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<div class="tocheader toctoggle" id="toc__header">Table of Contents</div>
<div id="toc__inside">
<ul class="toc">
<li class="level1"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#about_pcb_layout_and_routing" class="toc">About PCB layout and routing</a></span></div>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#what_s_a_footprint_what_s_a_via_what_s_a_track" class="toc">What's a footprint? What's a via? What's a track?</a></span></div></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#pcb_tools" class="toc">PCB Tools</a></span></div>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#where_can_i_read_about_the_basics_of_using_pcb" class="toc">Where can I read about the basics of using pcb?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#i_found_a_bug_what_can_i_do_about_it" class="toc">I found a bug! What can I do about it?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_can_i_set_the_manufacturing_rules_to_use_i.e._drill_diameters_trace_width_space_specs" class="toc">How can I set the manufacturing rules to use (i.e. drill diameters, trace width/space specs)?</a></span></div></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#non-obvious_aspects_of_the_gui" class="toc">Non-obvious aspects of the GUI</a></span></div>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#auto-pan_bugs_me._what_can_i_do_about_it" class="toc">Auto-pan bugs me. What can I do about it?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#the_delete_key_sometimes_refuses_to_delete" class="toc">The delete key sometimes refuses to delete</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#i_try_to_move_an_object_but_pcb_won_t_let_me_what_can_i_do_about_it" class="toc">I try to move an object, but pcb won't let me! What can I do about it?</a></span></div></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#footprint_issues" class="toc">Footprint issues</a></span></div>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_pcb_s_footprints_work" class="toc">How do PCB's footprints work?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#where_can_i_get_pre-drawn_footprints_for_pcb" class="toc">Where can I get pre-drawn footprints for PCB?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#i_want_to_use_pcb_to_do_layout._how_do_i_know_what_value_to_use_for_the_footprint_attribute" class="toc">I want to use PCB to do layout. How do I know what value to use for the footprint attribute?</a></span></div>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="level3"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#newlib" class="toc">Newlib</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level3"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#m4_library" class="toc">M4 library</a></span></div></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#what_is_the_recommended_way_to_deal_with_different_footprints_for_the_same_sort_of_device" class="toc">What is the recommended way to deal with different footprints for the same sort of device?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_draw_a_new_footprint" class="toc">How do I draw a new footprint?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_edit_change_an_existing_footprint" class="toc">How do I edit/change an existing footprint?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#pcb_does_not_save_silk_when_i_try_to_make_a_footprint" class="toc">pcb does not save silk when I try to make a footprint</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#what_is_the_proper_way_to_make_a_double-sided_footprint" class="toc">What is the proper way to make a double-sided footprint?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_add_a_footprint_library_to_pcb" class="toc">How do I add a footprint library to PCB?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_update_a_footprint_in_my_layout" class="toc">How do I update a footprint in my layout?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#pcb_is_not_finding_my_footprints._why" class="toc">PCB is not finding my footprints. Why?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#now_that_i_have_all_of_these_footprints_where_do_i_put_them" class="toc">Now that I have all of these footprints where do I put them?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#what_s_this_business_about_flashed_pads" class="toc">What's this business about flashed pads?</a></span></div></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#component_placement" class="toc">Component placement</a></span></div>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_rotate_a_selection_i.e._of_more_than_one_item" class="toc">How do I rotate a selection (i.e. of more than one item)?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_rotate_objects_by_an_arbitrary_angle" class="toc">How do I rotate objects by an arbitrary angle?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_move_objects_by_an_arbitrary_distance" class="toc">How do I move objects by an arbitrary distance?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_move_objects_to_an_absolute_location" class="toc">How do I move objects to an absolute location?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_change_the_size_of_a_graphical_object_such_as_text_silkscreen_lines_etc" class="toc">How do I change the size of a graphical object (such as text, silkscreen lines, etc)?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_put_components_on_both_faces_in_pcb" class="toc">How do I put components on both faces in PCB?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#i_cant_t_move_the_components_on_the_other_side_of_the_board" class="toc">I cant't move the components on the other side of the board!</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#i_got_stuck_how_do_i_go_back" class="toc">I got stuck! How do I go back?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_move_one_set_of_layer_tracks_to_a_different_layer" class="toc">How do I move one set of layer tracks to a different layer?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_achieve_open_vias_clear_of_soldermask" class="toc">How do I achieve open vias clear of soldermask</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_change_the_soldermask_clearance_around_a_hole_pad" class="toc">How do I change the soldermask clearance around a hole/pad?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_change_the_size_of_my_tracks" class="toc">How do I change the size of my tracks?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_drive_a_via_to_connect_a_track_to_a_ground_plane_on_a_different_layer" class="toc">How do I drive a via to connect a track to a ground plane on a different layer?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#what_is_the_easiest_way_to_create_a_thermal_via" class="toc">What is the easiest way to create a "thermal via"?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#i_want_to_draw_a_track_between_two_segments_on_the_same_net_but_pcb_won_t_let_me_why" class="toc">I want to draw a track between two segments on the same net, but PCB won't let me! Why?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#pcb_seems_to_munge_my_components_names_and_complains_that_it_can_t_find_proper_nets_for_the_pins_how_come" class="toc">PCB seems to munge my components names and complains that it can't find proper nets for the pins! How come?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_can_i_set_color_and_thickness_of_the_rats_nests" class="toc">How can I set color and thickness of the rats nests?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#where_is_that_last_remaining_rat" class="toc">Where is that last remaining rat?</a></span></div></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#beyond_tracks_and_footprints" class="toc">Beyond tracks and footprints</a></span></div>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_trace_a_drawing_a_print_or_another_pcb" class="toc">How do I trace a drawing, a print, or another PCB?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#i_can_t_copy_component_pads_in_a_layout._what_gives" class="toc">I can't copy component pads in a layout. What gives?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_fill_areas_with_copper" class="toc">How do I fill areas with copper?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_can_i_assign_my_polygon_to_a_net" class="toc">How can I assign my polygon to a net?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_can_i_connect_tracks_pads_or_vias_to_my_polygon" class="toc">How can I connect tracks, pads, or vias to my polygon?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#the_polygons_are_shorting_my_tracks_what_can_i_do_about_it" class="toc">The polygons are shorting my tracks! What can I do about it?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_change_polygon_clearance" class="toc">How do I change polygon clearance?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_hide_the_polygons_while_i_edit_the_layout" class="toc">How do I hide the polygons while I edit the layout?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#polygons_are_making_the_gui_sluggish._what_i_can_do_about_it" class="toc">Polygons are making the GUI sluggish. What I can do about it?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#after_i_defined_those_ground_planes_pcb_takes_ages_to_load._how_come" class="toc">After I defined those ground planes, pcb takes ages to load. How come?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_edit_polygons" class="toc">How do I edit polygons?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_place_vias_that_connect_to_a_polygon_for_full_thermal_dissipation_or_full_shielding_integrity" class="toc">How do I place vias that connect to a polygon for full thermal dissipation or full shielding integrity?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#can_polygons_be_un-masked_can_a_polygon_be_made_bare-copper_with_no_solder_mask" class="toc">Can polygons be un-masked? (Can a polygon be made bare-copper with no solder mask?)</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_place_mounting_holes" class="toc">How do I place mounting holes?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#why_is_it_possible_to_make_a_thermal_for_pin_but_not_for_a_pad" class="toc">Why is it possible to make a thermal for pin, but not for a pad?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#can_pcb_be_used_to_make_single_layer_boards" class="toc">Can PCB be used to make single layer boards?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#what_resources_exist_to_process_pcb_files_using_scripts" class="toc">What resources exist to process PCB files using scripts?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_import_external_vector_graphics" class="toc">How do I import external vector graphics?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#is_there_a_way_to_import_a_dxf_drawing_from_mechanical_cad_applications" class="toc">Is there a way to import a DXF drawing from mechanical CAD applications?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#what_is_the_best_way_to_do_weird_footprints" class="toc">What is the best way to do weird footprints?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_attach_a_name_to_my_layout" class="toc">How Do I attach a name to my layout?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#is_there_a_way_to_do_multiple_instances_of_a_subcircuits" class="toc">Is there a way to do multiple instances of a subcircuits?</a></span></div></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#auto_router" class="toc">Auto Router</a></span></div>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_make_the_most_of_the_auto_router" class="toc">How do I make the most of the auto router?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_force_the_autorouter_to_only_put_traces_on_a_particular_layer" class="toc">How do I force the autorouter to only put traces on a particular layer?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_make_autorouter_leave_particular_nets_alone" class="toc">How do I make autorouter leave particular nets alone?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_force_the_autorouter_to_route_only_within_my_pcb_outline" class="toc">How do I force the autorouter to route only within my pcb outline?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_route_power_and_ground_planes_with_the_autorouter" class="toc">How do I route power and ground planes with the autorouter?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#the_layout_produced_by_the_autorouter_is_inefficient" class="toc">The layout produced by the autorouter is inefficient!</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#the_layout_produced_by_the_autorouter_is_ugly" class="toc">The layout produced by the autorouter is ugly!</a></span></div></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#gerber_files_prints_and_other_i_o_issues" class="toc">Gerber files, prints and other I/O issues</a></span></div>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#is_is_possible_to_produce_output_without_gui_intervention" class="toc">Is is possible to produce output without GUI intervention?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_make_a_board_outline_to_go_with_my_gerbers_to_the_board_maker" class="toc">How do I make a board outline to go with my gerbers to the board maker?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#yes_i_tried_that_but_the_gerber_exporter_didn_t_give_me_an_outline_file._why" class="toc">Yes, I tried that, but the gerber exporter didn't give me an outline file. Why?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_make_sure_that_the_design_contains_only_certain_hole_sizes" class="toc">How do I make sure, that the design contains only certain hole sizes?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#i_m_done_with_my_layout._how_should_i_check_my_design" class="toc">I'm done with my layout. How should I check my design?</a></span></div></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#exporting_other_formatsraster_and_ps_files" class="toc">Exporting Other Formats: Raster and PS Files</a></span></div>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#what_is_xy-max_in_the_png_export_dialog_box" class="toc">What is xy-max in the PNG export dialog box?</a></span></div></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#customization" class="toc">Customization</a></span></div>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#i_don_t_like_that_old-style_black_background._how_can_i_get_a_light_canvas" class="toc">I don't like that old-style black background. How can I get a light canvas?</a></span></div></li>
<li class="level2"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#how_do_i_set_the_default_values_of_the_postscript_dialog" class="toc">How do I set the default values of the postscript dialog?</a></span></div></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"><span class="li"><a href="#you_didn_t_answer_my_question._what_other_resources_exist_for_pcb_information" class="toc">You didn't answer my question. What other resources exist for PCB information?</a></span></div></li></ul>
</div>
</div>
<h1><a name="about_pcb_layout_and_routing" id="about_pcb_layout_and_routing">About PCB layout and routing</a></h1>
<div class="level1">
<p>
This section answers general questions about PCB technology. If you’re just beginning to learn about electronics, you might benefit from some of the answers given here.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "About PCB layout and routing" [1-214] -->
