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Send bugs and suggestions to <texi2html-bug@nongnu.org> --> <head> <title>GNU LilyPond Learning Manual: 5.3 Scores and parts</title> <meta name="description" content="GNU LilyPond Learning Manual: 5.3 Scores and parts"> <meta name="keywords" content="GNU LilyPond Learning Manual: 5.3 Scores and parts"> <meta name="resource-type" content="document"> <meta name="distribution" content="global"> <meta name="Generator" content="texi2html 1.82"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <link href="index.ja.html#Top" rel="start" title="GNU LilyPond — Learning Manual"> <link href="LilyPond-index.ja.html#LilyPond-index" rel="index" title="D. LilyPond index"> <link href="index_toc.ja.html#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents"> <link href="index_abt.ja.html#SEC_About" rel="help" title="About This Document"> <link href="Working-on-LilyPond-projects.ja.html#Working-on-LilyPond-projects" rel="up" title="5. 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LilyPond index"> <link href="Minimal-examples.ja.html#Minimal-examples" rel="previous" title="5.2.3 Minimal examples"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" title="Patrick McCarty's design" href="lilypond-mccarty.css"> <link rel="alternate stylesheet" type="text/css" href="lilypond.css" title="Andrew Hawryluk's design"> <link rel="alternate stylesheet" type="text/css" href="lilypond-blue.css" title="Kurt Kroon's blue design"> <!--[if lte IE 7]> <link href="lilypond-ie-fixes.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <![endif]--> </head> <body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000"> <div id="main"> <a name="Scores-and-parts"></a> <table class="nav_table"> <tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="Working-on-LilyPond-projects.ja.html#Working-on-LilyPond-projects" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Working on LilyPond projects </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.ja.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.ja.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LilyPond-index.ja.html#LilyPond-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>][<a href="index_abt.ja.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Templates.ja.html#Templates" title="Next chapter"> Templates >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="Minimal-examples.ja.html#Minimal-examples" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < Minimal examples </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="Working-on-LilyPond-projects.ja.html#Working-on-LilyPond-projects" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Working on LilyPond projects </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="Templates.ja.html#Templates" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> Templates > </a>]</td></tr></table> <a name="Scores-and-parts"></a> <h2 class="section">5.3 Scores and parts</h2> <p>TODO: this is really old stuff from the really old tutorial. Rewrite, fix, etc. Or maybe delete entirely. -gp Include section on tags -td and then move to section 5. Working ... -td </p> <p>In orchestral music, all notes are printed twice. Once in a part for the musicians, and once in a full score for the conductor. Variables can be used to avoid double work. The music is entered once, and stored in a variable. The contents of that variable is then used to generate both the part and the full score. </p> <p>It is convenient to define the notes in a special file. For example, suppose that the file ‘<tt>horn-music.ly</tt>’ contains the following part of a horn/bassoon duo </p> <blockquote><pre class="example">hornNotes = \relative c { \time 2/4 r4 f8 a cis4 f e d } </pre></blockquote> <p>Then, an individual part is made by putting the following in a file </p> <blockquote><pre class="example">\include "horn-music.ly" \header { instrument = "Horn in F" } { \transpose f c' \hornNotes } </pre></blockquote> <p>The line </p> <blockquote><pre class="example">\include "horn-music.ly" </pre></blockquote> <p>substitutes the contents of ‘<tt>horn-music.ly</tt>’ at this position in the file, so <code>hornNotes</code> is defined afterwards. The command <code>\transpose f c'</code> indicates that the argument, being <code>\hornNotes</code>, should be transposed by a fifth upwards. Sounding <code>f</code> is denoted by notated <code>c'</code>, which corresponds with the tuning of a normal French Horn in F. The transposition can be seen in the following output </p> <blockquote><p> <a href="../a4/lily-a1c78edd.ly"> <img align="middle" border="0" src="../a4/lily-a1c78edd.png" alt="[image of music]"> </a> </p> </blockquote> <p>In ensemble pieces, one of the voices often