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<Title>Boost Graph Library: Boyer-Myrvold Planarity Testing/Embedding</Title>
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<H1>Boyer-Myrvold Planarity Testing/Embedding</H1>
<p>
A graph is <a href="./planar_graphs.html#planar"><i>planar</i></a> if it can
be drawn in two-dimensional space without any of its edges crossing. Such a
drawing of a planar graph is called a
<a href="./planar_graphs.html#plane_drawing"><i>plane drawing</i></a>. Each
plane drawing belongs to an equivalence class called a <i>planar embedding</i>
<a href="#1">[1]</a> that is defined by the clockwise ordering of adjacent
edges around each vertex in the graph. A planar embedding is a convenient
intermediate representation of an actual drawing of a planar graph, and many
planar graph drawing algorithms are formulated as functions mapping a planar
embedding to a plane drawing.
<br>
<br>
<table align="center" class="image">
<caption align="bottom"><h5>A planar graph (top left), along with a planar
embedding of that graph (bottom left) can be used to create a plane drawing
(right) by embedding edges around each vertex in the order in which they
appear in the planar embedding.
</h5></caption>
<tr><td>
<img src="./figs/embedding_illustration.png">
</td></tr>
<tr></tr>
<tr></tr>
</table>
<br>
<p>
The function <tt>boyer_myrvold_planarity_test</tt> implements the planarity
testing/embedding algorithm of Boyer and Myrvold
[<a href="./bibliography.html#boyermyrvold04">70</a>].
<tt>boyer_myrvold_planarity_test</tt> returns <tt>true</tt> if the input graph
is planar and <tt>false</tt> otherwise. As a side-effect of this test, a planar
embedding can be constructed if the graph is planar or a minimal set of edges
that form a <a href = "./planar_graphs.html#kuratowskisubgraphs">Kuratowski
subgraph</a> can be found if the graph is not planar.
<tt>boyer_myrvold_planarity_test</tt> uses named parameter arguments (courtesy
of the <a href="../../parameter/doc/html/index.html">Boost.Parameter</a>
library) to specify what the function actually does. Some examples are:
<ul>
<li>Testing whether or not a graph is planar:
<pre>
bool is_planar = boyer_myrvold_planarity_test(g);
</pre>
<li>Computing a planar embedding for a graph if it is planar, otherwise finding
a set of edges that forms an obstructing Kuratowski subgraph:
<pre>
if (boyer_myrvold_planarity_test(boyer_myrvold_params::graph = g,
boyer_myrvold_params::embedding = embedding_pmap,
boyer_myrvold_params::kuratowski_subgraph = out_itr
)
)
{
//do something with the embedding in embedding_pmap
}
else
{
//do something with the kuratowski subgraph output to out_itr
}
</pre>
</ul>
<p>
The parameters passed to <tt>boyer_myrvold_planarity_test</tt> in the examples
above do more than just carry the data structures used for input and output -
the algorithm is optimized at compile time based on which parameters are
present. A complete list of parameters accepted and their interactions are
described below.
<p>
<tt>boyer_myrvold_planarity_test</tt> accepts as input any undirected graph,
even those with self-loops and multiple edges.
However, many planar graph drawing algorithms make additional restrictions
on the structure of the input graph - for example, requiring that the input
graph is connected, biconnected, or even maximal planar (triangulated.)
Fortunately, any planar graph on <i>n</i> vertices that lacks one of these
properties can be augmented with additional edges so that it satisfies that
property in <i>O(n)</i> time - the functions
<tt><a href="./make_connected.html">make_connected</a></tt>,
<tt><a href="./make_biconnected_planar.html">make_biconnected_planar</a></tt>,
and <tt><a href="./make_maximal_planar.html">make_maximal_planar</a></tt>
exist for this purpose. If the graph drawing algorithm you're using requires,
say, a biconnected graph, then you must make your input graph biconnected
<i>before</i> passing it into <tt>boyer_myrvold_planarity_test</tt> so that the
computed planar embedding includes these additional edges. This may require
more than one call to <tt>boyer_myrvold_planarity_test</tt> depending on the
structure of the graph you begin with, since both
<tt>make_biconnected_planar</tt> and <tt>make_maximal_planar</tt> require a
planar embedding of the existing graph as an input parameter.
<p><p>
The named parameters accepted by <tt>boyer_myrvold_planarity_test</tt> are:
<ul>
<li><b><tt>graph</tt></b> : The input graph - this is the only required
parameter.
<li><b><tt>vertex_index_map</tt></b> : A mapping from vertices of the input
graph to indexes in the range <tt>[0..num_vertices(g))</tt>. If this parameter
is not provided, the vertex index map is assumed to be available as an interior
property of the graph, accessible by calling <tt>get(vertex_index, g)</tt>.
<li><b><tt>edge_index_map</tt></b>: A mapping from the edges of the input graph
to indexes in the range <tt>[0..num_edges(g))</tt>. This parameter is only
needed if the <tt>kuratowski_subgraph</tt> argument is provided. If the
<tt>kuratowski_subgraph</tt> argument is provided and this parameter is not
provided, the EdgeIndexMap is assumed to be available as an interior property
accessible by calling <tt>get(edge_index, g)</tt>.
<li><b><tt>embedding</tt></b> : If the graph is planar, this will be populated
with a mapping from vertices to the clockwise order of neighbors in the planar
embedding.