<h2><a name="what_s_a_footprint_what_s_a_via_what_s_a_track" id="what_s_a_footprint_what_s_a_via_what_s_a_track">What's a footprint? What's a via? What's a track?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
You can find a glossary of terms <a href="http://geda.seul.org/wiki/geda:glossary" class="urlextern" title="http://geda.seul.org/wiki/geda:glossary" rel="nofollow">here</a>.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "What's a footprint? What's a via? What's a track?" [215-360] -->
<h1><a name="pcb_tools" id="pcb_tools">PCB Tools</a></h1>
<div class="level1">
<p>
This section provides answers about the open-source layout tool “PCB” itself.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "PCB Tools" [361-463] -->
<h2><a name="where_can_i_read_about_the_basics_of_using_pcb" id="where_can_i_read_about_the_basics_of_using_pcb">Where can I read about the basics of using pcb?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
The <a href="http://pcb.sourceforge.net/manual.html" class="urlextern" title="http://pcb.sourceforge.net/manual.html" rel="nofollow">pcb manual</a> contains a concise description of the user interface in the section “Getting Started”(<a href="http://pcb.sourceforge.net/pcb-20060822/pcb.html#Getting%20Started" class="urlextern" title="http://pcb.sourceforge.net/pcb-20060822/pcb.html#Getting%20Started" rel="nofollow">version 20060822</a>)
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "Where can I read about the basics of using pcb?" [464-761] -->
<h2><a name="i_found_a_bug_what_can_i_do_about_it" id="i_found_a_bug_what_can_i_do_about_it">I found a bug! What can I do about it?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<ol>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Start by reading <a href="http://pcb.sourceforge.net/bugs.html" class="urlextern" title="http://pcb.sourceforge.net/bugs.html" rel="nofollow">the pcb bug reporting page</a>.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Check, what it needs to reproduce the bug.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Ask on the <a href="http://www.geda.seul.org/mailinglist/index.html" class="urlextern" title="http://www.geda.seul.org/mailinglist/index.html" rel="nofollow">geda-user mailing</a> list if there is a work around, or has been dealt with in the bleading edge version of pcb. Note that you must subscribe to the geda-user e-mail list before you can post to this list.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Check, wether the issue is already in the <a href="http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=73743&atid=538811" class="urlextern" title="http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=73743&atid=538811" rel="nofollow">bug tracking system of pcb</a>. If not, file a bug report. Make sure to give every information necessary to reproduce the bug and add the version of pcb that contains the bug.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Finally, as with all open source projects, you may flex your programming muscles and try to squish the bug yourself. Please file a patch of the changes you had to make to the <a href="http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=73743&atid=538811" class="urlextern" title="http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=73743&atid=538811" rel="nofollow">BTS of pcb</a>. The patch will be gladly accepted to improve the next release of pcb.</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "I found a bug! What can I do about it?" [762-1824] -->
<h2><a name="how_can_i_set_the_manufacturing_rules_to_use_i.e._drill_diameters_trace_width_space_specs" id="how_can_i_set_the_manufacturing_rules_to_use_i.e._drill_diameters_trace_width_space_specs">How can I set the manufacturing rules to use (i.e. drill diameters, trace width/space specs)?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
This topic is covered <a href="http://pcb.sourceforge.net/pcb-20060422/pcb.html#Vendor%20drill%20mapping" class="urlextern" title="http://pcb.sourceforge.net/pcb-20060422/pcb.html#Vendor%20drill%20mapping" rel="nofollow">in the documentation available at the PCB website</a>.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How can I set the manufacturing rules to use (i.e. drill diameters, trace width/space specs)?" [1825-2082] -->
<h1><a name="non-obvious_aspects_of_the_gui" id="non-obvious_aspects_of_the_gui">Non-obvious aspects of the GUI</a></h1>
<div class="level1">
</div>
<!-- SECTION "Non-obvious aspects of the GUI" [2083-2128] -->
<h2><a name="auto-pan_bugs_me._what_can_i_do_about_it" id="auto-pan_bugs_me._what_can_i_do_about_it">Auto-pan bugs me. What can I do about it?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<ul>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> You can tell, whether the screen will auto-pan by looking for little squares at the end of the cross hair cursor.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Auto-pan can be toggled during move with a right mouse button click.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Auto-pan speed can be set in <code>$HOME/.pcb/preferences</code> </div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "Auto-pan bugs me. What can I do about it?" [2129-2436] -->
<h2><a name="the_delete_key_sometimes_refuses_to_delete" id="the_delete_key_sometimes_refuses_to_delete">The delete key sometimes refuses to delete</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Probably you try to delete a selected object. In pcb the delete button does not act on the selection, but on the object currently under the mouse. Consequently nothing will be deleted if an object is selected and the mouse hovers at some other place. Bottom line: Just position the mouse over an object and press the delete button. No need to select the object.
</p>
<p>
However, the Select menu contains an action that lets you delete the current selection. Currently, there is no accel key attached to this action.
</p>
<p>
Note, for versions younger than summer 2007 this issue is resolved. The delete key acts on selected objects too.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "The delete key sometimes refuses to delete" [2437-3115] -->
<h2><a name="i_try_to_move_an_object_but_pcb_won_t_let_me_what_can_i_do_about_it" id="i_try_to_move_an_object_but_pcb_won_t_let_me_what_can_i_do_about_it">I try to move an object, but pcb won't let me! What can I do about it?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Most probably the object is locked. To see, wether it indeeed is, select-all-connected-objects from the select menu. Locked objects won’t highlight. Use the lock tool to unlock the object in question. Note, that the lock tool always toggles the lock state of the object you click at. Afterwards an n object report pops up that contains the lock state in the last line.
</p>
<p>
If you want to remove all locks, you may consider to remove all occurences of the string <em>lock</em> in the *.pcb file with your favorite ascii editor.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "I try to move an object, but pcb won't let me! What can I do about it?" [3116-3721] -->
<h1><a name="footprint_issues" id="footprint_issues">Footprint issues</a></h1>
<div class="level1">
</div>
<!-- SECTION "Footprint issues" [3722-3753] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_pcb_s_footprints_work" id="how_do_pcb_s_footprints_work">How do PCB's footprints work?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
PCB supports two entirely separate footprint library mechanisms:
</p>
<ol>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> The first is referred to as the “oldlib”, “pcblib”, or the “M4 library”. This system uses the macro language M4 to generate footprints on the fly. The M4 library is fairly large. A powerful feature of the m4 library is that an entire family of footprints can quickly be defined by defining an appropriate base macro. Several standard families of footprints exist in pcblib. Starting with the pcb-20070208 snapshot, the entire m4 library is available as “newlib” footprints (see the following paragraph) under the name “pcblib-newlib”.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> The second footprint library for PCB is called the “newlib”. Newlib footprints are defined using <acronym title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</acronym> text files which call out each graphical primitive which makes up an entire footprint. Newlib footprints can either be created graphically using PCB or via any other method which can produce a text file (text editor, awk/perl/ruby script, etc.). The use of a scripting or programming language is especially powerful because you can generate large footprints or families of footprints.</div>
</li>
</ol>
<p>
Therefore, during layout, you can use footprints which are distributed with PCB, you can find footprints via a web search, or you can create your own, and put them in a dedicated directory. The <a href="http://pcb.sourceforge.net/manual.html" class="urlextern" title="http://pcb.sourceforge.net/manual.html" rel="nofollow">pcb manual</a> has complete and up to date documentation for the element file format. <a href="http://gedasymbols.org" class="urlextern" title="http://gedasymbols.org" rel="nofollow">Gedasymbols.org</a> has a number of user contributed footprints. A somewhat incomplete but useful tutorial is available on the web at: <a href="http://www.brorson.com/gEDA/" class="urlextern" title="http://www.brorson.com/gEDA/" rel="nofollow">http://www.brorson.com/gEDA/</a> (search for the term “newlib”).
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do PCB's footprints work?" [3754-5458] -->
<h2><a name="where_can_i_get_pre-drawn_footprints_for_pcb" id="where_can_i_get_pre-drawn_footprints_for_pcb">Where can I get pre-drawn footprints for PCB?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Currently, the best place to get footprints (besides in the PCB distribution) is the <a href="http://www.gedasymbols.org" class="urlextern" title="http://www.gedasymbols.org" rel="nofollow">gEDA Symbols website</a>. <a href="http://www.luciani.org/geda/pcb/pcb-footprint-list.html" class="urlextern" title="http://www.luciani.org/geda/pcb/pcb-footprint-list.html" rel="nofollow">John Luciani's website</a> has a large number of footprints and tools. Also, Darrell Harmon provides a nice footprint generating script <a href="http://www.dlharmon.com/geda/footgen.html" class="urlextern" title="http://www.dlharmon.com/geda/footgen.html" rel="nofollow">on his website</a>. You are welcome to contribute to the project and share your footprints. Finally, you can ask on the geda-user list, and somebody might take pity on you and send you a symbol. Note that you must subscribe to the geda-user e-mail list before you can post an e-mail to the geda-user list.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "Where can I get pre-drawn footprints for PCB?" [5459-6197] -->
<h2><a name="i_want_to_use_pcb_to_do_layout._how_do_i_know_what_value_to_use_for_the_footprint_attribute" id="i_want_to_use_pcb_to_do_layout._how_do_i_know_what_value_to_use_for_the_footprint_attribute">I want to use PCB to do layout. How do I know what value to use for the footprint attribute?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
This question is a common one amongst new gEDA users. Indeed, helping newbies determine the appropriate footprint names lies at the core of the ongoing <a href="geda-faq-gschem.html#what_s_this_business_about_heavy_vs._light_symbols" class="wikilink1" title="geda-faq-gschem.html">light vs. heavy symbol</a> debate. In the current, light symbol gEDA/gaf distribution, you need to attach the footprint attribute at the schematic level (i.e. using either gschem or gattrib). The name of the footprint to use depends upon whether you are using the newlib or the M4 library (pcblib).
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "I want to use PCB to do layout. How do I know what value to use for the footprint attribute?" [6198-6821] -->
<h3><a name="newlib" id="newlib">Newlib</a></h3>
<div class="level3">
<p>
The newlib stores one footprint per file, and the footprint names used by the newlib are the file names of the footprint files.
</p>
<p>
There are several ways to determine the newlib footprint names to use:
</p>
<ul>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> You can browse the available footprints by running pcb and opening the footprint library window (available from the menu bar via “Window → library”). Click on the “newlib” library group, and then select a sublibrary to browse its symbols. The name of each footprint appears in the “Elements” window on the right hand side of the footprint library browser. Use the name exactly as it appears in the browser for the footprint attribute in gschem or gattrib.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> The newlib footprints distributed with PCB are stored in the directories under <strong><code>${PREFIX}/share/pcb/newlib</code></strong>. (<strong><code>${PREFIX}</code></strong> is the install directory you specified when configuring/building PCB.) The name to stick in the “footprint” attribute is the filename of the footprint you wish to use.<br/>
For example, on my machine I installed gEDA with the prefix <strong><code>/usr/local/geda/</code></strong>. The 0805 package (for SMT resistors or caps) lives in a file with absolute path<br/>
<strong><code>/usr/local/geda/share/pcb/newlib/generic_SMD_packages/0805_reflow_solder</code></strong> <br/>
Therefore, to use this footprint on a component I set its “footprint” attribute to <strong><code>0805_reflow_solder</code></strong> using gschem or gattrib.<br/>
Note that if the newlib symbol you want to use lives in a non-standard directory, gsch2pcb needs you to specify a path to that directory, either within your project.rc file (if you use one) or using the <strong><code>–elements-dir</code></strong> flag (from the command line).</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Finally, since each new design typically requires you to draw at least a couple of new footprints, it’s likely you will have a local “footprints” directory. As previously, the footprint name to use is the filename you assign to each of your new footprints. Again, don’t forget to add a line to your project.rc file telling gsch2pcb where to find your local footprints. Alternately, you can run gsch2pcb with the <strong><code>–elements-dir</code></strong> flag set to point to your local footprint directory.</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "Newlib" [6822-8976] -->
<h3><a name="m4_library" id="m4_library">M4 library</a></h3>
<div class="level3">
<p>
The M4 library stores the footprints as M4 macros; there are usually several (many) footprints contained in each footprint file. The different footprints in a single file are generally variations on a single pattern (e.g. DIP-8, DIP-14, DIP-16, etc.) The easiest way to find the correct footprint attribute name is by browsing through the “pcblib” library in the PCB library window. The footprint attribute is given in square brackets in the description. Also you can view the list of footprints from pcblib at the <a href="http://www.gedasymbols.org/footprints/" class="urlextern" title="http://www.gedasymbols.org/footprints/" rel="nofollow">gEDA Symbols webpage</a>.