does not play for many measures. This is denoted by a special rest, the multi-measure rest. It is entered with a capital <code>R</code> followed by a duration (<code>1</code> for a whole note, <code>2</code> for a half note, etc.). By multiplying the duration, longer rests can be constructed. For example, this rest takes 3 measures in 2/4 time </p> <blockquote><pre class="example">R2*3 </pre></blockquote> <p>When printing the part, multi-rests must be condensed. This is done by setting a run-time variable </p> <blockquote><pre class="example">\set Score.skipBars = ##t </pre></blockquote> <p>This command sets the property <code>skipBars</code> in the <code>Score</code> context to true (<code>##t</code>). Prepending the rest and this option to the music above, leads to the following result </p> <blockquote><p> <a href="../9c/lily-fc6b4ee7.ly"> <img align="middle" border="0" src="../9c/lily-fc6b4ee7.png" alt="[image of music]"> </a> </p> </blockquote> <p>The score is made by combining all of the music together. Assuming that the other voice is in <code>bassoonNotes</code> in the file ‘<tt>bassoon-music.ly</tt>’, a score is made with </p> <blockquote><pre class="example">\include "bassoon-music.ly" \include "horn-music.ly" << \new Staff \hornNotes \new Staff \bassoonNotes >> </pre></blockquote> <p>leading to </p> <blockquote><p> <a href="../9a/lily-f96a7fea.ly"> <img align="middle" border="0" src="../9a/lily-f96a7fea.png" alt="[image of music]"> </a> </p> </blockquote> <hr size="6"> <table class="nav_table"> <tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="Working-on-LilyPond-projects.ja.html#Working-on-LilyPond-projects" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Working on LilyPond projects </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.ja.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.ja.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LilyPond-index.ja.html#LilyPond-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>][<a href="index_abt.ja.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Templates.ja.html#Templates" title="Next chapter"> Templates >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="Minimal-examples.ja.html#Minimal-examples" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < Minimal examples </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="Working-on-LilyPond-projects.ja.html#Working-on-LilyPond-projects" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Working on LilyPond projects </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="Templates.ja.html#Templates" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> Templates > </a>]</td></tr></table> <!-- footer_tag --> <div class="footer"> <p class="footer_version"> This page is for LilyPond-2.12.3 (stable-branch). </p> <p class="footer_report"> Your <a href="http://lilypond.org/web/devel/participating/documentation-adding">suggestions for the documentation</a> are welcome, please report errors to our <a href="http://post.gmane.org/post.php?group=gmane.comp.gnu.lilypond.bugs">bug list</a>. </p> </div> <p id="languages"> Other languages: <a href="Scores-and-parts.fr.html">français</a>, <a href="Scores-and-parts.es.html">español</a>, <a href="Scores-and-parts.de.html">deutsch</a>. <br> </p> <!-- FOOTER --> <!-- end div#main here --> </div> <div id="tocframe"> <p class="toc_uplink"><a href="../index.ja.html" title="Documentation Index"><< Back to Documentation Index</a></p> <h4 class="toc_header"> <a href="index.ja.html#Top" title="Start of the manual">Learning Manual</a></h4> <div class="contents"> <ul class="toc"> <li><a name="toc-Preface-1" href="Preface.ja.html#Preface">Preface</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Introduction-1" href="Introduction.ja.html#Introduction">1. Introduction</a> <ul class="toc"> <li><a name="toc-Background-1" href="Background.ja.html#Background">1.1 Background</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-About-the-documentation-1" href="About-the-documentation.ja.html#About-the-documentation">1.2 About the documentation</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a name="toc-Tutorial-1" href="Tutorial.ja.html#Tutorial">2. Tutorial</a> <ul class="toc"> <li><a name="toc-First-steps-1" href="First-steps.ja.html#First-steps">2.1 First steps</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Single-staff-notation-1" href="Single-staff-notation.ja.html#Single-staff-notation">2.2 Single staff notation</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Multiple-notes-at-once-1" href="Multiple-notes-at-once.ja.html#Multiple-notes-at-once">2.3 Multiple notes at once</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Songs-1" href="Songs.ja.html#Songs">2.4 