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<h1 class="heading"><a href="index.html"
title="back to the documentation overview"><span>Werkzeug</span></a></h1>
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<li class="indexlink"><a href="index.html">Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="routing.html">« URL Routing</a></li>
<li class="active"><a href="#">WSGI Helpers</a></li>
<li><a href="http.html">HTTP Utilties »</a></li>
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<div class="body">
<div id="toc">
<h3>Table Of Contents</h3>
<div class="inner"><ul>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#">WSGI Helpers</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#iterator-stream-helpers">Iterator / Stream Helpers</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#environ-helpers">Environ Helpers</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#convenience-helpers">Convenience Helpers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="module-werkzeug">
<span id="wsgi-helpers"></span><h1>WSGI Helpers<a class="headerlink" href="#module-werkzeug" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>The following classes and functions are designed to make working with
the WSGI specification easier or operate on the WSGI layer. All the
functionality from this module is available on the high-level
<a class="reference external" href="wrappers.html#wrappers"><em>Request/Response classes</em></a>.</p>
<p>You can import all these objects directly from <a class="reference internal" href="#module-werkzeug"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">werkzeug</span></tt></a>.</p>
<div class="section" id="iterator-stream-helpers">
<h2>Iterator / Stream Helpers<a class="headerlink" href="#iterator-stream-helpers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>These classes and functions simplify working with the WSGI application
iterator and the input stream.</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="werkzeug.ClosingIterator">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">werkzeug.</tt><tt class="descname">ClosingIterator</tt><big>(</big><em>iterable</em>, <em>callbacks=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.ClosingIterator" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The WSGI specification requires that all middlewares and gateways
respect the <cite>close</cite> callback of an iterator. Because it is useful to add
another close action to a returned iterator and adding a custom iterator
is a boring task this class can be used for that:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ClosingIterator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start_response</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">cleanup_session</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">cleanup_locals</span><span class="p">])</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If there is just one close function it can be passed instead of the list.</p>
<p>A closing iterator is not needed if the application uses response objects
and finishes the processing if the response is started:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">response</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start_response</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">finally</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">cleanup_session</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">cleanup_locals</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="werkzeug.FileWrapper">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">werkzeug.</tt><tt class="descname">FileWrapper</tt><big>(</big><em>file</em>, <em>buffer_size=8192</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.FileWrapper" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This class can be used to convert a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">file</span></tt>-like object into
an iterable. It yields <cite>buffer_size</cite> blocks until the file is fully
read.</p>
<p>You should not use this class directly but rather use the
<a title="werkzeug.wrap_file" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.wrap_file"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">wrap_file()</span></tt></a> function that uses the WSGI server’s file wrapper
support if it’s available.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 0.5.</span></p>
<p>If you’re using this object together with a <a title="werkzeug.BaseResponse" class="reference external" href="wrappers.html#werkzeug.BaseResponse"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">BaseResponse</span></tt></a> you have
to use the <cite>direct_passthrough</cite> mode.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first last simple">
<li><strong>file</strong> – a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">file</span></tt>-like object with a <a title="(in Python v2.7)" class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/dev/library/stdtypes.html#file.read"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">read()</span></tt></a> method.</li>
<li><strong>buffer_size</strong> – number of bytes for one iteration.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="werkzeug.LimitedStream">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">werkzeug.</tt><tt class="descname">LimitedStream</tt><big>(</big><em>stream</em>, <em>limit</em>, <em>silent=True</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.LimitedStream" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Wraps a stream so that it doesn’t read more than n bytes. If the
stream is exhausted and the caller tries to get more bytes from it
<a title="werkzeug.LimitedStream.on_exhausted" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.LimitedStream.on_exhausted"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">on_exhausted()</span></tt></a> is called which by default returns an empty
string. The return value of that function is forwarded
to the reader function. So if it returns an empty string
<a title="werkzeug.LimitedStream.read" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.LimitedStream.read"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">read()</span></tt></a> will return an empty string as well.</p>
<p>The limit however must never be higher than what the stream can
output. Otherwise <a title="werkzeug.LimitedStream.readlines" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.LimitedStream.readlines"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">readlines()</span></tt></a> will try to read past the
limit.</p>
<p>The <cite>silent</cite> parameter has no effect if <a title="werkzeug.LimitedStream.is_exhausted" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.LimitedStream.is_exhausted"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_exhausted()</span></tt></a> is
overriden by a subclass.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 0.6: </span>Non-silent usage was deprecated because it causes confusion.