</p>
<p>
The following m4 libraries have received more attention and improvements than the others:
</p>
<ul>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> ~amp for Amp connectors</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> ~amphenol for Amphenol connectors</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> ~geda for many diverse parts used in basic design using gEDA (resistors, caps, etc).</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> ~bourns for products like trim pots from Bourns</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> ~cts for products like resistor packs from CTS</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> ~johnstech for Johnstech sockets</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> ~minicircuits for Minicircuits specific footprints</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> ~panasonic for some Panasonic specific footprints</div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Finally, for both the newlib and the M4 lib, it is extremely important that you verify that the footprint name you use instantiates *exactly* the footprint you want when you place it in PCB. Therefore, it is critical to inspect the footprint before you use it. You can verify the footprint you want to use by clicking on it in the “footprint library” window, and then placing it onto an empty spot in PCB’s drawing area. Manually inspect the footprint to ensure that it has the correct number of pins/pads, correct dimensions, etc.
</p>
<p>
Also, once you generate Gerber files, make sure you <a href="geda-pcb_tips.html#i_m_done_with_my_layout._how_should_i_check_my_design" class="wikilink1" title="geda-pcb_tips.html">inspect all footprints instantiated in your Gerbers</a> using gerbv (or an equivalent Gerber viewer) before you send your design out for fabrication.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "M4 library" [8977-10886] -->
<h2><a name="what_is_the_recommended_way_to_deal_with_different_footprints_for_the_same_sort_of_device" id="what_is_the_recommended_way_to_deal_with_different_footprints_for_the_same_sort_of_device">What is the recommended way to deal with different footprints for the same sort of device?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
For example, an opamp may be DIP8 or SO8. A resistor may be 0603, 0805, 1208, or through-hole. How do I know what package and footprint to use, and how do I manage the choices?
</p>
<p>
First off, the footprint you should use is a decision for you to make, not your CAD tool. It is up to you to choose your preferred package type/footprint, and then attach the correct footprint attribute to the component in the schematic. Once you have choosen which package (and footprint) you wish to use, then either <a href="geda-pcb_tips.html#where_can_i_get_pre-drawn_footprints_for_pcb" class="wikilink1" title="geda-pcb_tips.html">find an appropriate footprint</a>, or <a href="geda-pcb_tips.html#how_do_i_draw_a_new_footprint" class="wikilink1" title="geda-pcb_tips.html">draw one yourself</a> and save it in a local directory.
</p>
<p>
As far as managing the footprint choices (and indeed the large number of component attributes you are likely to have): Use <a href="geda-faq-attribs.html#help_my_design_has_hundreds_of_components_and_it_s_a_pain_to_use_gschem_to_attach_all_my_attributes" class="wikilink1" title="geda-faq-attribs.html">gattrib</a>. That’s what it’s for.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "What is the recommended way to deal with different footprints for the same sort of device?" [10887-11968] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_draw_a_new_footprint" id="how_do_i_draw_a_new_footprint">How do I draw a new footprint?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Everybody does this a little differently. Some people draw the footprint entirely using PCB. Some people first draw a preliminary footprint in PCB, and then finish it off by hand editing it (e.g. using emacs). Some people write <acronym title="Practical Extraction and Report Language">Perl</acronym> or Python scripts to autogenerate footprints.
</p>
<ul>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> use a text editor. See <a href="http://www.brorson.com/gEDA/land_patterns_20070818.pdf" class="urlextern" title="http://www.brorson.com/gEDA/land_patterns_20070818.pdf" rel="nofollow"> the manual on footprint creation</a> by Stuart Brorson for the details.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> draw the part in PCB and save as a footprint. See the <a href="http://ronja.twibright.com/guidelines/footprints.php" class="urlextern" title="http://ronja.twibright.com/guidelines/footprints.php" rel="nofollow">howto by Karel Kulhavy</a></div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> or use a <a href="http://dlharmon.com/geda/footgen.html" class="urlextern" title="http://dlharmon.com/geda/footgen.html" rel="nofollow"> python script</a> by Darrel Harmon for “two pad”, “SOxx”, “tabbed” and QFP” style</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> or use a <a href="http://www.brorson.com/gEDA" class="urlextern" title="http://www.brorson.com/gEDA" rel="nofollow"> perl script</a> by Stuart Brorson for two pad SMT components</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> or use a <a href="http://www.luciani.org/geda/pcb/pcb-perl-library.html" class="urlextern" title="http://www.luciani.org/geda/pcb/pcb-perl-library.html" rel="nofollow">perl script</a> from John Luciani – can be adapted to DIL, SOxx-Style, QFP, or even circular arrangement of pads. </div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> or use the web based application <a href="http://www.gedasymbols.org/user/dj_delorie/tools/dilpad.html" class="urlextern" title="http://www.gedasymbols.org/user/dj_delorie/tools/dilpad.html" rel="nofollow">dilpad</a> written by DJ Delorie for “SOxx” style footprints.</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I draw a new footprint?" [11969-13167] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_edit_change_an_existing_footprint" id="how_do_i_edit_change_an_existing_footprint">How do I edit/change an existing footprint?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
You can convert a footprint into a ordinary layout, edit the parts and convert them back to footprint. In the following list the parts in mono space font are actions from the buffer menu.
</p>
<ol>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Select element</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Copy selection to buffer</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> <code>Break buffer into pieces</code></div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> <code>Paste buffer to layout</code></div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Do the desired changes</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Select all objects that belong to the footprint</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> <code>Copy selection to buffer</code></div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> <code>Convert buffer to element</code></div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> <code>Paste buffer to layout</code></div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Place the mouse over the pads that got rounded during step 4 and press q. This squares off the rounded pad edges.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Go over every pad, press n and give a name to the pad</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Select everything and <code>copy selection to buffer</code></div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> <code>Save buffer as elements to file</code>. The footprint file will created at the path where pcb was called.</div>
</li>
</ol>
<p>
Alternatively, you can use your favorite text editor and edit the source code of the footprint.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I edit/change an existing footprint?" [13168-14135] -->
<h2><a name="pcb_does_not_save_silk_when_i_try_to_make_a_footprint" id="pcb_does_not_save_silk_when_i_try_to_make_a_footprint">pcb does not save silk when I try to make a footprint</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
The silk of footprints can only deal with lines and arcs. All the other objects like polygons, rectangles and text are silently omitted during <code>Convert buffer to element</code>. If you need text in footprints you have to literary draw the letters with the line tool.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "pcb does not save silk when I try to make a footprint" [14136-14465] -->
<h2><a name="what_is_the_proper_way_to_make_a_double-sided_footprint" id="what_is_the_proper_way_to_make_a_double-sided_footprint">What is the proper way to make a double-sided footprint?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
You can use the “onsolder” flag to place pads on the opposite side of the board. You would have something like this for a connector on both sides of the board:
</p>
<p>
<code>Pad[-40000 -7000 -40000 7000 2700 2400 3000 “B1” “B1” “square”]</code><br/>
<code>Pad[-40000 -7000 -40000 3000 2700 2400 3000 “A1” “A1” “square,onsolder”]</code>
</p>
<p>
If you draw the footprint with pcb-<acronym title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</acronym> and do convert-buffer-to-element, the lines on the second layer become pads with the onsolder flag. Yes, it is the second layer, regardless its name.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "What is the proper way to make a double-sided footprint?" [14466-15035] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_add_a_footprint_library_to_pcb" id="how_do_i_add_a_footprint_library_to_pcb">How do I add a footprint library to PCB?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Adding footprint libraries can be done from the <acronym title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</acronym>:<br/>
<strong><em>File</em></strong> –> <strong><em>Preferences</em></strong> –> <strong><em>Library</em></strong> –> <strong>FOOTPRINTDIRECTORY</strong><br/>
Alternatively you can edit the file <code>$HOME/.pcb/preferences</code>. Make sure, no instance of pcb is currently running. Look for the line that starts with “library-newlib”. Don’t forget to include the new directory into either your gsch2pcbrc, or your local gafrc file (if you are using gsch2pcb, that is).
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I add a footprint library to PCB?" [15036-15541] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_update_a_footprint_in_my_layout" id="how_do_i_update_a_footprint_in_my_layout">How do I update a footprint in my layout?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
There is no way to automatically replace all instances of a footprint with the new version, yet. But there is a special mode of the buffer-paste tool, that will reduce the amount of clicks for manual replacement.<br/>
Use the Window→Library dialog box to manually choose the new footprint. The tool becomes the buffer-paste tool, with the new footprint preloaded. Rotate it if needed with Buffer→Rotate Buffer. Position the new footprint over the old one, and shift-left-mouse-click to replace the old footprint with the new one. Watch out for being 180 degrees off, use ‘o’ to check the rats nest after each placement, and undo if it appears you placed it backwards.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I update a footprint in my layout?" [15542-16264] -->
<h2><a name="pcb_is_not_finding_my_footprints._why" id="pcb_is_not_finding_my_footprints._why">PCB is not finding my footprints. Why?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
The footprint path that PCB uses is defined using the <strong><code>Pcb.elementPath</code></strong> variable in the app-defaults file named <strong><code>PCB</code></strong>. The path for the <strong><code>PCB</code></strong> file is set using the <strong><code>XAPPLRESDIR</code></strong> environment variable which is typically set from within the wrapper script named <strong><code>pcb</code></strong>.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "PCB is not finding my footprints. Why?" [16265-16613] -->
<h2><a name="now_that_i_have_all_of_these_footprints_where_do_i_put_them" id="now_that_i_have_all_of_these_footprints_where_do_i_put_them">Now that I have all of these footprints where do I put them?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
I prefer to place all “production-ready” footprints in a single directory that is not in the gEDA/PCB install tree. When a new version of gEDA/PCB comes out I do not make any changes to project files or libraries. If there are newlib footprints in the PCB library that I want to use I copy them to the “production-ready” footprint directory.
</p>
<p>
Rather than change configuration files to get gsch2pcb to find the footprints I create a wrapper script called <strong><code>sch2pcb</code></strong> that contains the footprint path. All users use the same script and access the same production footprints.
</p>
<p>
To use the <strong><code>sch2pcb</code></strong> script that is listed below replace the string <strong><code>FOOTPRINT_DIR</code></strong> with your footprint directory:
</p>
<pre class="code">
#!/bin/bash
gsch2pcb --elements-dir FOOTPRINT_DIR $@
</pre>
<p>
Or another user’s version:
</p>
<pre class="code">
#!/bin/bash
#this script was written by John Luciani
gsch2pcb --elements-dir /home/user/pcb/footprints/user --use-files $@
</pre>
<p>
Alternatively you can make use of a project file which gsch2pcb reads for its options. For example the file <code>myproject</code> could look like this:
</p>
<pre class="code">
schematics myschematic.sch myschematic2.sch
elements-dir /myfootprintdir
output-name mypcb
skip-m4
</pre>
<p>
The example file searches through <code>myfootprintdir</code> for footprints used in <code>myschematic.sch</code> and <code>myschematic2.sch</code> and creates <code>mypcb.pcb</code> skipping m4 style footprints. gsch2pcb is then called with the project file as an option.
</p>
<pre class="code">
gsch2pcb myproject
</pre>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "Now that I have all of these footprints where do I put them?" [16614-18161] -->
<h2><a name="what_s_this_business_about_flashed_pads" id="what_s_this_business_about_flashed_pads">What's this business about flashed pads?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Pads may be “flashed” as opposed to “drawn”. In the old days, the photo plotters had a big wheel with holes called apertures cut in it. The machine would turn the wheel to pick the correct aperture, position the film at the right place relative to the aperture and turn on a light that would shine through the aperture and expose the photo sensitive film behind. A “flashed” pad means that the pad shape and size exactly matched one of the apertures and to make a pad, you’d position the aperture over the pad location and flash the light (like a camera flash). A “drawn” pad by contrast is one where you’d use a small aperture, position it, turn on the light and then draw back and forth until you drew your pad shape. Think of this like taking a marker and coloring in a pad.
</p>
<p>
Since these aperture wheels were physical things that had to be made, companies would typically have a set aperture list that they’d use for everything so they wouldn’t have to buy a new aperture wheel every time they ordered boards. This is why the older RS274-D (“gerber”) files did not include the aperture list but instead there would be a single aperture file that got used over and over.
