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<div class="page">
<div class="header">
<h1 class="heading"><a href="../index.html"
title="back to the documentation overview"><span>Werkzeug</span></a></h1>
</div>
<ul class="navigation">
<li class="indexlink"><a href="../index.html">Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="sessions.html">« Sessions</a></li>
<li class="active"><a href="#">Secure Cookie</a></li>
<li><a href="cache.html">Cache »</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="body">
<div id="toc">
<h3>Table Of Contents</h3>
<div class="inner"><ul>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#">Secure Cookie</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#application-integration">Application Integration</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#reference">Reference</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="module-werkzeug.contrib.securecookie">
<span id="secure-cookie"></span><h1>Secure Cookie<a class="headerlink" href="#module-werkzeug.contrib.securecookie" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>This module implements a cookie that is not alterable from the client
because it adds a checksum the server checks for. You can use it as
session replacement if all you have is a user id or something to mark
a logged in user.</p>
<p>Keep in mind that the data is still readable from the client as a
normal cookie is. However you don’t have to store and flush the
sessions you have at the server.</p>
<p>Example usage:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">werkzeug.contrib.securecookie</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SecureCookie</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SecureCookie</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="s">"foo"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"baz"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)},</span> <span class="s">"deadbeef"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Dumping into a string so that one can store it in a cookie:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">serialize</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Loading from that string again:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SecureCookie</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">unserialize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"deadbeef"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">"baz"</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="go">(1, 2, 3)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If someone modifies the cookie and the checksum is wrong the unserialize
method will fail silently and return a new empty <cite>SecureCookie</cite> object.</p>
<p>Keep in mind that the values will be visible in the cookie so do not
store data in a cookie you don’t want the user to see.</p>
<div class="section" id="application-integration">
<h2>Application Integration<a class="headerlink" href="#application-integration" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>If you are using the werkzeug request objects you could integrate the
secure cookie into your application like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">werkzeug</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">BaseRequest</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cached_property</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">werkzeug.contrib.securecookie</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SecureCookie</span>
<span class="c"># don't use this key but a different one; you could just use</span>
<span class="c"># os.unrandom(20) to get something random</span>
<span class="n">SECRET_KEY</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'</span><span class="se">\xfa\xdd\xb8</span><span class="s">z</span><span class="se">\xae\xe0</span><span class="s">}4</span><span class="se">\x8b\xea</span><span class="s">'</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BaseRequest</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nd">@cached_property</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">client_session</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cookies</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'session_data'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">SecureCookie</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">secret_key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">SECRET_KEY</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">SecureCookie</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">unserialize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SECRET_KEY</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">application</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start_response</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">request</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start_response</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># get a response object here</span>
<span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">...</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client_session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_save</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">session_data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client_session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">serialize</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_cookie</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'session_data'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">session_data</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">httponly</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">response</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start_response</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>A less verbose integration can be achieved by using shorthand methods:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BaseRequest</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nd">@cached_property</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">client_session</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">SecureCookie</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load_cookie</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">secret_key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">COOKIE_SECRET</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">application</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start_response</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">request</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start_response</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># get a response object here</span>
<span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">...</span>
<span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client_session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save_cookie</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">response</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start_response</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="reference">
<h2>Reference<a class="headerlink" href="#reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.</tt><tt class="descname">SecureCookie</tt><big>(</big><em>data=None</em>, <em>secret_key=None</em>, <em>new=True</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Represents a secure cookie. You can subclass this class and provide
an alternative mac method. The import thing is that the mac method
is a function with a similar interface to the hashlib. Required
methods are update() and digest().</p>
<p>Example usage:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SecureCookie</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="s">"foo"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"baz"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)},</span> <span class="s">"deadbeef"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">"foo"</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="go">42</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">"baz"</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="go">(1, 2, 3)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">"blafasel"</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">23</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_save</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first last simple">
<li><strong>data</strong> – the initial data. Either a dict, list of tuples or <cite>None</cite>.</li>
<li><strong>secret_key</strong> – the secret key. If not set <cite>None</cite> or not specified
it has to be set before <a title="werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.serialize" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.serialize"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">serialize()</span></tt></a> is called.</li>
<li><strong>new</strong> – The initial value of the <cite>new</cite> flag.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.new">
<tt class="descname">new</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.new" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><cite>True</cite> if the cookie was newly created, otherwise <cite>False</cite></dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.modified">
<tt class="descname">modified</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.modified" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Whenever an item on the cookie is set, this attribute is set to <cite>True</cite>.