If you want that, override <a title="werkzeug.LimitedStream.is_exhausted" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.LimitedStream.is_exhausted"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_exhausted()</span></tt></a> and raise a
<a title="werkzeug.exceptions.BadRequest" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#werkzeug.exceptions.BadRequest"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">BadRequest</span></tt></a> yourself.</p>
<div class="admonition-note-on-wsgi-compliance admonition ">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note on WSGI compliance</p>
<p>calls to <a title="werkzeug.LimitedStream.readline" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.LimitedStream.readline"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline()</span></tt></a> and <a title="werkzeug.LimitedStream.readlines" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.LimitedStream.readlines"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">readlines()</span></tt></a> are not
WSGI compliant because it passes a size argument to the
readline methods. Unfortunately the WSGI PEP is not safely
implementable without a size argument to <a title="werkzeug.LimitedStream.readline" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.LimitedStream.readline"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline()</span></tt></a>
because there is no EOF marker in the stream. As a result
of that the use of <a title="werkzeug.LimitedStream.readline" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.LimitedStream.readline"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline()</span></tt></a> is discouraged.</p>
<p>For the same reason iterating over the <a title="werkzeug.LimitedStream" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.LimitedStream"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">LimitedStream</span></tt></a>
is not portable. It internally calls <a title="werkzeug.LimitedStream.readline" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.LimitedStream.readline"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p class="last">We strongly suggest using <a title="werkzeug.LimitedStream.read" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.LimitedStream.read"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">read()</span></tt></a> only or using the
<a title="werkzeug.make_line_iter" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.make_line_iter"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">make_line_iter()</span></tt></a> which safely iterates line-based
over a WSGI input stream.</p>
</div>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first last simple">
<li><strong>stream</strong> – the stream to wrap.</li>
<li><strong>limit</strong> – the limit for the stream, must not be longer than
what the string can provide if the stream does not
end with <cite>EOF</cite> (like <cite>wsgi.input</cite>)</li>
<li><strong>silent</strong> – If set to <cite>True</cite> the stream will allow reading
past the limit and will return an empty string.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="werkzeug.LimitedStream.exhaust">
<tt class="descname">exhaust</tt><big>(</big><em>chunk_size=16384</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.LimitedStream.exhaust" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Exhaust the stream. This consumes all the data left until the
limit is reached.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first last simple">
<li><strong>chunk_size</strong> – the size for a chunk. It will read the chunk
until the stream is exhausted and throw away
the results.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="werkzeug.LimitedStream.is_exhausted">
<tt class="descname">is_exhausted</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.LimitedStream.is_exhausted" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>If the stream is exhausted this attribute is <cite>True</cite>.</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="werkzeug.LimitedStream.on_exhausted">
<tt class="descname">on_exhausted</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.LimitedStream.on_exhausted" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is called when the stream tries to read past the limit.
