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<title>GNU LilyPond Notation Reference: 3.1.3 File structure</title>
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<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="General-input-and-output.ja.html#General-input-and-output" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << General input and output </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.ja.html#index" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.ja.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LilyPond-command-index.ja.html#LilyPond-command-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>][<a href="index_abt.ja.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Spacing-issues.ja.html#Spacing-issues" title="Next chapter"> Spacing issues >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="Multiple-scores-in-a-book.ja.html#Multiple-scores-in-a-book" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < Multiple scores in a book </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="Input-structure.ja.html#Input-structure" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Input structure </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="Titles-and-headers.ja.html#Titles-and-headers" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> Titles and headers > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<a name="File-structure"></a>
<h3 class="subsection">3.1.3 File structure</h3>
<a name="index-_005cpaper"></a>
<a name="index-_005cpaper-1"></a>
<a name="index-_005cmidi"></a>
<a name="index-_005cmidi-1"></a>
<a name="index-_005clayout"></a>
<a name="index-_005clayout-1"></a>
<a name="index-_005cheader"></a>
<a name="index-_005cheader-1"></a>
<a name="index-_005cscore-2"></a>
<a name="index-_005cscore-3"></a>
<a name="index-_005cbook-4"></a>
<a name="index-_005cbook-5"></a>
<a name="index-_005cbookpart-2"></a>
<a name="index-_005cbookpart-3"></a>
<p>A <code>.ly</code> file may contain any number of toplevel expressions, where a
toplevel expression is one of the following:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
An output definition, such as <code>\paper</code>, <code>\midi</code>, and
<code>\layout</code>. Such a definition at the toplevel changes the default
book-wide settings. If more than one such definition of
the same type is entered at the top level any definitions in the later
expressions have precedence.
</li><li>
A direct scheme expression, such as
<code>#(set-default-paper-size "a7" 'landscape)</code> or
<code>#(ly:set-option 'point-and-click #f)</code>.
</li><li>
A <code>\header</code> block. This sets the global header block. This
is the block containing the definitions for book-wide settings, like
composer, title, etc.
</li><li>
A <code>\score</code> block. This score will be collected with other
toplevel scores, and combined as a single <code>\book</code>.
This behavior can be changed by setting the variable
<code>toplevel-score-handler</code> at toplevel. The default handler is
defined in the init file ‘<tt>../scm/lily.scm</tt>’.
</li><li>
A <code>\book</code> block logically combines multiple movements
(i.e., multiple <code>\score</code> blocks) in one document. If there
are a number of <code>\score</code>s, one output file will be created
for each <code>\book</code> block, in which all corresponding movements
are concatenated. The only reason to explicitly specify
<code>\book</code> blocks in a <code>.ly</code> file is if you wish to create
multiple output files from a single input file. One exception is
within lilypond-book documents, where you explicitly have to add
a <code>\book</code> block if you want more than a single <code>\score</code>
or <code>\markup</code> in the same example. This behavior can be
changed by setting the variable <code>toplevel-book-handler</code> at
toplevel. The default handler is defined in the init file
‘<tt>../scm/lily.scm</tt>’.
</li><li>
A <code>\bookpart</code> block. A book may be divided into several parts,
using <code>\bookpart</code> blocks, in order to ease the page breaking,
or to use different <code>\paper</code> settings in different parts.
</li><li>
A compound music expression, such as
<blockquote><pre class="example">{ c'4 d' e'2 }
</pre></blockquote>
<p>This will add the piece in a <code>\score</code> and format it in a
single book together with all other toplevel <code>\score</code>s and music
expressions. In other words, a file containing only the above
music expression will be translated into
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="example">\book {
\score {
\new Staff {
\new Voice {
{ c'4 d' e'2 }
}
}
}
\layout { }
\header { }
}
</pre></blockquote>
<p>This behavior can be changed by setting the variable
<code>toplevel-music-handler</code> at toplevel. The default handler is
defined in the init file ‘<tt>../scm/lily.scm</tt>’.
</p>
</li><li>
A markup text, a verse for example
<blockquote><pre class="example">\markup {
2. The first line verse two.
}
</pre></blockquote>
<p>Markup texts are rendered above, between or below the scores or music
expressions, wherever they appear.
</p>
<a name="index-variables"></a>
</li><li>
A variable, such as
<blockquote><pre class="example">foo = { c4 d e d }
</pre></blockquote>
<p>This can be used later on in the file by entering <code>\foo</code>. The
name of a variable should have alphabetic characters only; no
numbers, underscores or dashes.
</p>
</li></ul>
<p>The following example shows three things that may be entered at
toplevel
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="example">\layout {
% Don't justify the output
ragged-right = ##t
}
\header {
title = "Do-re-mi"
}
{ c'4 d' e2 }
</pre></blockquote>
<p>At any point in a file, any of the following lexical instructions can
be entered:
</p>
<ul>
<li> <code>\version</code>
</li><li> <code>\include</code>
</li><li> <code>\sourcefilename</code>
</li><li> <code>\sourcefileline</code>
</li><li>
A single-line comment, introduced by a leading <code>%</code> sign.
