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<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="Fundamental-concepts.ja.html#Fundamental-concepts" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Fundamental concepts </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.ja.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.ja.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LilyPond-index.ja.html#LilyPond-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>][<a href="index_abt.ja.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Tweaking-output.ja.html#Tweaking-output" title="Next chapter"> Tweaking output >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="Voices-contain-music.ja.html#Voices-contain-music" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < Voices contain music </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="Voices-contain-music.ja.html#Voices-contain-music" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Voices contain music </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="Explicitly-instantiating-voices.ja.html#Explicitly-instantiating-voices" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> Explicitly instantiating voices > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<a name="I_0027m-hearing-Voices"></a>
<h3 class="subsection">3.2.1 I’m hearing Voices</h3>
<a name="index-polyphony-4"></a>
<a name="index-layers"></a>
<a name="index-multiple-voices-1"></a>
<a name="index-voices_002c-multiple"></a>
<a name="index-Voice-context"></a>
<a name="index-context_002c-Voice"></a>
<a name="index-simultaneous-music"></a>
<a name="index-music_002c-simultaneous"></a>
<a name="index-concurrent-music"></a>
<a name="index-music_002c-concurrent"></a>
<a name="index-voices-vs_002e-chords"></a>
<a name="index-chords-vs_002e-voices"></a>
<p>The lowest, most fundamental or innermost layers in a LilyPond
score are called ‘Voice contexts’ or just ‘Voices’ for short.
Voices are sometimes called ‘layers’ in other notation
packages.
</p>
<p>In fact, a Voice layer or context is the only one which can contain
music. If a Voice context is not explicitly declared one is created
automatically, as we saw at the beginning of this chapter. Some
instruments such as an Oboe can play only one note at a time. Music
written for such instruments is monophonic and requires just a single
voice. Instruments which can play more than one note at a time like
the piano will often require multiple voices to encode the different
concurrent notes and rhythms they are capable of playing.
</p>
<p>A single voice can contain many notes in a chord, of course,
so when exactly are multiple voices needed? Look first at
this example of four chords:
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="verbatim">\key g \major
<d g>4 <d fis> <d a'> <d g>
</pre><p>
<a href="../e0/lily-a1556e90.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../e0/lily-a1556e90.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
</blockquote>
<p>This can be expressed using just the single angle bracket chord
symbols, <code>< ... ></code>, and for this just a single voice is
needed. But suppose the F-sharp were actually an eighth-note
followed by an eighth-note G, a passing note on the way to the A?
Now we have two notes which start at the same time but have
different durations: the quarter-note D and the eighth-note
F-sharp. How are these to be coded? They cannot be written as
a chord because all the notes in a chord must have the same
duration. And they cannot be written as two sequential notes
as they need to start at the same time. This is when two
voices are required.
</p>
<p>Let us see how this is done in LilyPond input syntax.
</p>
<a name="index-_003c_003c-_005c_005c-_003e_003e"></a>
<a name="index-_003c_003c-_005c_005c-_003e_003e-1"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-2"></a>
<a name="index-_005c_005c-3"></a>
<p>The easiest way to enter fragments with more than one voice on a
staff is to enter each voice as a sequence (with <code>{...}</code>),
and combine them simultaneously with angle brackets, <code><<...>></code>.
The fragments must also be separated with double backward slashes,
<code>\\</code>, to place them in separate voices. Without these, the
notes would be entered into a single voice, which would usually
cause errors. This technique is particularly suited to pieces of
music which are largely monophonic with occasional short sections
of polyphony.
</p>
<p>Here’s how we split the chords above into two voices and add both
the passing note and a slur:
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="verbatim">\key g \major
% Voice "1" Voice "2"
<< { g4 fis8( g) a4 g } \\ { d4 d d d } >> |
</pre><p>
<a href="../99/lily-0f34d97f.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../99/lily-0f34d97f.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Notice how the stems of the second voice now point down.
</p>
<p>Here’s another simple example:
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="verbatim">\key d \minor
% Voice "1" Voice "2"
<< { r4 g g4. a8 } \\ { d,2 d4 g } >> |
<< { bes4 bes c bes } \\ { g4 g g8( a) g4 } >> |
<< { a2. r4 } \\ { fis2. s4 } >> |
</pre><p>
<a href="../43/lily-65cc3b6e.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../43/lily-65cc3b6e.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
</blockquote>
<p>It is not necessary to use a separate <code><< \\ >></code> construct
for each bar. For music with few notes in each bar this layout
can help the legibility of the code, but if there are many
notes in each bar it may be better to split out each voice
separately, like this:
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="verbatim">\key d \minor
<< {
% Voice "1"
r4 g g4. a8 |
bes4 bes c bes |
a2. r4 |
} \\ {
% Voice "2"
d,2 d4 g |
g4 g g8( a) g4 |
fis2. s4 |
} >>
</pre><p>
<a href="../ad/lily-a9b8e031.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../ad/lily-a9b8e031.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
</blockquote>
<a name="index-voices_002c-naming"></a>
<a name="index-voices-crossing-brackets"></a>
<a name="index-slurs-crossing-brackets"></a>
<a name="index-ties-crossing-brackest"></a>
<p>This example has just two voices, but the same construct may be
used to encode three or more voices by adding more back-slash
separators.