The return value of this function is returned from the reading
function.</p>
<p>Per default this raises a <a title="werkzeug.exceptions.BadRequest" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#werkzeug.exceptions.BadRequest"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">BadRequest</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="werkzeug.LimitedStream.read">
<tt class="descname">read</tt><big>(</big><em>size=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.LimitedStream.read" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Read <cite>size</cite> bytes or if size is not provided everything is read.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first last simple">
<li><strong>size</strong> – the number of bytes read.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="werkzeug.LimitedStream.readline">
<tt class="descname">readline</tt><big>(</big><em>size=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.LimitedStream.readline" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Reads one line from the stream.</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="werkzeug.LimitedStream.readlines">
<tt class="descname">readlines</tt><big>(</big><em>size=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.LimitedStream.readlines" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Reads a file into a list of strings. It calls <a title="werkzeug.LimitedStream.readline" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.LimitedStream.readline"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline()</span></tt></a>
until the file is read to the end. It does support the optional
<cite>size</cite> argument if the underlaying stream supports it for
<cite>readline</cite>.</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="werkzeug.make_line_iter">
<tt class="descclassname">werkzeug.</tt><tt class="descname">make_line_iter</tt><big>(</big><em>stream</em>, <em>limit=None</em>, <em>buffer_size=10240</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.make_line_iter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Safely iterates line-based over an input stream. If the input stream
is not a <a title="werkzeug.LimitedStream" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.LimitedStream"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">LimitedStream</span></tt></a> the <cite>limit</cite> parameter is mandatory.</p>
<p>This uses the stream’s <a title="(in Python v2.7)" class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/dev/library/stdtypes.html#file.read"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">read()</span></tt></a> method internally as opposite
to the <a title="(in Python v2.7)" class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/dev/library/stdtypes.html#file.readline"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline()</span></tt></a> method that is unsafe and can only be used
in violation of the WSGI specification. The same problem applies to the
<cite>__iter__</cite> function of the input stream which calls <a title="(in Python v2.7)" class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/dev/library/stdtypes.html#file.readline"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline()</span></tt></a>
without arguments.</p>
<p>If you need line-by-line processing it’s strongly recommended to iterate
over the input stream using this helper function.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first last simple">
<li><strong>stream</strong> – the stream to iterate over.</li>
<li><strong>limit</strong> – the limit in bytes for the stream. (Usually
content length. Not necessary if the <cite>stream</cite>
is a <a title="werkzeug.LimitedStream" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.LimitedStream"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">LimitedStream</span></tt></a>.</li>
<li><strong>buffer_size</strong> – The optional buffer size.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="werkzeug.wrap_file">
<tt class="descclassname">werkzeug.</tt><tt class="descname">wrap_file</tt><big>(</big><em>environ</em>, <em>file</em>, <em>buffer_size=8192</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.wrap_file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Wraps a file. This uses the WSGI server’s file wrapper if available
or otherwise the generic <a title="werkzeug.FileWrapper" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.FileWrapper"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FileWrapper</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 0.5.</span></p>
<p>If the file wrapper from the WSGI server is used it’s important to not
iterate over it from inside the application but to pass it through
unchanged. If you want to pass out a file wrapper inside a response
object you have to set <a title="werkzeug.BaseResponse.direct_passthrough" class="reference external" href="wrappers.html#werkzeug.BaseResponse.direct_passthrough"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">direct_passthrough</span></tt></a> to <cite>True</cite>.</p>
<p>More information about file wrappers are available in <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0333"><strong>PEP 333</strong></a>.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first last simple">
<li><strong>file</strong> – a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">file</span></tt>-like object with a <a title="(in Python v2.7)" class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/dev/library/stdtypes.html#file.read"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">read()</span></tt></a> method.</li>
<li><strong>buffer_size</strong> – number of bytes for one iteration.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="environ-helpers">
<h2>Environ Helpers<a class="headerlink" href="#environ-helpers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>These functions operate on the WSGI environment. They extract useful
information or perform common manipulations:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="werkzeug.get_host">
<tt class="descclassname">werkzeug.</tt><tt class="descname">get_host</tt><big>(</big><em>environ</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.get_host" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the real host for the given WSGI environment. This takes care
of the <cite>X-Forwarded-Host</cite> header.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first last simple">
<li><strong>environ</strong> – the WSGI environment to get the host of.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="werkzeug.get_current_url">
<tt class="descclassname">werkzeug.</tt><tt class="descname">get_current_url</tt><big>(</big><em>environ</em>, <em>root_only=False</em>, <em>strip_querystring=False</em>, <em>host_only=False</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.get_current_url" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A handy helper function that recreates the full URL for the current