</p>
<p>
Now the plotters I believe are all laser plotters and the concept of flashed vs drawn doesn’t have much bearing on exactly what happens mechanically during photo plotting. Also, there is no problem with changing aperture lists all the time. This is part of why the newer RS274-X format with embedded aperture definitions exists. Still, you’ll see in RS274-X files that some pads are in fact specified as flashed vs drawn.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "What's this business about flashed pads?" [18162-19821] -->
<h1><a name="component_placement" id="component_placement">Component placement</a></h1>
<div class="level1">
</div>
<!-- SECTION "Component placement" [19822-19856] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_rotate_a_selection_i.e._of_more_than_one_item" id="how_do_i_rotate_a_selection_i.e._of_more_than_one_item">How do I rotate a selection (i.e. of more than one item)?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<ol>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Select the items</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Buffer → Cut selection to buffer</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Buffer → Rotate buffer 90 deg CCW (or CW)</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Click anywhere on the board and the selection is pasted on the design again.</div>
</li>
</ol>
<p>
Note: Square pads may not clear polygons correctly. Rectangular pads are ok, though. This is a known issue caused by the difficulty to know the reference direction of a square pad.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I rotate a selection (i.e. of more than one item)?" [19857-20300] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_rotate_objects_by_an_arbitrary_angle" id="how_do_i_rotate_objects_by_an_arbitrary_angle">How do I rotate objects by an arbitrary angle?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<ol>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Cut the object into the paste buffer.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Type ":FreeRotateBuffer(45)". The colon will open the command line. Replace “45” with the angle you want to rotate by.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Paste the object back to your board.</div>
</li>
</ol>
<p>
Note: For internal reasons, FreeRotateBuffer does not work with exact squares. As workaround use two or more polygons that add to give a square.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I rotate objects by an arbitrary angle?" [20301-20713] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_move_objects_by_an_arbitrary_distance" id="how_do_i_move_objects_by_an_arbitrary_distance">How do I move objects by an arbitrary distance?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<ol>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Let the mouse hover over the object to be moved.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Type ":MoveObject(x,y,unit)". The colon will open the command line. Replace “x” and “y” with the desired coordinates and “unit” with either “mm”, or “mil”.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Type [return].</div>
</li>
</ol>
<p>
If both coordinates are prefixed with a "+", or "-" the move is relative to the current position. Else the object is moved to absolute coordinates.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I move objects by an arbitrary distance?" [20714-21155] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_move_objects_to_an_absolute_location" id="how_do_i_move_objects_to_an_absolute_location">How do I move objects to an absolute location?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Use the command “MoveObject()" as described above.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I move objects to an absolute location?" [21156-21266] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_change_the_size_of_a_graphical_object_such_as_text_silkscreen_lines_etc" id="how_do_i_change_the_size_of_a_graphical_object_such_as_text_silkscreen_lines_etc">How do I change the size of a graphical object (such as text, silkscreen lines, etc)?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<ul>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Mouse over the object and hit [<strong><code>s</code></strong>]. This will increase the size of the object you are mousing over.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Mouse over the object and hit [<strong><code><shift>-S</code></strong>]. This will decrease the size of the object you are mousing over.</div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
You can alter the increase/decrease quantum using the <strong><em>file</em></strong> → <strong><em>preferences</em></strong> → <strong><em>increments</em></strong> menu.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I change the size of a graphical object (such as text, silkscreen lines, etc)?" [21267-21718] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_put_components_on_both_faces_in_pcb" id="how_do_i_put_components_on_both_faces_in_pcb">How do I put components on both faces in PCB?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
There are two ways to do it:
</p>
<ul>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Pressing the tab key will alternate the active side between the component and solder sides. When you place components, they will go on the active side.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> If you are viewing one side of the board, place a component there and (with the cursor over it) press the [<strong><code>b</code></strong>] key (wich means, send the component to the Back side) the component go to the other side of the board.</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I put components on both faces in PCB?" [21719-22187] -->
<h2><a name="i_cant_t_move_the_components_on_the_other_side_of_the_board" id="i_cant_t_move_the_components_on_the_other_side_of_the_board">I cant't move the components on the other side of the board!</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
The mouse is only sensitive to components on the active side of the board. This prevents ampbiguities with components placed on both, top and bottom. By default, top side is active and the bottom side is the “far side” whose components are ignored by the mouse. You can swap the roles of the sides to make components on the far side accessible. The key-accels [tab], [shift-tab], [ctrl-tab] and <a href="ctrl-shift-tab_will_do_the_trick._these_accels_combine_the_swap_with_different_vertical_and_horizontal_flips._specifically-tab_-swap_sides_and_mirror_along_horizontal_axis._this_is_like_flipping_a_real_board_upside-down._shift-tab_-swap_sides_and_mirror_along_vertical_axis._this_mimics_flipping_a_real_board_like_a_page_in_a_book._ctrl-tab_-swap_sides_and_mirror_along_both_axis._that_is_do_an_inversion._this_cannot_be_done_with_a_real_board_..._ctrl-shift-tab_-no_mirroring_just_swap_front_side_and_far_side._this_is_like_an_x-ray_view._how_do_i_know_which_side_a_component_sits_on_if_the_component_is_on_the_currrently_far_side_of_the_layout_its_silk_layer_is_drawn_in_grey._if_unsure_deactivate_the_far_side_with_the_far_side_button_at_the_bottom_of_the_layer_button_row._this_should_remove_the_silk_of_all_far_side_components_from_the_view._how_do_i_define_a_silkscreen_layer_for_the_other_side_of_the_board_although_only_one_silk_layer_button_is_visible_in_the_gui_silkscreen_for_both_sides_is_automatically_configured._in_default_view_the_silk_layer_button_refers_to_silkscreen_on_the_component_side_of_the_board._to_place_text_or_lines_on_solder_silk_you_have_to_flip_the_board_with_the_tab_key_or_shift-tab_if_you_prefer_a_left-right_flip_._this_is_like_physically_turning_the_board_to_the_other_side._it_turns_the_solder_layer_on_top_and_component_layer_on_bottom._objects_on_component_silk_layer_will_be_greyed_out._if_you_draw_to_silk_lines_will_always_go_to_the_current_top_silk_layer_which_is_solder_now._the_same_happens_to_components_and_their_silk_screen._flip_the_board_again_to_return_to_default_view._why_text_i_add_to_the_solder_side_not_reversed_add_it_while_the_board_is_flipped_tab_._just_selecting_the_solder_side_is_insufficient._new_text_always_reads_correctly_from_the_side_you_re_looking_at._is_it_possible_to_use_an_arbitrary_grid_spacing_yes._you_can_use_the_command_nowiki_setvalue_grid_value_unit_nowiki_._to_do_this-type_-setvalue_grid_x_unit_._the_colon_will_open_the_command_line._replace_x_with_the_desired_grid_spacing_and_unit_with_either_mm_or_mil_._-_type_return_._how_do_i_set_the_origin_in_pcb_the_absolute_origin_is_always_in_the_upper_left_corner_of_the_accessible_area._this_cannot_be_set_to_some_other_place._however_coordinates_of_objects_can_also_be_given_relative_to_the_current_grid._in_the_gtk2_version_of_pcb_coordinates_are_shown_in_the_upper_right_corner_of_the_main_window._the_right_pair_is_the_absolute_position_while_the_left_pair_reflects_the_position_relative_to_an_arbitrary_marker._this_marker_is_set_to_the_current_position_of_the_mouse_by_the_key_sequence_ctrl-m_._you_may_want_to_set_the_marker_to_a_grid_point_or_a_specific_pin._how_do_i_measure_distances_and_dimensions_of_components_use_ctrl-m_to_set_the_origin_and_read_the_distance_of_the_mouse_pointer_relative_to_this_point_on_the_upper_left_of_the_pcb_window._some_objects_like_vias_and_tracks_yield_usefull_information_in_object_reports._access_the_report_of_the_object_currently_under_the_mouse_pointer_with_ctrl-r_._how_do_i_hide_rats_of_specific_nets_in_the_netlist_window_doubleclick_on_the_specific_rat_name_then_press_o_on_your_board_window._your_rats_are_hidden_for_that_net._in_the_netlist_window_an_asterisk_appears_in_from_of_the_rat_name._to_reverse-follow_the_same_procedure._routing_how_do_i_route_a_connection_from_solder_to_component_side_and_back_while_using_the_line_tool_use_the_number_keys_on_top_of_the_keyboard_to_switch_layers._a_via_will_be_placed_automatically_at_the_endpoint_of_the_last_complete_segment._how_do_i_change_the_routing_style_there_is_a_set_of_predefined_sizes_for_routing._the_sets_bear_suggestive_names_signal_power_fat_and_skinny_._hit_the_button_route_style_to_configure_the_sizes_of_the_current_set_to_your_needs._you_can_set_the_names_and_the_default_values_of_these_parameter_sets_in_a_config_file_.pcb_settings_for_the_glossary.html" class="wikilink2" title="ctrl-shift-tab_will_do_the_trick._these_accels_combine_the_swap_with_different_vertical_and_horizontal_flips._specifically-tab_-swap_sides_and_mirror_along_horizontal_axis._this_is_like_flipping_a_real_board_upside-down._shift-tab_-swap_sides_and_mirror_along_vertical_axis._this_mimics_flipping_a_real_board_like_a_page_in_a_book._ctrl-tab_-swap_sides_and_mirror_along_both_axis._that_is_do_an_inversion._this_cannot_be_done_with_a_real_board_..._ctrl-shift-tab_-no_mirroring_just_swap_front_side_and_far_side._this_is_like_an_x-ray_view._how_do_i_know_which_side_a_component_sits_on_if_the_component_is_on_the_currrently_far_side_of_the_layout_its_silk_layer_is_drawn_in_grey._if_unsure_deactivate_the_far_side_with_the_far_side_button_at_the_bottom_of_the_layer_button_row._this_should_remove_the_silk_of_all_far_side_components_from_the_view._how_do_i_define_a_silkscreen_layer_for_the_other_side_of_the_board_although_only_one_silk_layer_button_is_visible_in_the_gui_silkscreen_for_both_sides_is_automatically_configured._in_default_view_the_silk_layer_button_refers_to_silkscreen_on_the_component_side_of_the_board._to_place_text_or_lines_on_solder_silk_you_have_to_flip_the_board_with_the_tab_key_or_shift-tab_if_you_prefer_a_left-right_flip_._this_is_like_physically_turning_the_board_to_the_other_side._it_turns_the_solder_layer_on_top_and_component_layer_on_bottom._objects_on_component_silk_layer_will_be_greyed_out._if_you_draw_to_silk_lines_will_always_go_to_the_current_top_silk_layer_which_is_solder_now._the_same_happens_to_components_and_their_silk_screen._flip_the_board_again_to_return_to_default_view._why_text_i_add_to_the_solder_side_not_reversed_add_it_while_the_board_is_flipped_tab_._just_selecting_the_solder_side_is_insufficient._new_text_always_reads_correctly_from_the_side_you_re_looking_at._is_it_possible_to_use_an_arbitrary_grid_spacing_yes._you_can_use_the_command_nowiki_setvalue_grid_value_unit_nowiki_._to_do_this-type_-setvalue_grid_x_unit_._the_colon_will_open_the_command_line._replace_x_with_the_desired_grid_spacing_and_unit_with_either_mm_or_mil_._-_type_return_._how_do_i_set_the_origin_in_pcb_the_absolute_origin_is_always_in_the_upper_left_corner_of_the_accessible_area._this_cannot_be_set_to_some_other_place._however_coordinates_of_objects_can_also_be_given_relative_to_the_current_grid._in_the_gtk2_version_of_pcb_coordinates_are_shown_in_the_upper_right_corner_of_the_main_window._the_right_pair_is_the_absolute_position_while_the_left_pair_reflects_the_position_relative_to_an_arbitrary_marker._this_marker_is_set_to_the_current_position_of_the_mouse_by_the_key_sequence_ctrl-m_._you_may_want_to_set_the_marker_to_a_grid_point_or_a_specific_pin._how_do_i_measure_distances_and_dimensions_of_components_use_ctrl-m_to_set_the_origin_and_read_the_distance_of_the_mouse_pointer_relative_to_this_point_on_the_upper_left_of_the_pcb_window._some_objects_like_vias_and_tracks_yield_usefull_information_in_object_reports._access_the_report_of_the_object_currently_under_the_mouse_pointer_with_ctrl-r_._how_do_i_hide_rats_of_specific_nets_in_the_netlist_window_doubleclick_on_the_specific_rat_name_then_press_o_on_your_board_window._your_rats_are_hidden_for_that_net._in_the_netlist_window_an_asterisk_appears_in_from_of_the_rat_name._to_reverse-follow_the_same_procedure._routing_how_do_i_route_a_connection_from_solder_to_component_side_and_back_while_using_the_line_tool_use_the_number_keys_on_top_of_the_keyboard_to_switch_layers._a_via_will_be_placed_automatically_at_the_endpoint_of_the_last_complete_segment._how_do_i_change_the_routing_style_there_is_a_set_of_predefined_sizes_for_routing._the_sets_bear_suggestive_names_signal_power_fat_and_skinny_._hit_the_button_route_style_to_configure_the_sizes_of_the_current_set_to_your_needs._you_can_set_the_names_and_the_default_values_of_these_parameter_sets_in_a_config_file_.pcb_settings_for_the_glossary.html">GTK-HID</a>, or ~/.Xdefaults for the <a href="geda-glossary.html" class="wikilink1" title="geda-glossary.html">Lesstif-HID</a>). Example for such a setting:
</p>
<pre class="code">
route-styles = Signal,1000,3600,2000,1000:Power,2500,6000,3500,1000:Fat,4000,6000,3500,1000:Skinny,600,2402,1181,600
</pre>
<p>
Be sure, to remove any route-style line in ~/.pcb/preferences . Else, the line in settings will be ignored.