<li><b><tt>kuratowski_subgraph</tt></b> : If the graph is not planar, a minimal
set of edges that form the obstructing Kuratowski subgraph will be written to
this iterator.
</ul>
These named parameters all belong to the namespace
<tt>boyer_myrvold_params</tt>. See below for more information on the concepts
required for these arguments.
<H3>Verifying the output</H3>
Whether or not the input graph is planar, <tt>boyer_myrvold_planarity_test</tt>
can produce a certificate that can be automatically checked to verify that the
function is working properly.
<p>
If the graph is planar, a planar embedding can be produced. The
planar embedding can be verified by passing it to a plane drawing routine
(such as <tt><a href="straight_line_drawing.html">
chrobak_payne_straight_line_drawing</a></tt>) and using the function
<tt><a href="is_straight_line_drawing.html">is_straight_line_drawing</a></tt>
to verify that the resulting graph is planar.
<p>
If the graph is not planar, a set of edges that forms a Kuratowski subgraph in
the original graph can be produced. This set of edges can be passed to the
function <tt><a href="is_kuratowski_subgraph.html">is_kuratowski_subgraph</a>
</tt> to verify that they can be contracted into a <i>K<sub>5</sub></i> or
<i>K<sub>3,3</sub></i>. <tt>boyer_myrvold_planarity_test</tt> chooses the set
of edges forming the Kuratowski subgraph in such a way that the contraction to
a <i>K<sub>5</sub></i> or <i>K<sub>3,3</sub></i> can be done by a simple
deterministic process which is described in the documentation to
<tt>is_kuratowski_subgraph</tt>.
<H3>Where Defined</H3>
<P>
<a href="../../../boost/graph/boyer_myrvold_planar_test.hpp">
<TT>boost/graph/boyer_myrvold_planar_test.hpp</TT>
</a>
<H3>Parameters</H3>
IN: <tt>Graph& g</tt>
<blockquote>
Any undirected graph. The graph type must be a model of
<a href="VertexAndEdgeListGraph.html">VertexAndEdgeListGraph</a> and
<a href="IncidenceGraph.html">IncidenceGraph</a>.
</blockquote>
OUT <tt>PlanarEmbedding embedding</tt>
<blockquote>
Must model the <a href="PlanarEmbedding.html">PlanarEmbedding</a> concept.
</blockquote>
IN <tt>OutputIterator kuratowski_subgraph</tt>
<blockquote>
An OutputIterator which accepts values of the type
<tt>graph_traits<Graph>::edge_descriptor</tt>
</blockquote>
IN <tt>VertexIndexMap vm</tt>
<blockquote>
A <a href="../../property_map/doc/ReadablePropertyMap.html">Readable Property Map
</a> that maps vertices from <tt>g</tt> to distinct integers in the range
<tt>[0, num_vertices(g) )</tt><br>
<b>Default</b>: <tt>get(vertex_index,g)</tt><br>
</blockquote>
IN <tt>EdgeIndexMap em</tt>
<blockquote>
A <a href="../../property_map/doc/ReadablePropertyMap.html">Readable Property Map
</a> that maps edges from <tt>g</tt> to distinct integers in the range
<tt>[0, num_edges(g) )</tt><br>
<b>Default</b>: <tt>get(edge_index,g)</tt>, but this parameter is only used if
the <tt>kuratowski_subgraph_iterator</tt> is provided.<br>
</blockquote>
<H3>Complexity</H3>
Assuming that both the vertex index and edge index supplied take time
<i>O(1)</i> to return an index and there are <i>O(n)</i>
total self-loops and parallel edges in the graph, most combinations of
arguments given to
<tt>boyer_myrvold_planarity_test</tt> result in an algorithm that runs in time
<i>O(n)</i> for a graph with <i>n</i> vertices and <i>m</i> edges. The only
exception is when Kuratowski subgraph isolation is requested for a dense graph
(a graph with <i>n = o(m)</i>) - the running time will be <i>O(n+m)</i>
<a href = "#2">[2]</a>.
<H3>Examples</H3>
<P>
<ul>
<li><a href="../example/simple_planarity_test.cpp">A simple planarity test</a>
<li><a href="../example/kuratowski_subgraph.cpp">Isolating a Kuratowski
Subgraph</a>
<li><a href="../example/straight_line_drawing.cpp">Using a planar embedding to
create a straight line drawing</a>
</ul>
<h3>See Also</h3>
<a href="./planar_graphs.html">Planar Graphs in the Boost Graph Library</a>
<h3>Notes</h3>
<p><a name="1">[1] A planar embedding is also called a <i>combinatorial
embedding</i>.
<p><a name="2">[2] The algorithm can still be made to run in time <i>O(n)</i>
for this case, if needed. <a href="planar_graphs.html#EulersFormula">Euler's
formula</a> implies that a planar graph with <i>n</i> vertices can have no more
than <i>3n - 6</i> edges, which means that any non-planar graph on <i>n</i>
vertices has a subgraph of only <i>3n - 5</i> edges that contains a Kuratowski
subgraph. So, if you need to find a Kuratowski subgraph of a graph with more
than <i>3n - 5</i> edges in time <i>O(n)</i>, you can create a subgraph of the
original graph consisting of any arbitrary <i>3n - 5</i> edges and pass that
graph to <tt>boyer_myrvold_planarity_test</tt>.
<br>
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Copyright © 2007 Aaron Windsor (<a href="mailto:aaron.windsor@gmail.com">
aaron.windsor@gmail.com</a>)
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