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Send bugs and suggestions to <texi2html-bug@nongnu.org> --> <head> <title>GNU LilyPond Notation Reference: 3.3.3 Text encoding</title> <meta name="description" content="GNU LilyPond Notation Reference: 3.3.3 Text encoding"> <meta name="keywords" content="GNU LilyPond Notation Reference: 3.3.3 Text encoding"> <meta name="resource-type" content="document"> <meta name="distribution" content="global"> <meta name="Generator" content="texi2html 1.82"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <link href="index.ja.html#index" rel="start" title="GNU LilyPond — Notation Reference"> <link href="LilyPond-command-index.ja.html#LilyPond-command-index" rel="index" title="F. 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LilyPond index"> <link href="Different-editions-from-one-source.ja.html#Different-editions-from-one-source" rel="previous" title="3.3.2 Different editions from one source"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" title="Patrick McCarty's design" href="lilypond-mccarty.css"> <link rel="alternate stylesheet" type="text/css" href="lilypond.css" title="Andrew Hawryluk's design"> <link rel="alternate stylesheet" type="text/css" href="lilypond-blue.css" title="Kurt Kroon's blue design"> <!--[if lte IE 7]> <link href="lilypond-ie-fixes.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <![endif]--> </head> <body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000"> <div id="main"> <a name="Text-encoding"></a> <table class="nav_table"> <tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="General-input-and-output.ja.html#General-input-and-output" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << General input and output </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.ja.html#index" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.ja.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LilyPond-command-index.ja.html#LilyPond-command-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>][<a href="index_abt.ja.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Spacing-issues.ja.html#Spacing-issues" title="Next chapter"> Spacing issues >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="Different-editions-from-one-source.ja.html#Using-tags" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < Using tags </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="Working-with-input-files.ja.html#Working-with-input-files" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Working with input files </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="Displaying-LilyPond-notation.ja.html#Displaying-LilyPond-notation" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> Displaying LilyPond notation > </a>]</td></tr></table> <a name="Text-encoding"></a> <h3 class="subsection">3.3.3 Text encoding</h3> <p>LilyPond uses the character repertoire defined by the Unicode consortium and ISO/IEC 10646. This defines a unique name and code point for the character sets used in virtually all modern languages and many others too. Unicode can be implemented using several different encodings. LilyPond uses the UTF-8 encoding (UTF stands for Unicode Transformation Format) which represents all common Latin characters in one byte, and represents other characters using a variable length format of up to four bytes. </p> <p>The actual appearance of the characters is determined by the glyphs defined in the particular fonts available - a font defines the mapping of a subset of the Unicode code points to glyphs. LilyPond uses the Pango library to layout and render multi-lingual texts. </p> <p>Lilypond does not perform any input-encoding conversions. This means that any text, be it title, lyric text, or musical instruction containing non-ASCII characters, must be encoded in UTF-8. The easiest way to enter such text is by using a Unicode-aware editor and saving the file with UTF-8 encoding. Most popular modern editors have UTF-8 support, for example, vim, Emacs, jEdit, and GEdit do. All MS Windows systems later than NT use Unicode as their native character encoding, so even Notepad can edit and save a file in UTF-8 format. A more functional alternative for Windows is BabelPad. </p> <p>If a LilyPond input file containing a non-ASCII character is not saved in UTF-8 format the error message </p> <blockquote><pre class="example">FT_Get_Glyph_Name () error: invalid argument </pre></blockquote> <p>will be generated. </p> <p>Here is an example showing Cyrillic, Hebrew and Portuguese text: </p> <blockquote><p> <a href="../04/lily-248dfbdc.ly"> <img align="middle" border="0" src="../04/lily-248dfbdc.png" alt="[image of music]"> </a> </p> </blockquote> <p>To enter a single character for which the Unicode escape