</p>
<p>
The line tool knows about different modes to deal with transversal connections. The status line on the bottom of the page tells, which mode is in effect:
</p>
<ol>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> 45° plus vertical/horizontal (status line: “\_”)</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> vertical plus 45° (status line: “_/”)</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> either vertical or 45° (status line: “45”)</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> arbitrary angle (status line: “all”)</div>
</li>
</ol>
<p>
The way to access these modes differs among the <acronym title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</acronym> versions. The current GTK snapshot (v20060288) defaults to “_/” but can be temporarily turned to “\_” with the shift key. You can switch to 45° mode with the slash key “/”. For arbitrary angles, press the period key “.”, or choose “enable all line directions” in the setting menu.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "I cant't move the components on the other side of the board!" [22188-27860] -->
<h2><a name="i_got_stuck_how_do_i_go_back" id="i_got_stuck_how_do_i_go_back">I got stuck! How do I go back?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
The universal undo key [<strong><code>U</code></strong>] works even while in the middle of track layout actions. It will remove the last segment but keep the line tool attached to the mouse. So you can immediately go on routing and find a better way.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "I got stuck! How do I go back?" [27861-28133] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_move_one_set_of_layer_tracks_to_a_different_layer" id="how_do_i_move_one_set_of_layer_tracks_to_a_different_layer">How do I move one set of layer tracks to a different layer?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<ol>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Select the tracks. It’s easiest to do this if you shut off everything but that layer first (i.e. silk, pins, other layers, etc).</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Now set the current layer to be the new layer. Yes, the layer might get displayed; not a problem as you’ve already selected the tracks you want.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Press [<strong><code>shift-M</code></strong>] to move all the selected tracks to the current layer.</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I move one set of layer tracks to a different layer?" [28134-28574] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_achieve_open_vias_clear_of_soldermask" id="how_do_i_achieve_open_vias_clear_of_soldermask">How do I achieve open vias clear of soldermask</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
In pcb vias are covered by soldermask by default. You can achieve open vias by setting their clearance value to a proper value. This can be done individually for every object, or collectively for selections of objects.
</p>
<p>
For individual vias:
</p>
<ol>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Turn on the soldermask layer. This will make the k key refer to the soldermask clearance instead of polygon clearance.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Position the mouse above the via (mouse cursor will change in recent versions of pcb)</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Type [<strong><code>k</code></strong>] several times until soldermask clearance exceeds the diameter of the via pad. Every strike of the key will increase the clearance by 2 mil. The first strike will let the pad of the via pop through the soldermask color. Yet, the actual clearance is only 2 mil at this point. You can decrease the clearance by using the [<strong><code><shift>-K</code></strong>] key.</div>
</li>
</ol>
<p>
For groups of vias:
</p>
<ol>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Turn on the solder mask layer.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> select the all the vias you want to clear from soldermask. You may switch off all the other layers to conveniently collect exclusively the vias.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Type [<strong><code><ctrl>-K</code></strong>] key several times. [<strong><code><shift>-<ctrl>-K</code></strong>] will decrease the clearance of all selected objects.</div>
</li>
</ol>
<p>
The command interface provides more control over the actual size of the clearance. Type ":" to get the command line window, then type:
</p>
<pre class="code">ChangeClearSize(SelectedVias, <delta>)</pre>
<p>
where <code><delta></code> is a size given in 1/100 of a mil. Thus the number 3000 corresponds to 30 mil. Simple integers for <code><delta></code> will set the clearance to this value. If the value is preceded by a minus "-" or a plus "+" the clearance will be decreased or increased. This also works with <code>SelectedPins</code>, <code>SelectedPads</code>, <code>SelectedLines</code>, <code>SelectedArcs</code> or even <code>SelectedObjects</code>.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I achieve open vias clear of soldermask" [28575-30350] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_change_the_soldermask_clearance_around_a_hole_pad" id="how_do_i_change_the_soldermask_clearance_around_a_hole_pad">How do I change the soldermask clearance around a hole/pad?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
By default holes and pads will be cleared by an amount given in the corresponding footprint file. Sometimes this clearance might not be what your design needs. You can change the clearance on the fly for individual holes and pads just like vias. See the paragraph above for the details. If pad clearance is not compatible with the demands of your pcb-fab you may consider to make local copies of the footprint files and change the clearance accordingly.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I change the soldermask clearance around a hole/pad?" [30351-30877] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_change_the_size_of_my_tracks" id="how_do_i_change_the_size_of_my_tracks">How do I change the size of my tracks?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
There are a number of ways to change the size of already laid down tracks:
</p>
<ol>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Use [<strong><code>s</code></strong>] and [<strong><code>shift-s</code></strong>] to increase and decrease the size of the track currenty under the mouse cursor.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> choose <strong><code>Select/Change_size_of_selected_objects/Decrement_lines_by_4mil</code></strong> from the <strong><code>Select</code></strong> menu. The actual amount of change can be set in <strong><code>File/Preferences/Sizes</code></strong>. This only acts on the tracks. So the selection may contain components, text, vias and the like.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Select the tracks to be changed and type <strong><code>:ChangeSize(SelectedLines,+4,mils)</code></strong>. The colon gets you to the command line and <strong><code>ChangeSize()</code></strong> is the command version of the previously described action. Replace “<strong><code>+4</code></strong>” by the amount you want to increase the track size. Use the minus sign to decrease the tracksize. If you omit the sign the command sets the track size to the value given.</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I change the size of my tracks?" [30878-31815] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_drive_a_via_to_connect_a_track_to_a_ground_plane_on_a_different_layer" id="how_do_i_drive_a_via_to_connect_a_track_to_a_ground_plane_on_a_different_layer">How do I drive a via to connect a track to a ground plane on a different layer?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<ol>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Set the GND plane layer as the active layer.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Select the “via” tool.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Place the via where you want it to live (left click to place).</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Now select the “thermal” tool.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Left click on the via you just placed.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Now change the active layer to your desired routing layer.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Select the “line” tool.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Route the track on the active layer to or from the via as usual.</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I drive a via to connect a track to a ground plane on a different layer?" [31816-32301] -->
<h2><a name="what_is_the_easiest_way_to_create_a_thermal_via" id="what_is_the_easiest_way_to_create_a_thermal_via">What is the easiest way to create a "thermal via"?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
A “thermal via” is not a via with a thermal relief. Rather, it’s a via with no thermal relief punched into polygons on both sides of the board. These vias get filled with solder to help create a large thermal mass to be used as a heat sink. For more info, see Freescale App-Note AN4005.
</p>
<p>
Here are some suggestions:
</p>
<ul>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Draw a rectangle to comfortably surround the vias. Then, mouse over the rectangle and hit ‘s’. This will flood the thermal reliefs on the vias. If you want to ever de-solder the part from the back, make sure the pad on the opposite side has the solder resist cleared.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Just put a normal thermal relief on the via and then shift click on it to cycle through to the one with no relief. </div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "What is the easiest way to create a thermal via?" [32302-33079] -->
<h2><a name="i_want_to_draw_a_track_between_two_segments_on_the_same_net_but_pcb_won_t_let_me_why" id="i_want_to_draw_a_track_between_two_segments_on_the_same_net_but_pcb_won_t_let_me_why">I want to draw a track between two segments on the same net, but PCB won't let me! Why?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
You are likely drawing tracks with auto-DRC on. To connect the two segments, here are some suggestions:
</p>
<ul>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> DRC enforcement uses the ratsnest to determine where a track is allowed to go. Thus, you must have the ratsnest drawn in order to make connections in auto-DRC mode. Otherwise you will not be allowed to connect (or approach) any copper that is not already connected to your net. (If the rat visibility bothers you, you can hide the rats layer – but the rats must exist).</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> You should also refresh the rats regularly when drawing. Hit [<strong><code>o</code></strong>] to redraw/re-optimize the rats. Make sure a rat is visibly connecting the two pieces of metal you want to connect.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> It is also possible that you will experience this situation when drawing tracks between pins in a connector. In this case, it is possible that your track width violates the clearance requirements of the pin field. Try decreasing the pin-to-metal clearance, or use a narrower track width.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Sometimes this route-blocking behaviour can come about from an error in your netlist. Don’t end refdes’s with lower case letters - they’re reserved for gates within devices. End with upper case or a digit; the lowercase letters are simply ignored.</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "I want to draw a track between two segments on the same net, but PCB won't let me! Why?" [33080-34398] -->
<h2><a name="pcb_seems_to_munge_my_components_names_and_complains_that_it_can_t_find_proper_nets_for_the_pins_how_come" id="pcb_seems_to_munge_my_components_names_and_complains_that_it_can_t_find_proper_nets_for_the_pins_how_come">PCB seems to munge my components names and complains that it can't find proper nets for the pins! How come?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Most likely you named them such that pcb believes they are one part. Lower case letters at the end of a refdes are ignored. Thus, the components U2foo and U2bar both look like U2 to pcb. When building the rat nests pcb is will look for nets to U2 that, of course don’t exist. Lower case letters are meant to differentiate slots of a multi-component. E.g. the four opamp symbols of a quad operational amplifier.<br/>
Bottom line: Don’t use lower case letters at the end of a refdes, unless you know what you are doing.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "PCB seems to munge my components names and complains that it can't find proper nets for the pins! How come?" [34399-35037] -->
<h2><a name="how_can_i_set_color_and_thickness_of_the_rats_nests" id="how_can_i_set_color_and_thickness_of_the_rats_nests">How can I set color and thickness of the rats nests?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
You can set the color of the rats in <code>File - Preference - Colors - Main colors</code>
</p>
<p>
There is currently no <acronym title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</acronym> way to set the rat width, but you can edit your <code>$HOME/.pcb/preference</code> file manually. Close all instances of pcb and look for the line that starts with <code>rat-thickness</code>.
