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<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#8381de"><div class="skribetitle"><strong><big><big><big>9. Bigloo<br/>A ``practical Scheme compiler''<br/>User manual for version 3.2b<br/>June 2009 -- Structures and Records</big></big></big></strong></div><center>
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<tr bgcolor="#8381de"><th id="tc27462" align="center" colspan="1"><font color="#ffffff"><strong id='bold27460'
>Structures and Records</strong></font></th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"><td id="tc27465" align="center" colspan="1"><table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" class="toc">
<tbody>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">9.1</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-10.html#Structures">Structures</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">9.2</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-10.html#Records-(SRFI-9)">Records (SRFI-9)</a></td></tr>
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>Chapters</strong></font></th></tr>
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 <tr><td valign="top" align="left"></td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-1.html#Acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">1</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-2.html#Table-of-contents">Table of contents</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">2</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-3.html#Overview-of-Bigloo">Overview of Bigloo</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">3</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-4.html#Modules">Modules</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">4</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-5.html#Core-Language">Core Language</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">5</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-6.html#DSSSL-support">DSSSL support</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">6</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-7.html#Standard-Library">Standard Library</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">7</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-8.html#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">8</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-9.html#Fast-search">Fast search</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">9</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-10.html#Structures-and-Records">Structures and Records</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">10</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-11.html#Object-System">Object System</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">11</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-12.html#Regular-parsing">Regular parsing</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">12</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-13.html#Lalr(1)-parsing">Lalr(1) parsing</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">13</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-14.html#Posix-Regular-Expressions">Posix Regular Expressions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">14</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-15.html#Command-Line-Parsing">Command Line Parsing</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">15</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-16.html#Cryptography">Cryptography</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">16</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-17.html#Errors-Assertions-and-Traces">Errors, Assertions, and Traces</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">17</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-18.html#Threads">Threads</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">18</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-19.html#Database-library">Database library</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">19</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-20.html#Multimedia-library">Multimedia library</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">20</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-21.html#Mail-library">Mail library</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">21</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-22.html#Eval-and-code-interpretation">Eval and code interpretation</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">22</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-23.html#Macro-expansion">Macro expansion</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">23</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-24.html#Parameters">Parameters</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">24</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-25.html#Explicit-typing">Explicit typing</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">25</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-26.html#The-C-interface">The C interface</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">26</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-27.html#The-Java-interface">The Java interface</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">27</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-28.html#Bigloo-Libraries">Bigloo Libraries</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">28</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-29.html#Extending-the-Runtime-System">Extending the Runtime System</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">29</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-30.html#SRFIs">SRFIs</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">30</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-31.html#Compiler-description">Compiler description</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">31</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-32.html#User-Extensions">User Extensions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">32</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-33.html#Bigloo-Development-Environment">Bigloo Development Environment</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">33</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-34.html#Global-Index">Global Index</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">34</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-35.html#Library-Index">Library Index</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left"></td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-36.html#Bibliography">Bibliography</a></td></tr>
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<a name="Structures-and-Records" class="mark"></a>
Bigloo supports two kinds of enumerated types: the <em id='emph14275'
>structures</em> and
the <em id='emph14276'
>records</em>. They offer similar facilities. Structures were 
pre-existing to records and they are maintained mainly for backward
compatiblity. Recors are compliant with the Scheme request for 
implementation 9.<br/><br/>
<!-- Structures -->
<a name="Structures"></a>
<div class="section-atitle"><table width="100%"><tr><td bgcolor="#dedeff"><h3><font color="black">9.1 Structures</font>
</h3></td></tr></table>
</div><div class="section">
<a name="Structures" class="mark"></a><a name="g14278" class="mark"></a>There is, in Bigloo, a new class of objects: 
structures, which are equivalent to C <code id='code14280'
>struct</code>.<br/><br/><table cellspacing="0" class="frame" cellpadding="10" border="1" width="100%"><tbody>
<tr><td><a name="g14283" class="mark"></a><a name="define-struct" class="mark"></a><table width="100%" style="border-collapse: collapse;" frame="void" rules="none"><tbody>
<tr><td id="tc14287" align="left" colspan="1"><strong id='bold14285'
>define-struct</strong><em id='it14286'
> name field...</em></td><td id="tc14288" align="right" colspan="1">bigloo syntax</td></tr>
</tbody></table>

