-examples">
<span id="examples"></span><h3>Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>You can use the <a class="reference internal" href="#django.shortcuts.redirect" title="django.shortcuts.redirect"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">redirect()</span></tt></a> function in a number of ways.</p>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p class="first">By passing some object; that object's
<a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/models/instances.html#django.db.models.Model.get_absolute_url" title="django.db.models.Model.get_absolute_url"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_absolute_url()</span></tt></a> method will be called
to figure out the redirect URL:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">my_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="o">...</span>
    <span class="nb">object</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">redirect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p class="first">By passing the name of a view and optionally some positional or
keyword arguments; the URL will be reverse resolved using the
<a class="reference internal" href="urls.html#django.core.urlresolvers.reverse" title="django.core.urlresolvers.reverse"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">reverse()</span></tt></a> method:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">my_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="o">...</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">redirect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some-view-name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p class="first">By passing a hardcoded URL to redirect to:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">my_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="o">...</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">redirect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;/some/url/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This also works with full URLs:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">my_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="o">...</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">redirect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;http://example.com/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
<p>By default, <a class="reference internal" href="#django.shortcuts.redirect" title="django.shortcuts.redirect"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">redirect()</span></tt></a> returns a temporary redirect. All of the above
forms accept a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">permanent</span></tt> argument; if set to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> a permanent redirect
will be returned:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">my_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="o">...</span>
    <span class="nb">object</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">redirect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">permanent</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-get-object-or-404">
<span id="get-object-or-404"></span><h2><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_object_or_404</span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#get-object-or-404" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.shortcuts.get_object_or_404">
<tt class="descname">get_object_or_404</tt>(<em>klass</em>, <em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.shortcuts.get_object_or_404" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Calls <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/models/querysets.html#django.db.models.QuerySet.get" title="django.db.models.QuerySet.get"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">get()</span></tt></a> on a given model manager,
but it raises <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.http.Http404</span></tt> instead of the model's
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DoesNotExist</span></tt> exception.</p>
</dd></dl>

<div class="section" id="s-id1">
<span id="id1"></span><h3>Required arguments<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">klass</span></tt></dt>
<dd>A <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Model</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Manager</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">QuerySet</span></tt> instance from which to get the
object.</dd>
<dt><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></tt></dt>
<dd>Lookup parameters, which should be in the format accepted by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get()</span></tt> and
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">filter()</span></tt>.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-id2">
<span id="id2"></span><h3>Example<a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The following example gets the object with the primary key of 1 from
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MyModel</span></tt>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.shortcuts</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">get_object_or_404</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">my_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">my_object</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_object_or_404</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pk</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This example is equivalent to:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.http</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Http404</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">my_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">my_object</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DoesNotExist</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">Http404</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note: As with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get()</span></tt>, an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MultipleObjectsReturned</span></tt> exception will be
raised if more than one object is found.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-get-list-or-404">
<span id="get-list-or-404"></span><h2><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_list_or_404</span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#get-list-or-404" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.shortcuts.get_list_or_404">
<tt class="descname">get_list_or_404</tt>(<em>klass</em>, <em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.shortcuts.get_list_or_404" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the result of <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/models/querysets.html#django.db.models.QuerySet.filter" title="django.db.models.QuerySet.filter"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">filter()</span></tt></a> on a
given model manager, raising <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.http.Http404</span></tt> if the resulting list
is empty.</p>
</dd></dl>

<div class="section" id="s-id3">
<span id="id3"></span><h3>Required arguments<a class="headerlink" href="#id3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">klass</span></tt></dt>
<dd>A <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Model</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Manager</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">QuerySet</span></tt> instance from which to get the
object.</dd>
<dt><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></tt></dt>
<dd>Lookup parameters, which should be in the format accepted by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get()</span></tt> and
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">filter()</span></tt>.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-id4">
<span id="id4"></span><h3>Example<a class="headerlink" href="#id4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The following example gets all published objects from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MyModel</span></tt>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.shortcuts</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">get_list_or_404</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">my_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">my_objects</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_list_or_404</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">published</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This example is equivalent to:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.http</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Http404</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">my_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">my_objects</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">published</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">))</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">my_objects</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">Http404</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Django shortcut functions</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#render-to-response"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">render_to_response</span></tt></a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#required-arguments">Required arguments</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#optional-arguments">Optional arguments</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#example">Example</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#redirect"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">redirect</span></tt></a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#examples">Examples</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#get-object-or-404"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_object_or_404</span></tt></a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1">Required arguments</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id2">Example</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#get-list-or-404"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_list_or_404</span></tt></a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id3">Required arguments</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id4">Example</a></li>
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