</p>
<p>The Voice contexts bear the names <code>"1"</code>, <code>"2"</code>, etc.
In each of these contexts, the vertical direction of slurs,
stems, ties, dynamics etc., is set appropriately.
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="verbatim">\new Staff \relative c' {
% Main voice
c16 d e f
% Voice "1" Voice "2" Voice "3"
<< { g4 f e } \\ { r8 e4 d c8 ~ } >> |
<< { d2 e2 } \\ { c8 b16 a b8 g ~ g2 } \\ { s4 b4 c2 } >> |
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../7b/lily-3c5031a0.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../7b/lily-3c5031a0.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
</blockquote>
<p>These voices are all separate from the main voice that contains
the notes just outside the <code><< .. >></code> construct. Let’s call
this the <em>simultaneous construct</em>. Slurs and ties may only
connect notes within the same voice, so slurs and ties cannot go
into or out of a simultaneous construct. Conversely,
parallel voices from separate simultaneous constructs on the same
staff are the same voice. Other voice-related properties also
carry across simultaneous constructs. Here is the same example,
with different colors and note heads for each voice. Note that
changes in one voice do not affect other voices, but they do
persist in the same voice later. Note also that tied notes may be
split across the same voices in two constructs, shown here in the
blue triangle voice.
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="verbatim">\new Staff \relative c' {
% Main voice
c16 d e f
<< % Bar 1
{
\voiceOneStyle
g4 f e
}
\\
{
\voiceTwoStyle
r8 e4 d c8 ~
}
>>
<< % Bar 2
% Voice 1 continues
{ d2 e2 }
\\
% Voice 2 continues
{ c8 b16 a b8 g ~ g2 }
\\
{
\voiceThreeStyle
s4 b4 c2
}
>>
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../5c/lily-e8480aa0.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../5c/lily-e8480aa0.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
</blockquote>
<a name="index-_005cvoiceOneStyle"></a>
<a name="index-_005cvoiceOneStyle-1"></a>
<a name="index-_005cvoiceTwoStyle"></a>
<a name="index-_005cvoiceTwoStyle-1"></a>
<a name="index-_005cvoiceThreeStyle"></a>
<a name="index-_005cvoiceThreeStyle-1"></a>
<a name="index-_005cvoiceFourStyle"></a>
<a name="index-_005cvoiceFourStyle-1"></a>
<a name="index-_005cvoiceNeutralStyle"></a>
<a name="index-_005cvoiceNeutralStyle-1"></a>
<p>The commands <code>\voiceXXXStyle</code> are mainly intended for use in
educational documents such as this one. They modify the color
of the note head, the stem and the beams, and the style of the
note head, so that the voices may be easily distinguished.
Voice one is set to red diamonds, voice two to blue triangles,
voice three to green crossed circles, and voice four (not used
here) to magenta crosses; <code>\voiceNeutralStyle</code> (also not
used here) reverts the style back to the default.
We shall see later how commands like these may be created by the
user.
See <a href="Visibility-and-color-of-objects.ja.html#Visibility-and-color-of-objects">Visibility and color of objects</a> and
<a href="Using-variables-for-tweaks.ja.html#Using-variables-for-tweaks">Using variables for tweaks</a>.
</p>
<a name="index-polyphony-and-relative-note-entry"></a>
<a name="index-relative-note-entry-and-polyphony"></a>
<p>Polyphony does not change the relationship of notes within a
<code>\relative { }</code> block. Each note is still calculated
relative to the note immediately preceding it, or to the first
note of the preceding chord. So in
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="example">\relative c' { noteA << < noteB noteC > \\ noteD >> noteE }
</pre></blockquote>
<p><code>noteB</code> is relative to <code>noteA</code> <br>
<code>noteC</code> is relative to <code>noteB</code>, not <code>noteA</code>; <br>
<code>noteD</code> is relative to <code>noteB</code>, not <code>noteA</code> or
<code>noteC</code>; <br>
<code>noteE</code> is relative to <code>noteD</code>, not <code>noteA</code>.
</p>
<p>An alternative way, which may be clearer if the notes in the
voices are widely separated, is to place a <code>\relative</code>
command at the start of each voice:
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="example">\relative c' { noteA ... }
<<
\relative c'' { < noteB noteC > ... }
\\
\relative g' { noteD ... }
>>
\relative c' { noteE ... }
</pre></blockquote>
<p>Let us finally analyze the voices in a more complex piece of music.