</p>
<p>
Values 0..19 are fixed width in screen pixels. Anything larger means PCB units (i.e. 100 means “1 mil”). On zoom, PCB unit rats will scale accordingly.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How can I set color and thickness of the rats nests?" [35038-35542] -->
<h2><a name="where_is_that_last_remaining_rat" id="where_is_that_last_remaining_rat">Where is that last remaining rat?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Sometimes remaining rats are hard to see, because they have zero length. This will be the case if a via is missing for some reason. You can make them pop into your eye by setting the rat thickness to some big value e.g. 3000 mil. Rat thickness is set in <code>$HOME/.pcb/preference</code>.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "Where is that last remaining rat?" [35543-35870] -->
<h1><a name="beyond_tracks_and_footprints" id="beyond_tracks_and_footprints">Beyond tracks and footprints</a></h1>
<div class="level1">
</div>
<!-- SECTION "Beyond tracks and footprints" [35871-35913] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_trace_a_drawing_a_print_or_another_pcb" id="how_do_i_trace_a_drawing_a_print_or_another_pcb">How do I trace a drawing, a print, or another PCB?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
See the page <a href="http://www.delorie.com/pcb/bg-image.html" class="urlextern" title="http://www.delorie.com/pcb/bg-image.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.delorie.com/pcb/bg-image.html</a> at DJ Delorie’s PCB HID website.
</p>
<p>
This is a great way to trace hand-drawn artwork or another PCB, say one you made in software with a proprietary format, which you’d now like to ‘unlock’. Furthermore, you can use the background image as tool for making board revisions or redesigns.
</p>
<p>
If you don’t like to use PCB confined to the area of the board, i.e. if you want margins around your board, then add them in the GIMP. I like to make a 1.00000 inch margin around the board. When you set your PCB size in PCB, you’ll want to add the margin area. CTRL-M will help you verify the scaling. Also, the time to correct distortions from your scanner, or from your drawing is before you load it, in the GIMP or the like.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I trace a drawing, a print, or another PCB?" [35914-36754] -->
<h2><a name="i_can_t_copy_component_pads_in_a_layout._what_gives" id="i_can_t_copy_component_pads_in_a_layout._what_gives">I can't copy component pads in a layout. What gives?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
<strong>Question:</strong> I want to copy a section of my existing layout to another spot.
</p>
<p>
I can select the existing area. Everything turns pretty blue.
</p>
<p>
“Buffer”–>“Copy Selection To Buffer” seems to succeed (no complaints).
</p>
<p>
Then I go to paste the copied area… and all that moves are a couple of traces and some vias. The pads I’ve painstakingly created aren’t copied. What gives!?!?!?
</p>
<p>
<strong>Answer:</strong> If the silk layer is off, you can’t copy elements through the paste buffer. Weird, but that’s how it works. Therefore, turn on the silk layer before trying to copy a section of a layout.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "I can't copy component pads in a layout. What gives?" [36755-37409] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_fill_areas_with_copper" id="how_do_i_fill_areas_with_copper">How do I fill areas with copper?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Use rectangles and polygon planes. These items will always avoid vias, pads and pins. Tracks are also avoided, if they have the clear polygons flag set. (menu: Settings/Enable_new_lines_clear_polygons). Since version 20070208 of pcb the resulting polygon will be one contiguous piece. Isolated snippets are removed.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I fill areas with copper?" [37410-37773] -->
<h2><a name="how_can_i_assign_my_polygon_to_a_net" id="how_can_i_assign_my_polygon_to_a_net">How can I assign my polygon to a net?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Polygons are not “assigned” to nets, they’re connected to them. Pads are the only carriers of netnames in pcb. This means, you need to design some copper to connect the polygon with a pad. The net of the pad automatically transfers to the polygon.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How can I assign my polygon to a net?" [37774-38076] -->
<h2><a name="how_can_i_connect_tracks_pads_or_vias_to_my_polygon" id="how_can_i_connect_tracks_pads_or_vias_to_my_polygon">How can I connect tracks, pads, or vias to my polygon?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
There are different ways to adequately connect different types of objects to a polygon:
</p>
<ul>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> tracks: Set the join flag of the track. You can do this with the [<strong><code>j</code></strong>] key, while the mouse hovers above the track. Alternatively you can select the lines and apply the command “SetFlag(selected,join)". For new lines, you can uncheck the new-lines-clear-polygons in the settings menu. The polygon will immediately flow into the track.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> pads: Currently, there is no way to directly connect a polygon to a pad. Draw a track without the join flag from the pad to the polygon. (see above) </div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> pins and vias: Choose the thermal tool (“THRM”). Select the layer the polygon sits on. Shift-Click on the via to circle through the available styles of the connection. </div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> polygons: Just define them geometrically overlapping.</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How can I connect tracks, pads, or vias to my polygon?" [38077-38963] -->
<h2><a name="the_polygons_are_shorting_my_tracks_what_can_i_do_about_it" id="the_polygons_are_shorting_my_tracks_what_can_i_do_about_it">The polygons are shorting my tracks! What can I do about it?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
You didn’t have “Enable_new_lines_clear_polygons” checked in the settings menu when you layed down the tracks. Enter “changejoin(selected)” in the command window to toggle this flag for all tracks that are currently selected. The keyboard shortcut to this action is [<strong><code>shift-j</code></strong>]. If you want to set or clear the join flag rather than toggle it, you can use the commands “SetFlag(selected, join)” and “ClrFlag(selected, join)". See the SetFlag description in the <a href="http://pcb.sourceforge.net/manual.html" class="urlextern" title="http://pcb.sourceforge.net/manual.html" rel="nofollow">pcb manual</a> for more details on these commands.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "The polygons are shorting my tracks! What can I do about it?" [38964-39613] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_change_polygon_clearance" id="how_do_i_change_polygon_clearance">How do I change polygon clearance?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Press [<strong><code>k</code></strong>] to increase the clearence of the object under the cursor. Use [<strong><code>ctrl-k</code></strong>] to increase the clearence of selected objects. Add the [<strong><code>shift</code></strong>] modifier to decrease the clearence. To change a whole track press [<strong><code>f</code></strong>] to find all segments that are connected to the object under the cursor and apply the action “select(connection)”.
</p>
<p>
The amount of the increment can be configured in the dialog File/Preference/Increments.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I change polygon clearance?" [39614-40115] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_hide_the_polygons_while_i_edit_the_layout" id="how_do_i_hide_the_polygons_while_i_edit_the_layout">How do I hide the polygons while I edit the layout?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Put the polygons (and rectangles) on a separate layer. Use the preference to make sure, this layer is not in the same group as the tracks. Disable the layer by a click on the corresponding layer button in the main window. After you are finished with the changes, use the preference dialog to let the polygon layer join the layer of the tracks. You will have to save and reload the layout to trigger recalculation of polygons so they are adapted to your edits. Alternatively a restart will recalculate the polygons too.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I hide the polygons while I edit the layout?" [40116-40700] -->
<h2><a name="polygons_are_making_the_gui_sluggish._what_i_can_do_about_it" id="polygons_are_making_the_gui_sluggish._what_i_can_do_about_it">Polygons are making the GUI sluggish. What I can do about it?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Parts of the polygon that are not connected to some net are automatically eliminated. This effectively removes <a href="geda-glossary.html" class="wikilink1" title="geda-glossary.html">dead copper</a>. While this is desirable for the actual board, it requires calculation of quite extensive algorithms. So it is not necessarily a bug, but a price to be paid for a powerful feature. Still, there is a couple of things you can do to improve the situation:
</p>
<ul>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Temporarily hide the polygons. (see above)</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Choose “thin draw poly” from the settings menu to display only the outlines of the polygons and disable dead copper removal. In recent versions of gschem, i.e. later than september 2007, you can select through the polygons. </div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Make sure, you don’t have redundant polygons defined, which multiply overlay the same area. These polygons won’t display becaus they shade each other. But they demand calculation resources. The best way to check for redundant polygons is to edit the source of your layout with an ascii editor. </div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "Polygons are making the GUI sluggish. What I can do about it?" [40701-41744] -->
<h2><a name="after_i_defined_those_ground_planes_pcb_takes_ages_to_load._how_come" id="after_i_defined_those_ground_planes_pcb_takes_ages_to_load._how_come">After I defined those ground planes, pcb takes ages to load. How come?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Polygon calculation is potentially an expensive operation in terms of processor cyles. Unless your layout is pretty complex, you most likely have redundant polygons defined. Look into the source of your layout to find and delete unnecessary polygons. If this does not apply, see above for possible measures to ameliorate the situation.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "After I defined those ground planes, pcb takes ages to load. How come?" [41745-42165] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_edit_polygons" id="how_do_i_edit_polygons">How do I edit polygons?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
There are four basic ways to edit polygon outlines. You can move and delete vertices and you can insert vertices using two techniques. Polygons can be edited equally well in “thin line draw” mode (settings –> enable thin line draw) or in normal mode. Moving a vertex is easily accomplished by un-selecting your polygon and then clicking and dragging that vertex to a new location. To delete a vertex, a corner in your polygon, put your crosshairs over the point and hit ‘delete’ on the keyboard. To insert a vertex, you’ll use the insert tool (’insert’ keystroke). Start by clicking the edge you want to split with a new point. Click and drag a new point into the polygon. A variation on this technique is 1) click to select, followed by 2) click to place new vertex.
</p>
<p>
(NOTE: Inserting points into polygon will generally work ONLY with “all direction lines” enabled (’settings –> enable all direction lines’). This is because PCB has a powerful 45/90 degree constraints system. If you try to insert new vertices into a polygon that don’t fall onto lines of proper 45 and 90 degree constraints, PCB disallows the action!)
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I edit polygons?" [42166-43351] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_place_vias_that_connect_to_a_polygon_for_full_thermal_dissipation_or_full_shielding_integrity" id="how_do_i_place_vias_that_connect_to_a_polygon_for_full_thermal_dissipation_or_full_shielding_integrity">How do I place vias that connect to a polygon for full thermal dissipation or full shielding integrity?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Often it’s useful to have vias connect completely to a polygon (a field of copper) for heat transfer– the apparent problem is that PCB polygons have only a single “clear pins/vias” flag for the entire polygon (toggled by the [<strong><code>s</code></strong>] key). Our goal is to only connect some of the pins/vias to the polygon, but to connect them better than a thermal does. Here are a few ways to do this:
</p>
<p>
One way, you’ll make an object that’s almost just like a thermal in that it goes between your via and the polygon–the difference is that you’ll actually create an annulus to completely fill the space between the hole and polygon (which because it’s clearance is turned on, is not connected to the pin). This annulus is four arc segments. You can copy these four items to the buffer to create a “zero-clearance thermal tool”. The drawback of this trick is that when you change via size, you’ll also have to modify the size of these filler parts.
</p>
<p>
The arcs allow you to use this fill trick in tight places by only placing, say two of the four arcs.
</p>
<p>
Another trick is to make a zero-length line. Take a single line segment and move the end-point on top of the start-point. Now you have a “single point line” (a circle) with the diameter equal to the line thickness. Move to different layers ([<strong><code>m</code></strong>] key) as you see fit. Place this object centered on your via to connect it to a polygon.
</p>
<p>
Power-users may want to keep a small custom library of these parts by saving them as elements. It’s also handy to put these “parts” in one of your PCB buffers so they’re at your fingertips.
</p>
<p>
You can also add another polygon on-top of the polygon to which you want to connect you vias. You’ll un-set the “clear pins/vias” flag and the vias will be connected to the larger polygon underneath.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I place vias that connect to a polygon for full thermal dissipation or full shielding integrity?" [43352-45273] -->
<h2><a name="can_polygons_be_un-masked_can_a_polygon_be_made_bare-copper_with_no_solder_mask" id="can_polygons_be_un-masked_can_a_polygon_be_made_bare-copper_with_no_solder_mask">Can polygons be un-masked? (Can a polygon be made bare-copper with no solder mask?)</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Currently, there is no way to directly make polgons clear solder mask. The usual workaround is to work with pads.
