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bigloo-doc-3.2b-3.fc12.i686.rpm

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<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#8381de"><div class="skribetitle"><strong><big><big><big>2. Bigloo<br/>A ``practical Scheme compiler''<br/>User manual for version 3.2b<br/>June 2009 -- Overview of Bigloo</big></big></big></strong></div><center>
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 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">2.1</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-3.html#SRFI">SRFI</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">2.2</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-3.html#Separate-compilation">Separate compilation</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">2.3</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-3.html#C-interface">C interface</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">2.4</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-3.html#Java-interface">Java interface</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">2.5</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-3.html#Object-language">Object language</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">2.6</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-3.html#Threads">Threads</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">2.7</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-3.html#SQL">SQL</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">2.8</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-3.html#Type-annotations">Type annotations</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">2.9</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-3.html#Unicode-support">Unicode support</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">2.10</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-3.html#DSSSL">DSSSL</a></td></tr>
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 <tr><td valign="top" align="left"></td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-1.html#Acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">1</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-2.html#Table-of-contents">Table of contents</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">2</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-3.html#Overview-of-Bigloo">Overview of Bigloo</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">3</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-4.html#Modules">Modules</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">4</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-5.html#Core-Language">Core Language</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">5</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-6.html#DSSSL-support">DSSSL support</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">6</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-7.html#Standard-Library">Standard Library</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">7</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-8.html#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">8</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-9.html#Fast-search">Fast search</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">9</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-10.html#Structures-and-Records">Structures and Records</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">10</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-11.html#Object-System">Object System</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">11</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-12.html#Regular-parsing">Regular parsing</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">12</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-13.html#Lalr(1)-parsing">Lalr(1) parsing</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">13</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-14.html#Posix-Regular-Expressions">Posix Regular Expressions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">14</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-15.html#Command-Line-Parsing">Command Line Parsing</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">15</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-16.html#Cryptography">Cryptography</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">16</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-17.html#Errors-Assertions-and-Traces">Errors, Assertions, and Traces</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">17</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-18.html#Threads">Threads</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">18</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-19.html#Database-library">Database library</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">19</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-20.html#Multimedia-library">Multimedia library</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">20</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-21.html#Mail-library">Mail library</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">21</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-22.html#Eval-and-code-interpretation">Eval and code interpretation</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">22</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-23.html#Macro-expansion">Macro expansion</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">23</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-24.html#Parameters">Parameters</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">24</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-25.html#Explicit-typing">Explicit typing</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">25</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-26.html#The-C-interface">The C interface</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">26</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-27.html#The-Java-interface">The Java interface</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">27</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-28.html#Bigloo-Libraries">Bigloo Libraries</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">28</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-29.html#Extending-the-Runtime-System">Extending the Runtime System</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">29</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-30.html#SRFIs">SRFIs</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">30</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-31.html#Compiler-description">Compiler description</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">31</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-32.html#User-Extensions">User Extensions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">32</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-33.html#Bigloo-Development-Environment">Bigloo Development Environment</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">33</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-34.html#Global-Index">Global Index</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left">34</td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-35.html#Library-Index">Library Index</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td valign="top" align="left"></td><td colspan="4" width="100%"><a href="bigloo-36.html#Bibliography">Bibliography</a></td></tr>
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<a name="Overview" class="mark"></a><a name="g1134" class="mark"></a>
Bigloo is an implementation of an extended version of the Scheme
programming language. Without its extensions Bigloo does not entirely
conform to Scheme as defined in the Revised(5) Report on on the
Algorithmic Language Scheme (henceforth R5RS) (see info-file `r5rs.info', ).
The two reasons are:<br/><br/><ul class="itemize" id='itemize1144'
><li>Bigloo produces C files. C code uses the C stack, so some
programs can't be properly tail recursive. Nevertheless all
simple tail recursions are compiled without stack consumption.<br/><br/></li>
<li>Alternatively, Bigloo may produce JVM (Java Virtual Machine byte code)
class files. These classes may use regular Java classes.<br/><br/></li>
<li>Bigloo can also produce .NET class files. These classes may use 
regular .NET machines such as mono.<br/><br/></li>
<li>Bigloo is a module compiler. It compiles
modules into `.o', `.class', or `.obj' files that must be linked together to 
produce stand alone executable programs, JVM jar files, or .NET programs.
</li>
</ul>
However, we designed Bigloo to be as close as possible to the
R5RS. Hence, when Bigloo includes a feature that is extracted from
Scheme and implemented as normal, this feature is only mentioned in this
document and not fully described.<br/><br/><!-- SRFI -->
<a name="SRFI"></a>
<div class="section-atitle"><table width="100%"><tr><td bgcolor="#dedeff"><h3><font color="black">2.1 SRFI</font>
</h3></td></tr></table>
</div><div class="section">

The Bigloo version 3.2b supports the following SRFIs:<br/><br/><ul class="itemize" id='itemize1166'
><li><code id='code1147'
>srfi-0</code> (conditional execution).
</li>
<li><code id='code1149'
>srfi-2</code> (AND-LET*: an AND with local bindings, a guarded LET* special form).
</li>
<li><code id='code1151'
>srfi-6</code> (Basic String Ports).
</li>
<li><code id='code1153'
>srfi-8</code> (Binding to multiple values).
</li>
<li><code id='code1155'
>srfi-9</code> (<em id='emph1156'
>Records</em> specification).
</li>
<li><code id='code1158'
>srfi-18</code> (Multithreading support). 
</li>
<li><code id='code1160'
>srfi-22</code> (script interpreter invocation). 
</li>
<li><code id='code1162'
>srfi-28</code> (Basic Format Strings). 
</li>
<li><code id='code1164'
>srfi-30</code> (Multi-line comments).
</li>
</ul>
</div><br>
<!-- Separate compilation -->
<a name="Separate-compilation"></a>
<div class="section-atitle"><table width="100%"><tr><td bgcolor="#dedeff"><h3><font color="black">2.2 Separate compilation</font>
</h3></td></tr></table>
</div><div class="section">