Here are the notes from the first two bars of the second of Chopin’s
Deux Nocturnes, Op 32. This example will be used at later stages in
this and the next chapter to illustrate several techniques for
producing notation, so please ignore for now anything in the
underlying code which looks mysterious and concentrate just on the
music and the voices – the complications will all be explained in
later sections.
</p>
<blockquote><p>
<a href="../37/lily-45dc2b76.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../37/lily-45dc2b76.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The direction of the stems is often used to indicate the continuity of
two simultaneous melodic lines. Here the stems of the highest notes
are all pointing up and the stems of the lower notes are all pointing
down. This is the first indication that more than one voice is
required.
</p>
<p>But the real need for multiple voices arises when notes
which start at the same time have different durations.
Look at the notes which start at beat three in the first
bar. The A-flat is a dotted quarter note, the F is a
quarter note and the D-flat is a half note. These
cannot be written as a chord as all the notes in a chord
must have the same duration. Neither can they be written
as sequential notes, as they must start at the same time.
This section of the bar requires three voices, and the
normal practice would be to write the whole bar as three
voices, as shown below, where we have used different note heads
and colors for the three voices. Again, the code behind this
example will be explained later, so ignore anything you do
not understand.
</p>
<blockquote><p>
<a href="../68/lily-a5e9fab9.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../68/lily-a5e9fab9.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Let us try to encode this music from scratch. As we
shall see, this encounters some difficulties. We begin as
we have learnt, using the <code><< \\ >></code> construct to
enter the music of the first bar in three voices:
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="verbatim">\new Staff \relative c'' {
\key aes \major
<<
{ c2 aes4. bes8 } \\ { aes2 f4 fes } \\ { <ees c>2 des2 }
>>
<c ees aes c>1
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../75/lily-a60286ba.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../75/lily-a60286ba.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
</blockquote>
<a name="index-stem-down"></a>
<a name="index-voices-and-stem-directions"></a>
<a name="index-stem-directions-and-voices"></a>
<a name="index-stem-up"></a>
<p>The stem directions are automatically assigned with the
odd-numbered voices taking upward stems and the even-numbered
voices downward ones. The stems for voices 1 and 2 are right,
but the stems in voice 3 should go down in this particular piece
of music. We can correct this simply by missing out voice three
and placing the music in voice four:
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="verbatim">\new Staff \relative c'' {
\key aes \major
<< % Voice one
{ c2 aes4. bes8 }
\\ % Voice two
{ aes2 f4 fes }
\\ % Omit Voice three
\\ % Voice four
{ <ees c>2 des2 }
>> |
<c ees aes c>1 |
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../9f/lily-ab572487.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../9f/lily-ab572487.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
</blockquote>
<p>We see that this fixes the stem direction, but exposes a problem
sometimes encountered with multiple voices – the stems of the notes
in one voice can collide with the note heads in other voices. In
laying out the notes, LilyPond allows the notes or chords from two
voices to occupy the same vertical note column provided the stems are
in opposite directions, but the notes from the third and fourth voices
are displaced, if necessary, to avoid the note heads colliding. This
usually works well, but in this example the notes of the lowest voice
are clearly not well placed by default. LilyPond provides several ways
to adjust the horizontal placing of notes. We are not quite ready yet
to see how to correct this, so we shall leave this problem until a
later section — see the <code>force-hshift</code> property in <a href="Fixing-overlapping-notation.ja.html#Fixing-overlapping-notation">Fixing overlapping notation</a>.
</p>
<a name="See-also-3"></a>
<h4 class="subsubheading">See also</h4>
<p>Notation Reference: <a name="index-Multiple-voices"></a>
<a href="../lilypond/Multiple-voices.ja.html#Multiple-voices">Multiple voices</a>.