However this does not track modifications inside mutable objects
in the cookie:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SecureCookie</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">"foo"</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modified</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modified</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">False</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">"foo"</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modified</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In that situation it has to be set to <cite>modified</cite> by hand so that
<a title="werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.should_save" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.should_save"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">should_save</span></tt></a> can pick it up.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.hash_method">
<tt class="descname">hash_method</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.hash_method" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The hash method to use. This has to be a module with a new function
or a function that creates a hashlib object. Such as <cite>hashlib.md5</cite>
Subclasses can override this attribute. The default hash is sha1.</dd></dl>
<dl class="classmethod">
<dt id="werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.load_cookie">
<em class="property">classmethod </em><tt class="descname">load_cookie</tt><big>(</big><em>request</em>, <em>key='session'</em>, <em>secret_key=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.load_cookie" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Loads a <a title="werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">SecureCookie</span></tt></a> from a cookie in request. If the
cookie is not set, a new <a title="werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">SecureCookie</span></tt></a> instanced is
returned.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first last simple">
<li><strong>request</strong> – a request object that has a <cite>cookies</cite> attribute
which is a dict of all cookie values.</li>
<li><strong>key</strong> – the name of the cookie.</li>
<li><strong>secret_key</strong> – the secret key used to unquote the cookie.
Always provide the value even though it has
no default!</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="classmethod">
<dt id="werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.quote">
<em class="property">classmethod </em><tt class="descname">quote</tt><big>(</big><em>value</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.quote" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Quote the value for the cookie. This can be any object supported
by <a title="werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.serialization_method" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.serialization_method"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">serialization_method</span></tt></a>.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first last simple">
<li><strong>value</strong> – the value to quote.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.quote_base64">
<tt class="descname">quote_base64</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.quote_base64" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>if the contents should be base64 quoted. This can be disabled if the
serialization process returns cookie safe strings only.</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.save_cookie">
<tt class="descname">save_cookie</tt><big>(</big><em>response</em>, <em>key='session'</em>, <em>expires=None</em>, <em>session_expires=None</em>, <em>max_age=None</em>, <em>path='/'</em>, <em>domain=None</em>, <em>secure=None</em>, <em>httponly=False</em>, <em>force=False</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.save_cookie" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Saves the SecureCookie in a cookie on response object. All
parameters that are not described here are forwarded directly
to <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_cookie()</span></tt>.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first last simple">
<li><strong>response</strong> – a response object that has a
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_cookie()</span></tt> method.</li>
<li><strong>key</strong> – the name of the cookie.</li>
<li><strong>session_expires</strong> – the expiration date of the secure cookie
stored information. If this is not provided
the cookie <cite>expires</cite> date is used instead.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.serialization_method">
<tt class="descname">serialization_method</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.serialization_method" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>the module used for serialization. Unless overriden by subclasses
the standard pickle module is used.</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.serialize">
<tt class="descname">serialize</tt><big>(</big><em>expires=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.serialize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Serialize the secure cookie into a string.</p>
<p>If expires is provided, the session will be automatically invalidated
after expiration when you unseralize it. This provides better
protection against session cookie theft.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first last simple">
<li><strong>expires</strong> – an optional expiration date for the cookie (a
<a title="(in Python v2.7)" class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/dev/library/datetime.html#datetime.datetime"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime.datetime</span></tt></a> object)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.should_save">
<tt class="descname">should_save</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.should_save" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>True if the session should be saved. By default this is only true
for <a title="werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.modified" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.modified"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">modified</span></tt></a> cookies, not <a title="werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.new" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.new"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">new</span></tt></a>.</dd></dl>
<dl class="classmethod">
<dt id="werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.unquote">
<em class="property">classmethod </em><tt class="descname">unquote</tt><big>(</big><em>value</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.unquote" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Unquote the value for the cookie. If unquoting does not work a
<a title="werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.UnquoteError" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.UnquoteError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">UnquoteError</span></tt></a> is raised.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first last simple">
<li><strong>value</strong> – the value to unquote.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="classmethod">
<dt id="werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.unserialize">
<em class="property">classmethod </em><tt class="descname">unserialize</tt><big>(</big><em>string</em>, <em>secret_key</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie.unserialize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Load the secure cookie from a serialized string.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>string</strong> – the cookie value to unserialize.</li>
<li><strong>secret_key</strong> – the secret key used to serialize the cookie.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">a new <a title="werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">SecureCookie</span></tt></a>.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.UnquoteError">
<em class="property">exception </em><tt class="descclassname">werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.</tt><tt class="descname">UnquoteError</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.UnquoteError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Internal exception used to signal failures on quoting.</dd></dl>
</div>
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