Songs</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Final-touches-1" href="Final-touches.ja.html#Final-touches">2.5 Final touches</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a name="toc-Fundamental-concepts-1" href="Fundamental-concepts.ja.html#Fundamental-concepts">3. Fundamental concepts</a> <ul class="toc"> <li><a name="toc-How-LilyPond-input-files-work-1" href="How-LilyPond-input-files-work.ja.html#How-LilyPond-input-files-work">3.1 How LilyPond input files work</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Voices-contain-music-1" href="Voices-contain-music.ja.html#Voices-contain-music">3.2 Voices contain music</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Contexts-and-engravers-1" href="Contexts-and-engravers.ja.html#Contexts-and-engravers">3.3 Contexts and engravers</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Extending-the-templates-1" href="Extending-the-templates.ja.html#Extending-the-templates">3.4 Extending the templates</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a name="toc-Tweaking-output-1" href="Tweaking-output.ja.html#Tweaking-output">4. Tweaking output</a> <ul class="toc"> <li><a name="toc-Tweaking-basics-1" href="Tweaking-basics.ja.html#Tweaking-basics">4.1 Tweaking basics</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-The-Internals-Reference-manual-1" href="The-Internals-Reference-manual.ja.html#The-Internals-Reference-manual">4.2 The Internals Reference manual</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Appearance-of-objects-1" href="Appearance-of-objects.ja.html#Appearance-of-objects">4.3 Appearance of objects</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Placement-of-objects-1" href="Placement-of-objects.ja.html#Placement-of-objects">4.4 Placement of objects</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Collisions-of-objects-1" href="Collisions-of-objects.ja.html#Collisions-of-objects">4.5 Collisions of objects</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Further-tweaking-1" href="Further-tweaking.ja.html#Further-tweaking">4.6 Further tweaking</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Working-on-LilyPond-projects-1" href="Working-on-LilyPond-projects.ja.html#Working-on-LilyPond-projects">5. Working on LilyPond projects</a> <ul class="toc"> <li><a name="toc-Suggestions-for-writing-LilyPond-input-files-1" href="Suggestions-for-writing-LilyPond-input-files.ja.html#Suggestions-for-writing-LilyPond-input-files">5.1 Suggestions for writing LilyPond input files</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-When-things-don_0027t-work-1" href="When-things-don_0027t-work.ja.html#When-things-don_0027t-work">5.2 When things don’t work</a> </li> <li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Scores-and-parts-1" href="Scores-and-parts.ja.html#Scores-and-parts">5.3 Scores and parts</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a name="toc-Templates-1" href="Templates.ja.html#Templates">A. Templates</a> <ul class="toc"> <li><a name="toc-Single-staff-1" href="Single-staff.ja.html#Single-staff">A.1 Single staff</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Piano-templates-1" href="Piano-templates.ja.html#Piano-templates">A.2 Piano templates</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-String-quartet-2" href="String-quartet.ja.html#String-quartet">A.3 String quartet</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Vocal-ensembles-1" href="Vocal-ensembles.ja.html#Vocal-ensembles">A.4 Vocal ensembles</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Ancient-notation-templates-1" href="Ancient-notation-templates.ja.html#Ancient-notation-templates">A.5 Ancient notation templates</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Jazz-combo-1" href="Jazz-combo.ja.html#Jazz-combo">A.6 Jazz combo</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-lilypond_002dbook-templates-1" href="lilypond_002dbook-templates.ja.html#lilypond_002dbook-templates">A.7 lilypond-book templates</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a name="toc-Scheme-tutorial-1" href="Scheme-tutorial.ja.html#Scheme-tutorial">B. Scheme tutorial</a> <ul class="toc"> <li><a name="toc-Tweaking-with-Scheme-1" href="Tweaking-with-Scheme.ja.html#Tweaking-with-Scheme">B.1 Tweaking with Scheme</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a name="toc-GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1" href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.ja.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">C. GNU Free Documentation License</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-LilyPond-index-1" href="LilyPond-index.ja.html#LilyPond-index">D. LilyPond index</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </body> </html>