request or parts of it. Here an example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">werkzeug</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">create_environ</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">env</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">create_environ</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"/?param=foo"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"http://localhost/script"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">get_current_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">env</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">'http://localhost/script/?param=foo'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">get_current_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">env</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">root_only</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">'http://localhost/script/'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">get_current_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">env</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">host_only</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">'http://localhost/'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">get_current_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">env</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">strip_querystring</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">'http://localhost/script/'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first last simple">
<li><strong>environ</strong> – the WSGI environment to get the current URL from.</li>
<li><strong>root_only</strong> – set <cite>True</cite> if you only want the root URL.</li>
<li><strong>strip_querystring</strong> – set to <cite>True</cite> if you don’t want the querystring.</li>
<li><strong>host_only</strong> – set to <cite>True</cite> if the host URL should be returned.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="werkzeug.pop_path_info">
<tt class="descclassname">werkzeug.</tt><tt class="descname">pop_path_info</tt><big>(</big><em>environ</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.pop_path_info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Removes and returns the next segment of <cite>PATH_INFO</cite>, pushing it onto
<cite>SCRIPT_NAME</cite>. Returns <cite>None</cite> if there is nothing left on <cite>PATH_INFO</cite>.</p>
<p>If there are empty segments (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'/foo//bar</span></tt>) these are ignored but
properly pushed to the <cite>SCRIPT_NAME</cite>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">env</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'SCRIPT_NAME'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'/foo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'PATH_INFO'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'/a/b'</span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pop_path_info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">env</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">'a'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">env</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'SCRIPT_NAME'</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="go">'/foo/a'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pop_path_info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">env</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">'b'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">env</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'SCRIPT_NAME'</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="go">'/foo/a/b'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 0.5.</span></p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first last simple">
<li><strong>environ</strong> – the WSGI environment that is modified.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="werkzeug.peek_path_info">
<tt class="descclassname">werkzeug.</tt><tt class="descname">peek_path_info</tt><big>(</big><em>environ</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.peek_path_info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the next segment on the <cite>PATH_INFO</cite> or <cite>None</cite> if there
is none. Works like <a title="werkzeug.pop_path_info" class="reference internal" href="#werkzeug.pop_path_info"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">pop_path_info()</span></tt></a> without modifying the
environment:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">env</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">'SCRIPT_NAME'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'/foo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'PATH_INFO'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'/a/b'</span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">peek_path_info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">env</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">'a'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">peek_path_info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">env</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">'a'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 0.5.</span></p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first last simple">
<li><strong>environ</strong> – the WSGI environment that is checked.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="convenience-helpers">
<h2>Convenience Helpers<a class="headerlink" href="#convenience-helpers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="werkzeug.test_app">
<tt class="descclassname">werkzeug.</tt><tt class="descname">test_app</tt><big>(</big><em>environ</em>, <em>start_response</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.test_app" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Simple test application that dumps the environment. You can use
it to check if Werkzeug is working properly:</p>
<div class="highlight-pycon"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">werkzeug</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">run_simple</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">test_app</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">run_simple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'localhost'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">test_app</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go"> * Running on http://localhost:3000/</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The application displays important information from the WSGI environment,
the Python interpreter and the installed libraries.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="werkzeug.responder">
<tt class="descclassname">werkzeug.</tt><tt class="descname">responder</tt><big>(</big><em>f</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#werkzeug.responder" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Marks a function as responder. Decorate a function with it and it
will automatically call the return value as WSGI application.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@responder</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">application</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start_response</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Response</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Hello World!'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
</div>
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