</p>
<ol>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Draw a track in the middle of the desired no solder mask area. Every track will become a pad.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Select the tracks</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Do convert-selection-to-element from the select menu</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Activate the solder mask layer. The solder mask should keep clear of the tracks</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Increase the clearance of the pads to match the desired bare copper area. To do this, press [k] while the mouse cursor hovers above the pads.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Optionally press q to set the square flag of the pads.</div>
</li>
</ol>
<p>
While the pad witdth is limited to 250 mil, clearance can be arbitrary.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "Can polygons be un-masked? (Can a polygon be made bare-copper with no solder mask?)" [45274-46023] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_place_mounting_holes" id="how_do_i_place_mounting_holes">How do I place mounting holes?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Use a footprint for the mounting hole or place a via.
</p>
<p>
If the pads surrounding the mounting hole need to be electrically connected then you should show the connection in your schematic. Add a symbol for the mounting hole and change its footprint attribute.
</p>
<p>
My preference is to create PCB footprints for the various types of mounting hardware. I have a variety of silkscreens for various hardware combinations (hex nut, hex nut with washer, etc.) The silkscreen provides a convenient placement reference during PCB layout.
</p>
<p>
For footprint examples see <a href="http://www.luciani.org/geda/pcb/pcb-footprint-list.html#Hardware" class="urlextern" title="http://www.luciani.org/geda/pcb/pcb-footprint-list.html#Hardware" rel="nofollow">http://www.luciani.org/geda/pcb/pcb-footprint-list.html#Hardware</a>.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I place mounting holes?" [46024-46688] -->
<h2><a name="why_is_it_possible_to_make_a_thermal_for_pin_but_not_for_a_pad" id="why_is_it_possible_to_make_a_thermal_for_pin_but_not_for_a_pad">Why is it possible to make a thermal for pin, but not for a pad?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
The reason is that pins usually have sufficient spacing that the plane surrounding them remains intact on all sides and pads usually are so tightly spaced that they do not. Because of this you must manually draw the thermal “fingers” to connect the pad to the ground plane. Be sure that you have the settings such that new lines connect to planes when you draw them. If you need to make several such thermals, spend a little time making the first one just the way you want then copy the fingers to the buffer and paste it where you want the others.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "Why is it possible to make a thermal for pin, but not for a pad?" [46689-47320] -->
<h2><a name="can_pcb_be_used_to_make_single_layer_boards" id="can_pcb_be_used_to_make_single_layer_boards">Can PCB be used to make single layer boards?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
It’s all just names when you’re doing single sided. There’s no such thing as a single sided board in pcb - just a double sided board with nothing on one side.
</p>
<p>
Design for two-sided, but with all the traces on the solder side. If you use the autorouter, turn off all but the bottom layer. This will make the autorouter stick to that layer. If you need wire jumpers, you have two options to let pcb know there is a valid connection: You can draw tracks on top layer similar to a two layer layout. Alternatively you can Create a “jumper” symbol in the schematic and put that in places where you need a jumper. This is likely to be a major pain, but you can enforce dimensions of the jumpers this way if you care.
</p>
<p>
Single sided boards do not have plated holes, so pad diameter for pins must be greater, usually two to three times the drill size. Some footprints in the default library have very small pads which will be too weak if used for single sided board. Tweak them to your needs and place them in a local library.
</p>
<p>
When you dump your gerbers, delete the component side one and rename the plated-holes one to unplated-holes. Voila! A single sided board.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "Can PCB be used to make single layer boards?" [47321-48546] -->
<h2><a name="what_resources_exist_to_process_pcb_files_using_scripts" id="what_resources_exist_to_process_pcb_files_using_scripts">What resources exist to process PCB files using scripts?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
One of PCB’s great features is that it uses an easily understood <acronym title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</acronym> file format. Therefore, many people use scripts (commonly <acronym title="Practical Extraction and Report Language">Perl</acronym>) to process their boards in various ways. You can use these scripts either as they are, or modify them to suit your own goals. Here are some links to available scripts:
</p>
<ol>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> John Luciani has a large number of <a href="http://www.luciani.org/geda/pcb/pcb-perl-library.html" class="urlextern" title="http://www.luciani.org/geda/pcb/pcb-perl-library.html" rel="nofollow">scripts</a> available on <a href="http://www.luciani.org" class="urlextern" title="http://www.luciani.org" rel="nofollow"> his website</a>. Included in his collection are scripts for generating footprints, as well as </div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> David Rowe has scripts for updating elements as well as adding/subtracting PCB files from each other on <a href="http://www.rowetel.com/perl4pcb.html" class="urlextern" title="http://www.rowetel.com/perl4pcb.html" rel="nofollow">his website.</a></div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Stuart Brorson wrote a simple script which generates footprints for two terminal SMT passives. A gzipped tarball is available <a href="http://www.brorson.com/gEDA/Smtgen.pl.gz" class="urlextern" title="http://www.brorson.com/gEDA/Smtgen.pl.gz" rel="nofollow"> here </a>.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> The website <a href="http://www.gedasymbols.org/" class="urlextern" title="http://www.gedasymbols.org/" rel="nofollow"> gedasymbols.org</a> has gathered a collection of footprints, symbols, scripts, and other materials from many different gEDA contributors. The website is organized by contributor, so if you take the time to browse around there, you may find exactly what you are looking for!</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "What resources exist to process PCB files using scripts?" [48547-49832] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_import_external_vector_graphics" id="how_do_i_import_external_vector_graphics">How do I import external vector graphics?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
There is a third party open source utility called <a href="http://www.pstoedit.net/" class="urlextern" title="http://www.pstoedit.net/" rel="nofollow">pstoedit</a> that converts postscript data to pcb format. It is included in most major linux distributions. You can use your favorite vector graphics utility to produce a logo or any kind of fancy layout. Export as eps if you can and make sure that your logo fits into the bounding box (check with a postscript viewer such as ggv). If there is no eps export available, you can produce postscript by printing to a file. In this case you may add a bounding box with <a href="http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/doc/gnu/6.53/Ps2epsi.htm" class="urlextern" title="http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/doc/gnu/6.53/Ps2epsi.htm" rel="nofollow">ps2epsi</a>. Call pstoedit with the option "<code>-f pcb</code>” to produce a valid pcb file that contains the graphics as tracks on layer 1. Load this file to pcb. The graphics will sit somewhere on the lower left of the view port. You may have to zoom out to get it on the screen.
</p>
<p>
Import of external vector graphics is usefull if an irregular shape of the pcb is required. Use the cut buffer to copy the shape to your actual design.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I import external vector graphics?" [49833-50912] -->
<h2><a name="is_there_a_way_to_import_a_dxf_drawing_from_mechanical_cad_applications" id="is_there_a_way_to_import_a_dxf_drawing_from_mechanical_cad_applications">Is there a way to import a DXF drawing from mechanical CAD applications?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
There is no import filter to directly load a DXF file to pcb. However, the open source application <a href="http://www.qcad.org" class="urlextern" title="http://www.qcad.org" rel="nofollow">qcad</a> can open DXF files and export them as postscript. The tool pstoedit can turn this postscript file into a format readable by pcb (see above).
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "Is there a way to import a DXF drawing from mechanical CAD applications?" [50913-51267] -->
<h2><a name="what_is_the_best_way_to_do_weird_footprints" id="what_is_the_best_way_to_do_weird_footprints">What is the best way to do weird footprints?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Sometimes footprints call for shapes that are difficult to achieve with the restricted graphics <acronym title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</acronym> of pcb. It may be easier to start with a the vector drawing application inkscape and convert to pcb. In inkscape:
</p>
<ul>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> draw the weird shape with lines. Lines don’t have to be straight.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> save as eps (uncheck “make bounding box around page”)</div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Convert to pcb format:
</p>
<ul>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> pstoedit -f pcb > footprint.pcb</div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
In pcb do:
</p>
<ul>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> File - load-layout-data-to-buffer</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> edit to your needs (lines only, no polygons)</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> select the bunch of lines</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> copy to buffer ( ctrl-c )</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Buffer - convert-buffer-to-element</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Buffer - save-buffer-elements-to-file</div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
In a text editor:
</p>
<ul>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> add the same pin number to all the lines with search and replace</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> save as *.fp at a place where pcb is looking for footprint libraries</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "What is the best way to do weird footprints?" [51268-52129] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_attach_a_name_to_my_layout" id="how_do_i_attach_a_name_to_my_layout">How Do I attach a name to my layout?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
You can set the name of the current pcb with <code>Menu Edit - Edit name of - layout</code>. This sets the title attribute of the layout. This attribute is used for the export actions. It does not interfere with the file name.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How Do I attach a name to my layout?" [52130-52402] -->
<h2><a name="is_there_a_way_to_do_multiple_instances_of_a_subcircuits" id="is_there_a_way_to_do_multiple_instances_of_a_subcircuits">Is there a way to do multiple instances of a subcircuits?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
The <acronym title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</acronym> provides no way to do similar subcircuits automatically. You can copy groups of tracks and vias. However, you have to place the footprints manually. Deactivate “Auto-enforce-DRC-Clearrance” in the edit menu during placement. Else pcb won’t let you connect the footprints with the copied tracks and vias.
</p>
<p>
John Luciani wrote a pair of perl scripts that can do better than that. The script sch-matrix places multiple copies of a basic block on the sheet. It increments the numbers and positions of the symbols as needed. The layout script pcb-matrix arranges multiple copies of a sample layout in a matrix way. The result is a matching pair of schematic and layout with a subcircuit repeated multiple times. See <a href="http://www.luciani.org/geda/util/matrix/index.html" class="urlextern" title="http://www.luciani.org/geda/util/matrix/index.html" rel="nofollow">Johns website</a> for the details and a download of the scripts.
</p>
<p>
The pair of scripts was written a few years ago and is not used regularily. They may need to be updated when used with recent versions of pcb. Contribution of bug reports and/or patches are welcome.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "Is there a way to do multiple instances of a subcircuits?" [52403-53510] -->
<h1><a name="auto_router" id="auto_router">Auto Router</a></h1>
<div class="level1">
</div>
<!-- SECTION "Auto Router" [53511-53540] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_make_the_most_of_the_auto_router" id="how_do_i_make_the_most_of_the_auto_router">How do I make the most of the auto router?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<ol>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Turn off visibility of any layers you don’t want the router using.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Turn of via visibility if you don’t want it to introduce any new vias.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Use only plain rectangles for power/ground planes that you want the router to use. (Use the rectangle tool rather than the polygon tool!)</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Make at least one connection from any plane you want the router to use to the net you want it to connect to.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Draw continuous lines on all routing layers to outline keep-out zones.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Use routing styles in the netlist to have per-net routing styles.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Set the current routing style for any nets not having a defined route style in the netlist.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Disable any nets that you don’t want the autorouter to route – double-click them in the netlist window to add/remove the “*”.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Create a fresh rat’s nest. (press the [o]-key)</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Select “show autorouter trials” in the settings menu if you want to watch what’s happening.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Choose “autoroute all rats” in the connection menu.</div>
</li>
</ol>
<p>
Note on disabled nets: If you will be manually routing these later not using planes, it is usually better to let the autorouter route them then rip them up yourself afterwards. If you plan to use a ground/power plane manually, consider making it from one or more pure rectangles and letting the autorouter have a go at it.