This form defines a structure with name <code id='code14292'
><em id='it14291'
>name</em></code>, which is a symbol,
having fields <code id='code14294'
><em id='it14293'
>field</em></code>... which are symbols or lists, each
list being composed of a symbol and a default value. This form creates
several functions: creator, predicate, accessor and assigner functions. The
name of each function is built in the following way:
<ul class="itemize" id='itemize14315'
><li>Creator: <code id='code14297'
>make-<code id='code14296'
><em id='it14295'
>name</em></code></code>
</li>
<li>Predicate: <code id='code14301'
><code id='code14300'
><em id='it14299'
>name</em></code>?</code>
</li>
<li>Accessor: <code id='code14307'
><code id='code14304'
><em id='it14303'
>name</em></code>-<code id='code14306'
><em id='it14305'
>field</em></code></code>
</li>
<li>Assigner: <code id='code14313'
><code id='code14310'
><em id='it14309'
>name</em></code>-<code id='code14312'
><em id='it14311'
>field</em></code>-set!</code>
</li>
</ul>
Function <code id='code14318'
>make-<code id='code14317'
><em id='it14316'
>name</em></code></code> accepts an optional argument. If
provided, all the slots of the created structures are filled with it. The
creator named <code id='code14319'
>name</code> accepts as many arguments as the number of
slots of the structure. This function allocates a structure and fills
each of its slots with its corresponding argument.<br/><br/>If a structure is created using <code id='code14323'
>make-<code id='code14322'
><em id='it14321'
>name</em></code></code> and no initialization
value is provided, the slot default values (when provided) are used
to initialize the new structure. For instance, the execution of the program:<br/><br/><center id='center14330'
><table cellspacing="0" class="color" cellpadding="0" width="95%"><tbody>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffcc"><pre class="prog" id='prog14328'
>(<font color="#6959cf"><strong id='bold27479'
>define-struct</strong></font> <font color="#6959cf"><strong id='bold27481'
>pt1</strong></font> a b)
(<font color="#6959cf"><strong id='bold27483'
>define-struct</strong></font> <font color="#6959cf"><strong id='bold27485'
>pt2</strong></font> (h 4) (g 6))<br/><br/>(make-pt1)
   =&gt; #{PT1 () ()}
(make-pt1 5)
   =&gt; #{PT1 5 5}
(make-pt2)
   =&gt; #{PT2 4 6}
(make-pt2 5)
   =&gt; #{PT2 5 5}
</pre>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table></center>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br/>
<table cellspacing="0" class="frame" cellpadding="10" border="1" width="100%"><tbody>
<tr><td><a name="g14334" class="mark"></a><a name="struct?" class="mark"></a><table width="100%" style="border-collapse: collapse;" frame="void" rules="none"><tbody>
<tr><td id="tc14338" align="left" colspan="1"><strong id='bold14336'
>struct?</strong><em id='it14337'
> obj</em></td><td id="tc14339" align="right" colspan="1">bigloo procedure</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Returns <code id='code14342'
>#t</code> if and only if <code id='code14344'
><em id='it14343'
>obj</em></code> is a structure.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br/>
 
</div><br>
<!-- Records (SRFI-9) -->
<a name="Records-(SRFI-9)"></a>
<div class="section-atitle"><table width="100%"><tr><td bgcolor="#dedeff"><h3><font color="black">9.2 Records (SRFI-9)</font>
</h3></td></tr></table>
</div><div class="section">
<a name="Records-(SRFI-9)" class="mark"></a><a name="g14347" class="mark"></a><a name="g14349" class="mark"></a>
Bigloo supports records has specified by SRFI-9. This section is a copy
of the SRFI-9 specification by Richard Kelsey. This SRFI describes
syntax for creating new data types, called record types.  A predicate,
constructor, and field accessors and modifiers are defined for each
record type.  Each new record type is distinct from all existing types,
including other record types and Scheme's predefined types.<br/><br/><table cellspacing="0" class="frame" cellpadding="10" border="1" width="100%"><tbody>
<tr><td><a name="g14353" class="mark"></a><a name="define-record-type" class="mark"></a><table width="100%" style="border-collapse: collapse;" frame="void" rules="none"><tbody>
<tr><td id="tc14357" align="left" colspan="1"><strong id='bold14355'
>define-record-type</strong><em id='it14356'
> expression...</em></td><td id="tc14358" align="right" colspan="1">syntax</td></tr>
</tbody></table>

