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<title>GNU LilyPond Learning Manual: 4.2.2 Properties found in interfaces</title>
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<a name="Properties-found-in-interfaces"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="Tweaking-output.ja.html#Tweaking-output" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Tweaking output </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.ja.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.ja.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LilyPond-index.ja.html#LilyPond-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>][<a href="index_abt.ja.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Working-on-LilyPond-projects.ja.html#Working-on-LilyPond-projects" title="Next chapter"> Working on LilyPond projects >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="Properties-of-layout-objects.ja.html#Properties-of-layout-objects" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < Properties of layout objects </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="The-Internals-Reference-manual.ja.html#The-Internals-Reference-manual" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : The Internals Reference manual </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="Types-of-properties.ja.html#Types-of-properties" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> Types of properties > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<a name="Properties-found-in-interfaces"></a>
<h3 class="subsection">4.2.2 Properties found in interfaces</h3>
<a name="index-interface-2"></a>
<a name="index-interface-properties"></a>
<a name="index-properties-in-interfaces"></a>
<p>Suppose now that we wish to print the lyrics in italics. What form of
<code>\override</code> command do we need to do this? We first look in the
IR page listing ‘All layout objects’, as before, and look for an
object that might control lyrics. We find <code>LyricText</code>, which
looks right. Clicking on this shows the settable properties for lyric
text. These include the <code>font-series</code> and <code>font-size</code>, but
nothing that might give an italic shape. This is because the shape
property is one that is common to all font objects, so, rather than
including it in every layout object, it is grouped together with other
similar common properties and placed in an <strong>Interface</strong>, the
<code>font-interface</code>.
</p>
<p>So now we need to learn how to find the properties of interfaces,
and to discover what objects use these interface properties.
</p>
<p>Look again at the IR page which describes LyricText. At the bottom of
the page is a list of clickable interfaces which LyricText supports.
The list has several items, including <code>font-interface</code>. Clicking
on this brings up the properties associated with this interface, which
are also properties of all the objects which support it, including
LyricText.
</p>
<p>Now we see all the user-settable properties which control fonts,
including <code>font-shape(symbol)</code>, where <code>symbol</code> can be
set to <code>upright</code>, <code>italics</code> or <code>caps</code>.
</p>
<p>You will notice that <code>font-series</code> and <code>font-size</code> are also
listed there. This immediately raises the question: Why are the
common font properties <code>font-series</code> and <code>font-size</code> listed
under <code>LyricText</code> as well as under the interface
<code>font-interface</code> but <code>font-shape</code> is not? The answer is
that <code>font-series</code> and <code>font-size</code> are changed from their
global default values when a <code>LyricText</code> object is created, but
<code>font-shape</code> is not. The entries in <code>LyricText</code> then tell
you the values for those two properties which apply to
<code>LyricText</code>. Other objects which support <code>font-interface</code>
will set these properties differently when they are created.
</p>
<p>Let’s see if we can now construct the <code>\override</code> command
to change the lyrics to italics. The object is <code>LyricText</code>,
the property is <code>font-shape</code> and the value is
<code>italic</code>. As before, we’ll omit the context.
</p>
<p>As an aside, although it is an important one, note that because the
values of <code>font-shape</code> are symbols they must be introduced with a
single apostrophe, <code>'</code>. That is why apostrophes are needed
before <code>thickness</code> in the earlier example and <code>font-shape</code>.
These are both symbols too. Symbols are then read internally by
LilyPond. Some of them are the names of properties, like
<code>thickness</code> or <code>font-shape</code>, others are used as values that
can be given to properties, like <code>italic</code>. Note the distinction
from arbitrary text strings, which would appear as <code>"a text
string"</code>; for more details about symbols and strings, see <a href="Scheme-tutorial.ja.html#Scheme-tutorial">Scheme tutorial</a>.
</p>
<p>Ok, so the <code>\override</code> command we need to print the lyrics
in italics should be
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="example">\override LyricText #'font-shape = #'italic
</pre></blockquote>
<p>and this should be placed just in front of and close to the
lyrics which it should affect, like this:
</p>
<a name="index-font_002dshape-property_002c-example"></a>
<a name="index-italic_002c-example"></a>
<a name="index-LyricText_002c-example-of-overriding"></a>
<a name="index-_005caddlyrics_002c-example"></a>
<blockquote><pre class="verbatim">{
\time 6/8
{
r4 b8 b[( g]) g |
g[( e]) e d[( f]) a |
a g
}
\addlyrics {
\override LyricText #'font-shape = #'italic
The man who feels love's sweet e -- mo -- tion
}
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../06/lily-92a4be57.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../06/lily-92a4be57.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
</blockquote>
<p>and the lyrics are all printed in italics.