</p>
<p>
If you really want to muck with the router because you have a special design, e.g. all through-hole components you can mess with layer directional costs by editing the autoroute.c source file and changing the directional costs in lines 929-940. and try again. Even more mucking about with costs is possible in lines 4540-4569, but it’s probably not such a good idea unless you really just want to experiment.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I make the most of the auto router?" [53541-55308] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_force_the_autorouter_to_only_put_traces_on_a_particular_layer" id="how_do_i_force_the_autorouter_to_only_put_traces_on_a_particular_layer">How do I force the autorouter to only put traces on a particular layer?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Just unselect the layers you don’t want (usually green and blue) by clicking on the name of the layer. then press autoroute.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I force the autorouter to only put traces on a particular layer?" [55309-55520] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_make_autorouter_leave_particular_nets_alone" id="how_do_i_make_autorouter_leave_particular_nets_alone">How do I make autorouter leave particular nets alone?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Open up the netlist window. It has options for including or excluding nets from the ratlist. If you use the GTK-HID double-click a route to disable it. Make sure, only the nets you want are enabled. Optimize the rats with key [o]. Do “autoroute all rats”.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I make autorouter leave particular nets alone?" [55521-55845] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_force_the_autorouter_to_route_only_within_my_pcb_outline" id="how_do_i_force_the_autorouter_to_route_only_within_my_pcb_outline">How do I force the autorouter to route only within my pcb outline?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
You can have the autorouter work only within a given area by drawing a copper polygon conforming to your board’s boundary and placing it in each layer you’re trying to autoroute. You can also use this trick to autoroute only with small areas. Of course, if you accidentally have a net touching the polygon, all routes will get shorted to that net.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I force the autorouter to route only within my pcb outline?" [55846-56277] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_route_power_and_ground_planes_with_the_autorouter" id="how_do_i_route_power_and_ground_planes_with_the_autorouter">How do I route power and ground planes with the autorouter?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Connect the polygon that will become your power planes to a net and the autorouter will figure it all out. You may need some trick polygon clearances to get power routing _and_ routing within a board outline.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I route power and ground planes with the autorouter?" [56278-56559] -->
<h2><a name="the_layout_produced_by_the_autorouter_is_inefficient" id="the_layout_produced_by_the_autorouter_is_inefficient">The layout produced by the autorouter is inefficient!</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
This is a technological limitation of the current auto router. It is gridless and uses geometric rectangles only.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "The layout produced by the autorouter is inefficient!" [56560-56740] -->
<h2><a name="the_layout_produced_by_the_autorouter_is_ugly" id="the_layout_produced_by_the_autorouter_is_ugly">The layout produced by the autorouter is ugly!</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Have you tried the various clean-up tools under connects–>optimize routed tracks?
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "The layout produced by the autorouter is ugly!" [56741-56884] -->
<h1><a name="gerber_files_prints_and_other_i_o_issues" id="gerber_files_prints_and_other_i_o_issues">Gerber files, prints and other I/O issues</a></h1>
<div class="level1">
</div>
<!-- SECTION "Gerber files, prints and other I/O issues" [56885-56941] -->
<h2><a name="is_is_possible_to_produce_output_without_gui_intervention" id="is_is_possible_to_produce_output_without_gui_intervention">Is is possible to produce output without GUI intervention?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Yes, you can tell pcb on the command line to do an export. All the parameters set in the print dialog can be used in the command line too. Some simple examples:
</p>
<p>
Gerber files:
</p>
<pre class="code">
pcb -x gerber --gerberfile BOARD BOARD.pcb
</pre>
<p>
Postscript formated print:
</p>
<pre class="code">
pcb -x ps --psfile BOARD.ps BOARD.pcb
</pre>
<p>
<acronym title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</acronym> format:
</p>
<pre class="code">
pcb -x png --dpi 300 --only-visible --outfile BOARD.png BOARD.pcb
</pre>
<p>
Different output procedures allow for different options. See the output of <code>pcb --help</code> for details.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "Is is possible to produce output without GUI intervention?" [56942-57543] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_make_a_board_outline_to_go_with_my_gerbers_to_the_board_maker" id="how_do_i_make_a_board_outline_to_go_with_my_gerbers_to_the_board_maker">How do I make a board outline to go with my gerbers to the board maker?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
You can add an outline layer to your pcb projects. PCB interprets any layer called ‘outline’ (edit –> edit name of –> active layer) as though it is the absolute edge of the pcb. PCB prints gerber files that rigidly represent this.
</p>
<p>
You can enter your outline layer thru PCB’s <acronym title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</acronym>. You just draw the lines of the board outline. You can generate boards of any shape this way.
</p>
<p>
It’s also possible to edit the native .pcb file format of your layout. I usually use Layer 8 for outlines:
</p>
<pre class="code">Layer(8 "outline")
(
Line[x1 y1 x2 y2 1000 2000 0x00000000]
Line[x2 y2 x3 y3 1000 2000 0x00000000]
Line[x3 y3 x4 y4 1000 2000 0x00000000]
Line[x4 y4 x1 y1 1000 2000 0x00000000]
Line[<more points go here for non-square boards> 1000 2000 0x00000000]
)</pre>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I make a board outline to go with my gerbers to the board maker?" [57544-58392] -->
<h2><a name="yes_i_tried_that_but_the_gerber_exporter_didn_t_give_me_an_outline_file._why" id="yes_i_tried_that_but_the_gerber_exporter_didn_t_give_me_an_outline_file._why">Yes, I tried that, but the gerber exporter didn't give me an outline file. Why?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
By default, gsch2pcb creates layer groups in a way which prevents your outline layer from being treated properly. So you should remove all the unnecessary layers (i.e, all but your copper layers and silkscreen), then add an outline layer (named <code>outline</code>), on which you define your outline. The gerber exporter should then give you the outline gerber file.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "Yes, I tried that, but the gerber exporter didn't give me an outline file. Why?" [58393-58845] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_make_sure_that_the_design_contains_only_certain_hole_sizes" id="how_do_i_make_sure_that_the_design_contains_only_certain_hole_sizes">How do I make sure, that the design contains only certain hole sizes?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
Some fabs provide lists of standard drill sizes and charge extra if the design contains additional sizes. You can put this list in a “vendor resource file”. This file may also exceptions and specify if the nearest diameter should be chosen, or rounded up to the next size in the list. See <a href="http://pcb.gpleda.org/pcb-cvs/pcb.html#Vendor-drill-mapping" class="urlextern" title="http://pcb.gpleda.org/pcb-cvs/pcb.html#Vendor-drill-mapping" rel="nofollow">the section Vendor-drill-mapping</a> in the pcb manual for the syntax of this file.
</p>
<p>
Load the file to pcb with Load-Vendor-Resource-File from the main menu. Alternatively, you can use with the command :LoadVendor(drillfile). Substitute “drillfile” with the name of your file.
</p>
<p>
On load, pcb will substitute drill sizes so that the layout conforms to the list. If you want to apply an already loaded vendor resource file again, you can do Apply-vendor-drill-mapping from the connects menu.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I make sure, that the design contains only certain hole sizes?" [58846-59817] -->
<h2><a name="i_m_done_with_my_layout._how_should_i_check_my_design" id="i_m_done_with_my_layout._how_should_i_check_my_design">I'm done with my layout. How should I check my design?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<ul>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Run a check of design rules either through the command interface (“DRC()") or from the menu (Connects - Design Rule Checker). You can set the rules in the sizes section of the preference dialog. Results of the check are shown in the log window. </div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Besides running the DRC checker, it is essential to check your Gerber files. The gEDA Suite includes the program “gerbv” for this task. Here are some things to check/verify:
</p>
<ul>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Check that all trace widths are the correct size. Also make sure your trace widths and metal-metal separations are above the minimum specified by your PCB vendor.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Check that all hole diameters are called out at the correct size.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Check that metal annular rings around holes/vias are large enough. The annular ring is the distance between the hole’s edge and the outer diameter of the metallization. The annular ring must be large enough to accomodate drill location + layer registration + other manufacturing inaccuracy. This information should be available from your PCB fabrication house; they normally publish the minimum annular ring requirements in their manufacturing rules document.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Check that your antipads (clearance around holes/vias) are large enough. This information should be available from your PCB fabrication house; ask them for their manufacturing rules document.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Verify that no soldermask or silkscreen overlays a copper pad or through-hole.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> On plane layers, verify that at least some vias connect to it (yes, I have seen a board where the entire ground plane was floating – not done in pcb btw)</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> On plane layers, verify that at least some vias _don’t_ connect to it.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Do a visual sanity check of all layers. Nothing detailed, just does it look approximately like you think it should.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Are all layers negative/positive as they should be? Note that some fab houses want positive layers only. PCB will automatically create negative Gerbers on outer layer planes with no tracks. If you want an all-plane layer to be output as a positive layer, draw a single track somewhere in an unused part of the plane. This will trigger PCB to render that layer as a positive layer.</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "I'm done with my layout. How should I check my design?" [59818-62037] -->
<h1><a name="exporting_other_formatsraster_and_ps_files" id="exporting_other_formatsraster_and_ps_files">Exporting Other Formats: Raster and PS Files</a></h1>
<div class="level1">
</div>
<!-- SECTION "Exporting Other Formats: Raster and PS Files" [62038-62097] -->
<h2><a name="what_is_xy-max_in_the_png_export_dialog_box" id="what_is_xy-max_in_the_png_export_dialog_box">What is xy-max in the PNG export dialog box?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
It limits the size of the image to NxN pixels, but maintains the aspect ratio. For example, if you set it to 400, a 6000×8000 mil board would yield a 300×400 image, but a 6000×4500 board yeilds a 400×300 image.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "What is xy-max in the PNG export dialog box?" [62098-62368] -->
<h1><a name="customization" id="customization">Customization</a></h1>
<div class="level1">
</div>
<!-- SECTION "Customization" [62369-62397] -->
<h2><a name="i_don_t_like_that_old-style_black_background._how_can_i_get_a_light_canvas" id="i_don_t_like_that_old-style_black_background._how_can_i_get_a_light_canvas">I don't like that old-style black background. How can I get a light canvas?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
In <a href="geda-glossary.html" class="wikilink1" title="geda-glossary.html">GTK-HID</a> there is a preference dialog in the file menu. The Colors tab presents a convinient way to set all the colros pcb uses via the standard GTK color chooser. The colors are saved to $HOME/.pcb/preferences on shut down of the application. With <a href="geda-glossary.html" class="wikilink1" title="geda-glossary.html">Lesstif-HID</a> there is no preference dialog. Colors can be set in <code>$HOME/.pcb/settings</code>
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "I don't like that old-style black background. How can I get a light canvas?" [62398-62852] -->
<h2><a name="how_do_i_set_the_default_values_of_the_postscript_dialog" id="how_do_i_set_the_default_values_of_the_postscript_dialog">How do I set the default values of the postscript dialog?</a></h2>
<div class="level2">
<p>
You can set the default options of the postscript printing dialog as command line parameters when invoking pcb. Type <code>pcb –help</code> for a list of available options. These options can also be set in a file <code>$HOME/.pcb/settings</code>. A settings file for a4 paper, no alignment marks, multi page output would contain:
</p>
<pre class="code">media = A4
align-marks = 0
multi-file = 1</pre>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "How do I set the default values of the postscript dialog?" [62853-63291] -->
<h1><a name="you_didn_t_answer_my_question._what_other_resources_exist_for_pcb_information" id="you_didn_t_answer_my_question._what_other_resources_exist_for_pcb_information">You didn't answer my question. What other resources exist for PCB information?</a></h1>
<div class="level1">
<p>
<a href="http://www.luciani.org/geda/pcb/faq-pcb-footprint.html" class="urlextern" title="http://www.luciani.org/geda/pcb/faq-pcb-footprint.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.luciani.org/geda/pcb/faq-pcb-footprint.html</a><br/>
<a href="http://pcb.sourceforge.net/faq.html" class="urlextern" title="http://pcb.sourceforge.net/faq.html" rel="nofollow">http://pcb.sourceforge.net/faq.html</a><br/>
<a href="http://pcb.sourceforge.net/pcb-20060822/pcb.html#Top" class="urlextern" title="http://pcb.sourceforge.net/pcb-20060822/pcb.html#Top" rel="nofollow">http://pcb.sourceforge.net/pcb-20060822/pcb.html#Top</a>
</p>
<p>
You can get fast responses from the geda-user email list. If you haven’t found an answer to your question about PCB on this page, or in the other documentation, then post to the list! Note that you must subscribe to the geda-user e-mail list before you can post to the list. The gEDA e-mail lists, and their archives, are at: <a href="http://geda.seul.org/mailinglist/index.html" class="urlextern" title="http://geda.seul.org/mailinglist/index.html" rel="nofollow">http://geda.seul.org/mailinglist/index.html</a>
</p>
</div>
<!-- SECTION "You didn't answer my question. What other resources exist for PCB information?" [63292-] --></body>
</html>