sequence is known but which is not available in the editor being used, use <code>\char ##xhhhh</code> within a <code>\markup</code> block, where <code>hhhh</code> is the hexadecimal code for the character required. For example, <code>\char ##x03BE</code> enters the Unicode U+03BE character, which has the Unicode name “Greek Small Letter Xi”. Any Unicode hexadecimal code may be substituted, and if all special characters are entered in this format it is not necessary to save the input file in UTF-8 format. Of course, a font containing all such encoded characters must be installed and available to LilyPond. </p> <p>The following example shows UTF-8 coded characters being used in four places – in a rehearsal mark, as articulation text, in lyrics and as stand-alone text below the score: </p> <blockquote><pre class="verbatim">\score { \relative c'' { c1 \mark \markup { \char ##x03EE } c1_\markup { \tiny { \char ##x03B1 " to " \char ##x03C9 } } } \addlyrics { O \markup { \concat{ Ph \char ##x0153 be! } } } } \markup { "Copyright 2008--2009" \char ##x00A9 } </pre><p> <a href="../71/lily-dfd3b7c8.ly"> <img align="middle" border="0" src="../71/lily-dfd3b7c8.png" alt="[image of music]"> </a> </p> </blockquote> <p>To enter the copyright sign in the copyright notice use: </p> <blockquote><pre class="example">\header { copyright = \markup { \char ##x00A9 "2008" } } </pre></blockquote> <hr size="6"> <table class="nav_table"> <tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="General-input-and-output.ja.html#General-input-and-output" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << General input and output </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.ja.html#index" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.ja.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LilyPond-command-index.ja.html#LilyPond-command-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>][<a href="index_abt.ja.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Spacing-issues.ja.html#Spacing-issues" title="Next chapter"> Spacing issues >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="Different-editions-from-one-source.ja.html#Using-tags" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < Using tags </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="Working-with-input-files.ja.html#Working-with-input-files" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Working with input files </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="Displaying-LilyPond-notation.ja.html#Displaying-LilyPond-notation" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> Displaying LilyPond notation > </a>]</td></tr></table> <!-- footer_tag --> <div class="footer"> <p class="footer_version"> This page is for LilyPond-2.12.3 (stable-branch). </p> <p class="footer_report"> Your <a href="http://lilypond.org/web/devel/participating/documentation-adding">suggestions for the documentation</a> are welcome, please report errors to our <a href="http://post.gmane.org/post.php?group=gmane.comp.gnu.lilypond.bugs">bug list</a>. </p> </div> <p id="languages"> Other languages: <a href="Text-encoding.es.html">espaƱol</a>, <a href="Text-encoding.de.html">deutsch</a>. <br> </p> <!-- FOOTER --> <!-- end div#main here --> </div> <div id="tocframe"> <p class="toc_uplink"><a href="../index.ja.html" title="Documentation Index"><< Back to Documentation Index</a></p> <h4 class="toc_header"> <a href="index.ja.html#index" title="Start of the manual">Notation Reference</a></h4> <div class="contents"> <ul class="toc"> <li><a name="toc-Musical-notation-1" href="Musical-notation.ja.html#Musical-notation">1. Musical notation</a> <ul class="toc"> <li><a name="toc-Pitches-1" href="Pitches.ja.html#Pitches">1.1 Pitches</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Rhythms-1" href="Rhythms.ja.html#Rhythms">1.2 Rhythms</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Expressive-marks-1" href="Expressive-marks.ja.html#Expressive-marks">1.3 Expressive marks</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Repeats-1" href="Repeats.ja.html#Repeats">1.4 Repeats</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Simultaneous-notes-1" href="Simultaneous-notes.ja.html#Simultaneous-notes">1.5 Simultaneous notes</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Staff-notation-1" href="Staff-notation.ja.html#Staff-notation">1.6 Staff notation</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Editorial-annotations-1" href="Editorial-annotations.ja.html#Editorial-annotations">1.7 Editorial annotations</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Text-1" href="Text.ja.html#Text">1.8 Text</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a