</li><li>
A multi-line comment delimited by <code>%{ .. %}</code>.
</li></ul>
<a name="See-also-168"></a>
<h4 class="subsubheading">See also</h4>
<p>Learning Manual:
<a name="index-How-LilyPond-input-files-work"></a>
<a href="../lilypond-learning/How-LilyPond-input-files-work.ja.html#How-LilyPond-input-files-work">How LilyPond input files work</a>.
</p>
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<h4 class="toc_header"> <a href="index.ja.html#index" title="Start of the manual">Notation Reference</a></h4>
<div class="contents">
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Musical-notation-1" href="Musical-notation.ja.html#Musical-notation">1. Musical notation</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Pitches-1" href="Pitches.ja.html#Pitches">1.1 Pitches</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Rhythms-1" href="Rhythms.ja.html#Rhythms">1.2 Rhythms</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Expressive-marks-1" href="Expressive-marks.ja.html#Expressive-marks">1.3 Expressive marks</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Repeats-1" href="Repeats.ja.html#Repeats">1.4 Repeats</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Simultaneous-notes-1" href="Simultaneous-notes.ja.html#Simultaneous-notes">1.5 Simultaneous notes</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Staff-notation-1" href="Staff-notation.ja.html#Staff-notation">1.6 Staff notation</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Editorial-annotations-1" href="Editorial-annotations.ja.html#Editorial-annotations">1.7 Editorial annotations</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Text-1" href="Text.ja.html#Text">1.8 Text</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Specialist-notation-1" href="Specialist-notation.ja.html#Specialist-notation">2. Specialist notation</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Vocal-music-1" href="Vocal-music.ja.html#Vocal-music">2.1 Vocal music</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Keyboard-and-other-multi_002dstaff-instruments-1" href="Keyboard-and-other-multi_002dstaff-instruments.ja.html#Keyboard-and-other-multi_002dstaff-instruments">2.2 Keyboard and other multi-staff instruments</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Unfretted-string-instruments-1" href="Unfretted-string-instruments.ja.html#Unfretted-string-instruments">2.3 Unfretted string instruments</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Fretted-string-instruments-1" href="Fretted-string-instruments.ja.html#Fretted-string-instruments">2.4 Fretted string instruments</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Percussion-1" href="Percussion.ja.html#Percussion">2.5 Percussion</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Wind-instruments-1" href="Wind-instruments.ja.html#Wind-instruments">2.6 Wind instruments</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Chord-notation-1" href="Chord-notation.ja.html#Chord-notation">2.7 Chord notation</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Ancient-notation-1" href="Ancient-notation.ja.html#Ancient-notation">2.8 Ancient notation</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-World-music-1" href="World-music.ja.html#World-music">2.9 World music</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-General-input-and-output-1" href="General-input-and-output.ja.html#General-input-and-output">3. General input and output</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Input-structure-1" href="Input-structure.ja.html#Input-structure">3.1 Input structure</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Structure-of-a-score-1" href="Structure-of-a-score.ja.html#Structure-of-a-score">3.1.1 Structure of a score</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Multiple-scores-in-a-book-1" href="Multiple-scores-in-a-book.ja.html#Multiple-scores-in-a-book">3.1.2 Multiple scores in a book</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-File-structure-1" href="File-structure.ja.html#File-structure">3.1.3 File structure</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Titles-and-headers-1" href="Titles-and-headers.ja.html#Titles-and-headers">3.2 Titles and headers</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Working-with-input-files-1" href="Working-with-input-files.ja.html#Working-with-input-files">3.3 Working with input files</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Controlling-output-1" href="Controlling-output.ja.html#Controlling-output">3.4 Controlling output</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-MIDI-output-1" href="MIDI-output.ja.html#MIDI-output">3.5 MIDI output</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Spacing-issues-1" href="Spacing-issues.ja.html#Spacing-issues">4. Spacing issues</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Paper-and-pages-1" href="Paper-and-pages.ja.html#Paper-and-pages">4.1 Paper and pages</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Music-layout-1" href="Music-layout.ja.html#Music-layout">4.2 Music layout</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Breaks-1" href="Breaks.ja.html#Breaks">4.3 Breaks</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Vertical-spacing-1" href="Vertical-spacing.ja.html#Vertical-spacing">4.4 Vertical spacing</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Horizontal-spacing-1" href="Horizontal-spacing.ja.html#Horizontal-spacing">4.5 Horizontal spacing</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Fitting-music-onto-fewer-pages-1" href="Fitting-music-onto-fewer-pages.ja.html#Fitting-music-onto-fewer-pages">4.6 Fitting music onto fewer pages</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-defaults-1" href="Changing-defaults.ja.html#Changing-defaults">5. Changing defaults</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Interpretation-contexts-1" href="Interpretation-contexts.ja.html#Interpretation-contexts">5.1 