</p>
<hr size="6">
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<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="Fundamental-concepts.ja.html#Fundamental-concepts" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Fundamental concepts </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.ja.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.ja.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LilyPond-index.ja.html#LilyPond-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>][<a href="index_abt.ja.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Tweaking-output.ja.html#Tweaking-output" title="Next chapter"> Tweaking output >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="Voices-contain-music.ja.html#Voices-contain-music" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < Voices contain music </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="Voices-contain-music.ja.html#Voices-contain-music" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Voices contain music </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="Explicitly-instantiating-voices.ja.html#Explicitly-instantiating-voices" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> Explicitly instantiating voices > </a>]</td></tr></table>
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<h4 class="toc_header"> <a href="index.ja.html#Top" title="Start of the manual">Learning Manual</a></h4>
<div class="contents">
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Preface-1" href="Preface.ja.html#Preface">Preface</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Introduction-1" href="Introduction.ja.html#Introduction">1. Introduction</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Background-1" href="Background.ja.html#Background">1.1 Background</a> </li>
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</ul>
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<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-First-steps-1" href="First-steps.ja.html#First-steps">2.1 First steps</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Single-staff-notation-1" href="Single-staff-notation.ja.html#Single-staff-notation">2.2 Single staff notation</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Multiple-notes-at-once-1" href="Multiple-notes-at-once.ja.html#Multiple-notes-at-once">2.3 Multiple notes at once</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Songs-1" href="Songs.ja.html#Songs">2.4 Songs</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Final-touches-1" href="Final-touches.ja.html#Final-touches">2.5 Final touches</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Fundamental-concepts-1" href="Fundamental-concepts.ja.html#Fundamental-concepts">3. Fundamental concepts</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-How-LilyPond-input-files-work-1" href="How-LilyPond-input-files-work.ja.html#How-LilyPond-input-files-work">3.1 How LilyPond input files work</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Voices-contain-music-1" href="Voices-contain-music.ja.html#Voices-contain-music">3.2 Voices contain music</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-I_0027m-hearing-Voices-1" href="I_0027m-hearing-Voices.ja.html#I_0027m-hearing-Voices">3.2.1 I’m hearing Voices</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Explicitly-instantiating-voices-1" href="Explicitly-instantiating-voices.ja.html#Explicitly-instantiating-voices">3.2.2 Explicitly instantiating voices</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Voices-and-vocals-1" href="Voices-and-vocals.ja.html#Voices-and-vocals">3.2.3 Voices and vocals</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Contexts-and-engravers-1" href="Contexts-and-engravers.ja.html#Contexts-and-engravers">3.3 Contexts and engravers</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Extending-the-templates-1" href="Extending-the-templates.ja.html#Extending-the-templates">3.4 Extending the templates</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Tweaking-output-1" href="Tweaking-output.ja.html#Tweaking-output">4. Tweaking output</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Tweaking-basics-1" href="Tweaking-basics.ja.html#Tweaking-basics">4.1 Tweaking basics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-The-Internals-Reference-manual-1" href="The-Internals-Reference-manual.ja.html#The-Internals-Reference-manual">4.2 The Internals Reference manual</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Appearance-of-objects-1" href="Appearance-of-objects.ja.html#Appearance-of-objects">4.3 Appearance of objects</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Placement-of-objects-1" href="Placement-of-objects.ja.html#Placement-of-objects">4.4 Placement of objects</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Collisions-of-objects-1" href="Collisions-of-objects.ja.html#Collisions-of-objects">4.5 Collisions of objects</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Further-tweaking-1" href="Further-tweaking.ja.html#Further-tweaking">4.6 Further tweaking</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Working-on-LilyPond-projects-1" href="Working-on-LilyPond-projects.ja.html#Working-on-LilyPond-projects">5. Working on LilyPond projects</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Suggestions-for-writing-LilyPond-input-files-1" href="Suggestions-for-writing-LilyPond-input-files.ja.html#Suggestions-for-writing-LilyPond-input-files">5.1 Suggestions for writing LilyPond input files</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-When-things-don_0027t-work-1" href="When-things-don_0027t-work.ja.html#When-things-don_0027t-work">5.2 When things don’t work</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Scores-and-parts-1" href="Scores-and-parts.ja.html#Scores-and-parts">5.3 Scores and parts</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Templates-1" href="Templates.ja.html#Templates">A. Templates</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Single-staff-1" href="Single-staff.ja.html#Single-staff">A.1 Single staff</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Piano-templates-1" href="Piano-templates.ja.html#Piano-templates">A.2 Piano templates</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-String-quartet-2" href="String-quartet.ja.html#String-quartet">A.3 String quartet</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Vocal-ensembles-1" href="Vocal-ensembles.ja.html#Vocal-ensembles">A.4 Vocal ensembles</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Ancient-notation-templates-1" href="Ancient-notation-templates.ja.html#Ancient-notation-templates">A.5 Ancient notation templates</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Jazz-combo-1" href="Jazz-combo.ja.html#Jazz-combo">A.6 Jazz combo</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-lilypond_002dbook-templates-1" href="lilypond_002dbook-templates.ja.html#lilypond_002dbook-templates">A.7 lilypond-book templates</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Scheme-tutorial-1" href="Scheme-tutorial.ja.html#Scheme-tutorial">B. Scheme tutorial</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Tweaking-with-Scheme-1" href="Tweaking-with-Scheme.ja.html#Tweaking-with-Scheme">B.1 Tweaking with Scheme</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1" href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.ja.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">C. GNU Free Documentation License</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-LilyPond-index-1" href="LilyPond-index.ja.html#LilyPond-index">D. LilyPond index</a> </li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