</p>
<a name="Specifying-the-context-in-lyric-mode"></a>
<h3 class="subheading">Specifying the context in lyric mode</h3>
<a name="index-context_002c-specifying-in-lyric-mode"></a>
<a name="index-lyric-mode_002c-specifying-context"></a>
<p>In the case of lyrics, if you try specifying the context in the
format given earlier the command will fail. A syllable
entered in lyricmode is terminated by either a space,
a newline or a digit. All other characters are included
as part of the syllable. For this reason a space or newline
must appear before the terminating <code>}</code> to prevent it being
included as part of the final syllable. Similarly,
spaces must be inserted before and after the
period or dot, ‘.’, separating the context name from the
object name, as otherwise the two names are run together and
the interpreter cannot recognize them. So the command should be:
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="example">\override Lyrics . LyricText #'font-shape = #'italic
</pre></blockquote>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><td>
<p><b>Note:</b> In lyrics always leave whitespace between the final
syllable and the terminating brace.
</p></td></tr></table>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><td>
<p><b>Note:</b> In overrides in lyrics always place spaces around
the dot between the context name and the object name.
</p></td></tr></table>
<a name="See-also-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsubheading">See also</h4>
<p>Learning Manual: <a href="Scheme-tutorial.ja.html#Scheme-tutorial">Scheme tutorial</a>.
</p>
<hr size="6">
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<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="Tweaking-output.ja.html#Tweaking-output" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Tweaking output </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.ja.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.ja.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LilyPond-index.ja.html#LilyPond-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>][<a href="index_abt.ja.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Working-on-LilyPond-projects.ja.html#Working-on-LilyPond-projects" title="Next chapter"> Working on LilyPond projects >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="Properties-of-layout-objects.ja.html#Properties-of-layout-objects" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < Properties of layout objects </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="The-Internals-Reference-manual.ja.html#The-Internals-Reference-manual" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : The Internals Reference manual </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="Types-of-properties.ja.html#Types-of-properties" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> Types of properties > </a>]</td></tr></table>
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<h4 class="toc_header"> <a href="index.ja.html#Top" title="Start of the manual">Learning Manual</a></h4>
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<li><a name="toc-How-LilyPond-input-files-work-1" href="How-LilyPond-input-files-work.ja.html#How-LilyPond-input-files-work">3.1 How LilyPond input files work</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Voices-contain-music-1" href="Voices-contain-music.ja.html#Voices-contain-music">3.2 Voices contain music</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Contexts-and-engravers-1" href="Contexts-and-engravers.ja.html#Contexts-and-engravers">3.3 Contexts and engravers</a> </li>
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<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-The-Internals-Reference-manual-1" href="The-Internals-Reference-manual.ja.html#The-Internals-Reference-manual">4.2 The Internals Reference manual</a>
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<li><a name="toc-Properties-of-layout-objects-1" href="Properties-of-layout-objects.ja.html#Properties-of-layout-objects">4.2.1 Properties of layout objects</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Properties-found-in-interfaces-1" href="Properties-found-in-interfaces.ja.html#Properties-found-in-interfaces">4.2.2 Properties found in interfaces</a> </li>
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<li><a name="toc-Working-on-LilyPond-projects-1" href="Working-on-LilyPond-projects.ja.html#Working-on-LilyPond-projects">5. Working on LilyPond projects</a>
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<li><a name="toc-Suggestions-for-writing-LilyPond-input-files-1" href="Suggestions-for-writing-LilyPond-input-files.ja.html#Suggestions-for-writing-LilyPond-input-files">5.1 Suggestions for writing LilyPond input files</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-When-things-don_0027t-work-1" href="When-things-don_0027t-work.ja.html#When-things-don_0027t-work">5.2 When things don’t work</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Scores-and-parts-1" href="Scores-and-parts.ja.html#Scores-and-parts">5.3 Scores and parts</a> </li>
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<li><a name="toc-Templates-1" href="Templates.ja.html#Templates">A. Templates</a>
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<li><a name="toc-Piano-templates-1" href="Piano-templates.ja.html#Piano-templates">A.2 Piano templates</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-String-quartet-2" href="String-quartet.ja.html#String-quartet">A.3 String quartet</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Vocal-ensembles-1" href="Vocal-ensembles.ja.html#Vocal-ensembles">A.4 Vocal ensembles</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Ancient-notation-templates-1" href="Ancient-notation-templates.ja.html#Ancient-notation-templates">A.5 Ancient notation templates</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Jazz-combo-1" href="Jazz-combo.ja.html#Jazz-combo">A.6 Jazz combo</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-lilypond_002dbook-templates-1" href="lilypond_002dbook-templates.ja.html#lilypond_002dbook-templates">A.7 lilypond-book templates</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Scheme-tutorial-1" href="Scheme-tutorial.ja.html#Scheme-tutorial">B. Scheme tutorial</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Tweaking-with-Scheme-1" href="Tweaking-with-Scheme.ja.html#Tweaking-with-Scheme">B.1 Tweaking with Scheme</a> </li>
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<li><a name="toc-GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1" href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.ja.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">C. GNU Free Documentation License</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-LilyPond-index-1" href="LilyPond-index.ja.html#LilyPond-index">D. LilyPond index</a> </li>
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