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<title>GNU LilyPond Learning Manual: 5.3 Scores and parts</title>
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<h2 class="section">5.3 Scores and parts</h2>
<p>TODO: this is really old stuff from the really old tutorial.
Rewrite, fix, etc. Or maybe delete entirely. -gp
Include section on tags -td
and then move to section 5. Working ... -td
</p>
<p>In orchestral music, all notes are printed twice. Once in a part for
the musicians, and once in a full score for the conductor. Variables can
be used to avoid double work. The music is entered once, and stored in
a variable. The contents of that variable is then used to generate
both the part and the full score.
</p>
<p>It is convenient to define the notes in a special file. For example,
suppose that the file ‘<tt>horn-music.ly</tt>’ contains the following part
of a horn/bassoon duo
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="example">hornNotes = \relative c {
\time 2/4
r4 f8 a cis4 f e d
}
</pre></blockquote>
<p>Then, an individual part is made by putting the following in a file
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="example">\include "horn-music.ly"
\header {
instrument = "Horn in F"
}
{
\transpose f c' \hornNotes
}
</pre></blockquote>
<p>The line
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="example">\include "horn-music.ly"
</pre></blockquote>
<p>substitutes the contents of ‘<tt>horn-music.ly</tt>’ at this position in
the file, so <code>hornNotes</code> is defined afterwards. The command
<code>\transpose f c'</code> indicates that the argument, being
<code>\hornNotes</code>, should be transposed by a fifth upwards. Sounding
<code>f</code> is denoted by notated <code>c'</code>, which corresponds with the
tuning of a normal French Horn in F. The transposition can be seen
in the following output
</p>
<blockquote><p>
<a href="../a4/lily-a1c78edd.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../a4/lily-a1c78edd.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
</blockquote>
<p>In ensemble pieces, one of the voices often does not play for many
measures. This is denoted by a special rest, the multi-measure
rest. It is entered with a capital <code>R</code> followed by a duration
(<code>1</code> for a whole note, <code>2</code> for a half note,
etc.). By multiplying the
duration, longer rests can be constructed. For example, this rest
takes 3 measures in 2/4 time
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="example">R2*3
</pre></blockquote>
<p>When printing the part, multi-rests
must be condensed. This is done by setting a run-time variable
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="example">\set Score.skipBars = ##t
</pre></blockquote>
<p>This command sets the property <code>skipBars</code> in the
<code>Score</code> context to true (<code>##t</code>). Prepending the rest and
this option to the music above, leads to the following result
</p>
<blockquote><p>
<a href="../9c/lily-fc6b4ee7.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../9c/lily-fc6b4ee7.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The score is made by combining all of the music together. Assuming
that the other voice is in <code>bassoonNotes</code> in the file
‘<tt>bassoon-music.ly</tt>’, a score is made with
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="example">\include "bassoon-music.ly"
\include "horn-music.ly"
<<
\new Staff \hornNotes
\new Staff \bassoonNotes
>>
</pre></blockquote>
<p>leading to
</p>
<blockquote><p>
<a href="../9a/lily-f96a7fea.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../9a/lily-f96a7fea.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
</blockquote>
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<h4 class="toc_header"> <a href="index.html#Top" title="Start of the manual">Learning Manual</a></h4>
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<li><a name="toc-Preface-1" href="Preface.html#Preface">Preface</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Introduction-1" href="Introduction.html#Introduction">1. Introduction</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Background-1" href="Background.html#Background">1.1 Background</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-About-the-documentation-1" href="About-the-documentation.html#About-the-documentation">1.2 About the documentation</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Tutorial-1" href="Tutorial.html#Tutorial">2. Tutorial</a>
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<li><a name="toc-First-steps-1" href="First-steps.html#First-steps">2.1 First steps</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Single-staff-notation-1" href="Single-staff-notation.html#Single-staff-notation">2.2 Single staff notation</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Multiple-notes-at-once-1" href="Multiple-notes-at-once.html#Multiple-notes-at-once">2.3 Multiple notes at once</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Songs-1" href="Songs.html#Songs">2.4 Songs</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Final-touches-1" href="Final-touches.html#Final-touches">2.5 Final touches</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Fundamental-concepts-1" href="Fundamental-concepts.html#Fundamental-concepts">3. Fundamental concepts</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-How-LilyPond-input-files-work-1" href="How-LilyPond-input-files-work.html#How-LilyPond-input-files-work">3.1 How LilyPond input files work</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Voices-contain-music-1" href="Voices-contain-music.html#Voices-contain-music">3.2 Voices contain music</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Contexts-and-engravers-1" href="Contexts-and-engravers.html#Contexts-and-engravers">3.3 Contexts and engravers</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Extending-the-templates-1" href="Extending-the-templates.html#Extending-the-templates">3.4 Extending the templates</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Tweaking-output-1" href="Tweaking-output.html#Tweaking-output">4. Tweaking output</a>
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<li><a name="toc-Tweaking-basics-1" href="Tweaking-basics.html#Tweaking-basics">4.1 Tweaking basics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-The-Internals-Reference-manual-1" href="The-Internals-Reference-manual.html#The-Internals-Reference-manual">4.2 The Internals Reference manual</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Appearance-of-objects-1" href="Appearance-of-objects.html#Appearance-of-objects">4.3 Appearance of objects</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Placement-of-objects-1" href="Placement-of-objects.html#Placement-of-objects">4.4 Placement of objects</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Collisions-of-objects-1" href="Collisions-of-objects.html#Collisions-of-objects">4.5 Collisions of objects</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Further-tweaking-1" href="Further-tweaking.html#Further-tweaking">4.6 Further tweaking</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Working-on-LilyPond-projects-1" href="Working-on-LilyPond-projects.html#Working-on-LilyPond-projects">5. Working on LilyPond projects</a>
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<li><a name="toc-Suggestions-for-writing-LilyPond-input-files-1" href="Suggestions-for-writing-LilyPond-input-files.html#Suggestions-for-writing-LilyPond-input-files">5.1 Suggestions for writing LilyPond input files</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-When-things-don_0027t-work-1" href="When-things-don_0027t-work.html#When-things-don_0027t-work">5.2 When things don’t work</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Scores-and-parts-1" href="Scores-and-parts.html#Scores-and-parts">5.3 Scores and parts</a> </li>
</ul>
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<li><a name="toc-Templates-1" href="Templates.html#Templates">A. Templates</a>
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<li><a name="toc-Piano-templates-1" href="Piano-templates.html#Piano-templates">A.2 Piano templates</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-String-quartet-2" href="String-quartet.html#String-quartet">A.3 String quartet</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Vocal-ensembles-1" href="Vocal-ensembles.html#Vocal-ensembles">A.4 Vocal ensembles</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Ancient-notation-templates-1" href="Ancient-notation-templates.html#Ancient-notation-templates">A.5 Ancient notation templates</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Jazz-combo-1" href="Jazz-combo.html#Jazz-combo">A.6 Jazz combo</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-lilypond_002dbook-templates-1" href="lilypond_002dbook-templates.html#lilypond_002dbook-templates">A.7 lilypond-book templates</a> </li>
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<li><a name="toc-Scheme-tutorial-1" href="Scheme-tutorial.html#Scheme-tutorial">B. Scheme tutorial</a>
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<li><a name="toc-Tweaking-with-Scheme-1" href="Tweaking-with-Scheme.html#Tweaking-with-Scheme">B.1 Tweaking with Scheme</a> </li>
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<li><a name="toc-GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1" href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">C. GNU Free Documentation License</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-LilyPond-index-1" href="LilyPond-index.html#LilyPond-index">D. LilyPond index</a> </li>
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