Interpretation contexts</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Explaining-the-Internals-Reference-1" href="Explaining-the-Internals-Reference.ja.html#Explaining-the-Internals-Reference">5.2 Explaining the Internals Reference</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Modifying-properties-1" href="Modifying-properties.ja.html#Modifying-properties">5.3 Modifying properties</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Useful-concepts-and-properties-1" href="Useful-concepts-and-properties.ja.html#Useful-concepts-and-properties">5.4 Useful concepts and properties</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Advanced-tweaks-1" href="Advanced-tweaks.ja.html#Advanced-tweaks">5.5 Advanced tweaks</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Interfaces-for-programmers-1" href="Interfaces-for-programmers.ja.html#Interfaces-for-programmers">6. Interfaces for programmers</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Music-functions-1" href="Music-functions.ja.html#Music-functions">6.1 Music functions</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Programmer-interfaces-1" href="Programmer-interfaces.ja.html#Programmer-interfaces">6.2 Programmer interfaces</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Building-complicated-functions-1" href="Building-complicated-functions.ja.html#Building-complicated-functions">6.3 Building complicated functions</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Markup-programmer-interface-1" href="Markup-programmer-interface.ja.html#Markup-programmer-interface">6.4 Markup programmer interface</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Contexts-for-programmers-1" href="Contexts-for-programmers.ja.html#Contexts-for-programmers">6.5 Contexts for programmers</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Scheme-procedures-as-properties-1" href="Scheme-procedures-as-properties.ja.html#Scheme-procedures-as-properties">6.6 Scheme procedures as properties</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Using-Scheme-code-instead-of-_005ctweak-1" href="Using-Scheme-code-instead-of-_005ctweak.ja.html#Using-Scheme-code-instead-of-_005ctweak">6.7 Using Scheme code instead of <code>\tweak</code></a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Difficult-tweaks-1" href="Difficult-tweaks.ja.html#Difficult-tweaks">6.8 Difficult tweaks</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Literature-list-1" href="Literature-list.ja.html#Literature-list">A. Literature list</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Notation-manual-tables-1" href="Notation-manual-tables.ja.html#Notation-manual-tables">B. Notation manual tables</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Chord-name-chart-1" href="Chord-name-chart.ja.html#Chord-name-chart">B.1 Chord name chart</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Common-chord-modifiers-1" href="Common-chord-modifiers.ja.html#Common-chord-modifiers">B.2 Common chord modifiers</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Predefined-fretboard-diagrams-1" href="Predefined-fretboard-diagrams.ja.html#Predefined-fretboard-diagrams">B.3 Predefined fretboard diagrams</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-MIDI-instruments-1" href="MIDI-instruments.ja.html#MIDI-instruments">B.4 MIDI instruments</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-List-of-colors-1" href="List-of-colors.ja.html#List-of-colors">B.5 List of colors</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-The-Feta-font-1" href="The-Feta-font.ja.html#The-Feta-font">B.6 The Feta font</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Note-head-styles-1" href="Note-head-styles.ja.html#Note-head-styles">B.7 Note head styles</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Text-markup-commands-1" href="Text-markup-commands.ja.html#Text-markup-commands">B.8 Text markup commands</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Text-markup-list-commands-1" href="Text-markup-list-commands.ja.html#Text-markup-list-commands">B.9 Text markup list commands</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-List-of-articulations-1" href="List-of-articulations.ja.html#List-of-articulations">B.10 List of articulations</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Percussion-notes-1" href="Percussion-notes.ja.html#Percussion-notes">B.11 Percussion notes</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-All-context-properties-1" href="All-context-properties.ja.html#All-context-properties">B.12 All context properties</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Layout-properties-1" href="Layout-properties.ja.html#Layout-properties">B.13 Layout properties</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Identifiers-1" href="Identifiers.ja.html#Identifiers">B.14 Identifiers</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Scheme-functions-1" href="Scheme-functions.ja.html#Scheme-functions">B.15 Scheme functions</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Cheat-sheet-1" href="Cheat-sheet.ja.html#Cheat-sheet">C. Cheat sheet</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-LilyPond-grammar-1" href="LilyPond-grammar.ja.html#LilyPond-grammar">D. LilyPond grammar</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1" href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.ja.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">E. GNU Free Documentation License</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-LilyPond-command-index-1" href="LilyPond-command-index.ja.html#LilyPond-command-index">F. LilyPond command index</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-LilyPond-index-1" href="LilyPond-index.ja.html#LilyPond-index">G. LilyPond index</a> </li>
</ul>
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