To allow and stimulate separate compilation, Bigloo compiles
modules instead of entire programs. A module is composed of
a module declaration and a module body, where a module body can be
thought of as an incomplete Scheme program. <br/><br/>Bigloo strictly enforces variable bindings. That is, it is illegal in a
body to refer to unbound variables.<br/><br/>In a module declaration, some variables can be declared to be
immutable functions. For such variables, the compiler can then check
if the number of arguments for some function calls are correct or
not. When an arity mismatch is detected, Bigloo signals an error and
aborts the compilation process.<br/><br/></div><br>
<!-- C interface -->
<a name="C-interface"></a>
<div class="section-atitle"><table width="100%"><tr><td bgcolor="#dedeff"><h3><font color="black">2.3 C interface</font>
</h3></td></tr></table>
</div><div class="section">

The goal of the design of Bigloo is to allow the merging of high and low
level programming. This means that Bigloo is designed to be fully connected
to the already existing outside world of C.<br/><br/>This connection has two components: a function call interface and a data
storage interface. Bigloo code is able to call C code and vice versa; Bigloo
data storage is accessible from C and vice versa. There are no frontiers
between the Bigloo and C worlds.<br/><br/></div><br>
<!-- Java interface -->
<a name="Java-interface"></a>
<div class="section-atitle"><table width="100%"><tr><td bgcolor="#dedeff"><h3><font color="black">2.4 Java interface</font>
</h3></td></tr></table>
</div><div class="section">

Since release 2.3, Bigloo is able to produce Java Virtual Machine byte
codes in addition to C code. By producing class files, it is possible
to connect Scheme code and Java code in the same spirit as the Scheme and
C connection.<br/><br/>This connection has two components: a function call interface and a data
storage interface. Bigloo code is able to call Java code and vice versa;
Bigloo data storage is accessible from Java and vice versa. There are no
frontiers between the Bigloo and Java worlds.<br/><br/></div><br>
<!-- Object language -->
<a name="Object-language"></a>
<div class="section-atitle"><table width="100%"><tr><td bgcolor="#dedeff"><h3><font color="black">2.5 Object language</font>
</h3></td></tr></table>
</div><div class="section">

Since release 1.9, Bigloo has included an object system. This
system belongs to the <span class="sc">Clos</span> [Bobrow et al. 88] object
system family but whose design has been mainly inspired by
C. Queinnec's <span class="sc">Meroon</span> [Queinnec93]. It
is based on <em id='emph1176'
>ad-hoc</em> polymorphism (generic functions and methods),
uses single inheritance and mono-dispatch, and provides the user with
introspection facilities.<br/><br/></div><br>
<!-- Threads -->
<a name="Threads"></a>
<div class="section-atitle"><table width="100%"><tr><td bgcolor="#dedeff"><h3><font color="black">2.6 Threads</font>
</h3></td></tr></table>
</div><div class="section">

Since release 2.4d, Bigloo has included a thread library. Bigloo
supports Fair threads that are cooperative threads run by a fair
scheduler which gives them equal access to the processor. Fair threads
can communicate using broadcast events and their semantics does not
depends on the executing platform. Fine control over fair threads
execution is possible allowing the programming of specific
user-defined scheduling strategies.<br/><br/></div><br>
<!-- SQL -->
<a name="SQL"></a>
<div class="section-atitle"><table width="100%"><tr><td bgcolor="#dedeff"><h3><font color="black">2.7 SQL</font>
</h3></td></tr></table>
</div><div class="section">

Since release 2.7b, Bigloo includes a SQL binding. Namely, the C Bigloo
runtime system can access the facilities offered by SQLite
(<a href="http://www.sqlite.org/">http://www.sqlite.org/</a>).<br/><br/><br/></div><br>
<!-- Type annotations -->
<a name="Type-annotations"></a>
<div class="section-atitle"><table width="100%"><tr><td bgcolor="#dedeff"><h3><font color="black">2.8 Type annotations</font>
</h3></td></tr></table>
</div><div class="section">

Type information, related to variable or function definitions, can be added
to the source code. If no type information is provided, runtime checks will
be introduced by the compiler to ensure normal execution, provided that the
user has not used compilation flags to prevents this. If type information is
added, the compiler statically type checks the program and refuses ones that
prove to be incorrect.<br/><br/></div><br>
<!-- Unicode support -->
<a name="Unicode-support"></a>
<div class="section-atitle"><table width="100%"><tr><td bgcolor="#dedeff"><h3><font color="black">2.9 Unicode support</font>
</h3></td></tr></table>
</div><div class="section">

Bigloo supports UCS-2 Character encoding and also provides conversion
functions between UTF-8 and UCS-2. It still maintains traditional
ISO-LATIN1 characters and strings.<br/><br/></div><br>
<!-- DSSSL -->
<a name="DSSSL"></a>
<div class="section-atitle"><table width="100%"><tr><td bgcolor="#dedeff"><h3><font color="black">2.10 DSSSL</font>
</h3></td></tr></table>
</div><div class="section">

Bigloo helps the DSSSL programmer by supporting keywords, named constants
and keyword functions.<br/><br/>
</div><br>
</div></td>
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