<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html><head><title>MFSK Modes</title></head><body bgcolor="#ffffcc" link="#cc0088" text="#666644" vlink="#995544"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" size="-1"> </font><h1><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" size="-1">MFSK Modes</font></h1> <p> </p><hr> <h3><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" size="-1">General Description</font></h3> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" size="-1">MFSK16 and MFSK8 are multi-frequency shift keyed (MFSK) modes with low symbol rate. A single carrier of constant amplitude is stepped (between 16 or 32 tone frequencies respectively) in a constant phase manner. As a result, no unwanted sidebands are generated, and no special amplifier linearity requirements are necessary. The tones selected are set by the transmitted (4 or 5 bit) bit pattern and a gray-code table. </font><p> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" size="-1">The mode has full-time Forward Error Correction, so it is very robust. Tuning must be very accurate, and the software will not tolerate differences between transmit and receive frequency. The mode was designed for long path HF DX, and due to its great sensitivity is one of the best for long distance QSOs and skeds. MFSK8 has improved sensitivity, but is very difficult to tune, and suffers more from Doppler. It is useful as the band fades out. </font></p><p> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" size="-1">MFSK16 and MFSK8 were developed by Murray ZL1BPU and Nino IZ8BLY. </font></p><h3><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" size="-1">Protocol</font></h3> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" size="-1">These are unconnected, manually controlled message asynchronous symbol synchronous simplex chat modes, with full-time Forward Error Correction. MFSK tone spacing is in both cases equal to the symbol rate (15.625 Hz and 7.8125 Hz). In order to maintain sync during idle periods, every few seconds a few non-printing characters is sent. The default calling mode is MFSK16. </font><p> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" size="-1">MFSK16 also has an image transfer mode. This is controlled and triggered from MFSK16, and will transmit B&W or Colour pictures of any size and shape, although smaller is better, as transmission is only 1000 pixels/sec. This image transmission is an analog mode without sync. The image transmission is FSK of the same bandwidth as MFSK16, and again transmitter linearity is unimportant. </font></p><h3><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" size="-1">Coding and Character Set</font></h3> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" size="-1">A nibble-based varicode with ASCII-256 user interface is used. Lower case characters are sent faster. Modulation is four or five bit symbol synchronous, and in MFSK16 the dibit order is determined automatically. MFSK8 has five bits per symbol and uses an extra trial Viterbi decoder to determine the correct bit order. </font><p> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" size="-1">The FEC uses binary convolution to generate two dibits per varicode bit. Rate R=1/2, Constraint Length K=7, Interleaver L=10 (40 bits). A matrix interleaver is used. This is a standard NASA design. </font></p><h3><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" size="-1">Operating Parameters</font></h3> <table bgcolor="#eeeeff" border="1"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#eeffff"> <td><small><b>Mode</b></small></td> <td><small><b>Symbol Rate</b></small></td> <td><small><b>Typing Speed<sup>1</sup></b></small></td> <td><small><b>Duty Cycle<sup>2</sup></b></small></td> <td><small><b>Modulation</b></small></td> <td><small><b>Bandwidth<sup>3</sup></b></small></td> <td><small><b>ITU Designation<sup>4</sup></b></small></td></tr> <tr> <td><small>MFSK16<sup>5</sup></small></td> <td><small>15.625 baud</small></td> <td><small>~ 4.0 cps (40 wpm)</small></td> <td><small>100%</small></td> <td><small>16-FSK</small></td> <td><small>316 Hz</small></td> <td><small>316HF1B</small></td> </tr><tr> <td><small>MFSK Image</small></td> <td><small>1000 px/sec</small></td> <td><small>128x128 B&W 16 sec</small></td> <td><small>100%</small></td> <td><small>Analog FSK</small></td> <td><small>316 Hz</small></td> <td><small>316HF1C</small></td> </tr><tr> <td><small>MFSK8<sup>5</sup></small></td> <td><small>7.8125 baud</small></td> <td><small>~ 2.0 cps (19 wpm)</small></td> <td><small>100%</small></td> <td><small>32-FSK</small></td> <td><small>316 Hz</small></td> <td><small>316HF1B</small></td> </tr></tbody></table> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica" size="-1"><small><br><b>Notes:</b><br>1. WPM is based on an average 5 characters per word, plus word space. Values are approximate because a variable length code is used.<br> 2. Transmitter average power output relative to a constant carrier of the same PEP value.<br> 3. This is the "Necessary Bandwidth" as defined by the ITU.<br> 4. A summary of the ITU Designation system can be found at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_radio_emissions">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_radio_emissions</a><br> 5. Double spaced mode.<br> 6. Default and normal calling mode.</small></font></body></html>