The syntax of a record-type definition is: <br/><br/><center id='center14365'
><table cellspacing="0" class="color" cellpadding="0" width="95%"><tbody>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ccccff"><pre class="prog" id='prog14363'
>&lt;record-type-definition&gt; ==&gt; (<code id='code14362'
>define-record-type</code> &lt;type-name&gt;
                                         (&lt;constructor-name&gt; &lt;field-tag&gt; ...)
                                         &lt;predicate-name&gt;
                                         &lt;field-spec&gt; ...)
&lt;field-spec&gt;             ==&gt; (&lt;field-tag&gt; &lt;accessor-name&gt;)
                           | (&lt;field-tag&gt; &lt;accessor-name&gt; &lt;modifier-name&gt;)
&lt;field-tag&gt;              ==&gt; &lt;identifier&gt;
&lt;accessor-name&gt;          ==&gt; &lt;identifier&gt;
&lt;predicate-name&gt;         ==&gt; &lt;identifier&gt;
&lt;modifier-name&gt;          ==&gt; &lt;identifier&gt;
&lt;type-name&gt;              ==&gt; &lt;identifier&gt;
</pre>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table></center>

<code id='code14366'
>Define-record-type</code> is generative: each use creates a new record
type that is distinct from all existing types, including other record
types and Scheme's predefined types. Record-type definitions may only
occur at top-level (there are two possible semantics for `internal'
record-type definitions, generative and nongenerative, and no consensus
as to which is better).<br/><br/>an instance of <code id='code14368'
>define-record-type</code> is equivalent to the following
definitions:<br/><br/><br/><ul class="itemize" id='itemize14393'
><li><code id='code14370'
>&lt;type-name&gt;</code>
is bound to a representation of the record type itself. Operations on
record types, such as defining print methods, reflection, etc. are left
to other SRFIs.<br/><br/></li>
<li><code id='code14373'
>&lt;constructor-name&gt;</code>
is bound to a procedure that takes as many arguments as the
re are <code id='code14374'
>&lt;field-tag&gt;</code>s in the <code id='code14375'
>(&lt;constructor-name&gt; ...)</code> subform 
and returns a new <code id='code14376'
>&lt;type-name&gt;</code> record. Fields whose tags are listed 
with <code id='code14377'
>&lt;constructor-name&gt;</code> have the corresponding argument as their 
initial value. The initial values of all other fields are unspecified. <br/><br/></li>
<li><code id='code14380'
>&lt;predicate-name&gt;</code>
is a predicate that returns <code id='code14381'
>#t</code> when given a value returned by
<code id='code14382'
>&lt;constructor-name&gt;</code> and <code id='code14383'
>#f</code> for everything else.<br/><br/></li>
<li>Each <code id='code14386'
>&lt;accessor-name&gt;</code> is a procedure that takes a record of 
type <code id='code14387'
>&lt;type-name&gt;</code> and returns the current value of the corresponding 
field. It is an error to pass an accessor a value which is not a record 
of the appropriate type. <br/><br/></li>
<li>Each <code id='code14390'
>&lt;modifier-name&gt;</code> is a procedure that takes a record of 
type <code id='code14391'
>&lt;type-name&gt;</code> and a value which becomes the new value of the 
corresponding field; an unspecified value is returned. It is an error 
to pass a modifier a first argument which is not a record of the appropriate 
type. 
</li>
</ul>
Records are disjoint from the types listed in Section 4.2 of R5RS. <br/><br/>Seting the value of any of these identifiers has no effect on the
behavior of any of their original values.<br/><br/>The following <br/><br/><center id='center14399'
><table cellspacing="0" class="color" cellpadding="0" width="95%"><tbody>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffcc"><pre class="prog" id='prog14397'
>(define-record-type pare
    (kons x y)
    pare?
    (x kar set-kar!)
    (y kdr))
</pre>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table></center>

defines <code id='code14400'
>kons</code> to be a constructor, <code id='code14401'
>kar</code> and <code id='code14402'
>kdr</code> to be 
accessors, <code id='code14403'
>set-kar!</code> to be a modifier, and <code id='code14404'
>pare?</code> to be a 
predicate for <code id='code14405'
>pare</code>s. <br/><br/><center id='center14410'
><table cellspacing="0" class="color" cellpadding="0" width="95%"><tbody>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffcc"><pre class="prog" id='prog14408'
>  (pare? (kons 1 2))        =&gt; #t
  (pare? (cons 1 2))        =&gt; #f
  (kar (kons 1 2))          =&gt; 1
  (kdr (kons 1 2))          =&gt; 2
  (<strong id='bold27487'
>let</strong> ((k (kons 1 2)))
    (set-kar! k 3)
    (kar k))                =&gt; 3
</pre>
</td></tr>
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