name="toc-Specialist-notation-1" href="Specialist-notation.ja.html#Specialist-notation">2. Specialist notation</a> <ul class="toc"> <li><a name="toc-Vocal-music-1" href="Vocal-music.ja.html#Vocal-music">2.1 Vocal music</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Keyboard-and-other-multi_002dstaff-instruments-1" href="Keyboard-and-other-multi_002dstaff-instruments.ja.html#Keyboard-and-other-multi_002dstaff-instruments">2.2 Keyboard and other multi-staff instruments</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Unfretted-string-instruments-1" href="Unfretted-string-instruments.ja.html#Unfretted-string-instruments">2.3 Unfretted string instruments</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Fretted-string-instruments-1" href="Fretted-string-instruments.ja.html#Fretted-string-instruments">2.4 Fretted string instruments</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Percussion-1" href="Percussion.ja.html#Percussion">2.5 Percussion</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Wind-instruments-1" href="Wind-instruments.ja.html#Wind-instruments">2.6 Wind instruments</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Chord-notation-1" href="Chord-notation.ja.html#Chord-notation">2.7 Chord notation</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Ancient-notation-1" href="Ancient-notation.ja.html#Ancient-notation">2.8 Ancient notation</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-World-music-1" href="World-music.ja.html#World-music">2.9 World music</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-General-input-and-output-1" href="General-input-and-output.ja.html#General-input-and-output">3. General input and output</a> <ul class="toc"> <li><a name="toc-Input-structure-1" href="Input-structure.ja.html#Input-structure">3.1 Input structure</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Titles-and-headers-1" href="Titles-and-headers.ja.html#Titles-and-headers">3.2 Titles and headers</a> </li> <li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Working-with-input-files-1" href="Working-with-input-files.ja.html#Working-with-input-files">3.3 Working with input files</a> <ul class="toc"> <li><a name="toc-Including-LilyPond-files-1" href="Including-LilyPond-files.ja.html#Including-LilyPond-files">3.3.1 Including LilyPond files</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Different-editions-from-one-source-1" href="Different-editions-from-one-source.ja.html#Different-editions-from-one-source">3.3.2 Different editions from one source</a> </li> <li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Text-encoding-1" href="Text-encoding.ja.html#Text-encoding">3.3.3 Text encoding</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Displaying-LilyPond-notation-1" href="Displaying-LilyPond-notation.ja.html#Displaying-LilyPond-notation">3.3.4 Displaying LilyPond notation</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a name="toc-Controlling-output-1" href="Controlling-output.ja.html#Controlling-output">3.4 Controlling output</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-MIDI-output-1" href="MIDI-output.ja.html#MIDI-output">3.5 MIDI output</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a name="toc-Spacing-issues-1" href="Spacing-issues.ja.html#Spacing-issues">4. Spacing issues</a> <ul class="toc"> <li><a name="toc-Paper-and-pages-1" href="Paper-and-pages.ja.html#Paper-and-pages">4.1 Paper and pages</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Music-layout-1" href="Music-layout.ja.html#Music-layout">4.2 Music layout</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Breaks-1" href="Breaks.ja.html#Breaks">4.3 Breaks</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Vertical-spacing-1" href="Vertical-spacing.ja.html#Vertical-spacing">4.4 Vertical spacing</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Horizontal-spacing-1" href="Horizontal-spacing.ja.html#Horizontal-spacing">4.5 Horizontal spacing</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Fitting-music-onto-fewer-pages-1" href="Fitting-music-onto-fewer-pages.ja.html#Fitting-music-onto-fewer-pages">4.6 Fitting music onto fewer pages</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a name="toc-Changing-defaults-1" href="Changing-defaults.ja.html#Changing-defaults">5. Changing defaults</a> <ul class="toc"> <li><a name="toc-Interpretation-contexts-1" href="Interpretation-contexts.ja.html#Interpretation-contexts">5.1 Interpretation contexts</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Explaining-the-Internals-Reference-1" href="Explaining-the-Internals-Reference.ja.html#Explaining-the-Internals-Reference">5.2 Explaining the Internals Reference</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Modifying-properties-1" href="Modifying-properties.ja.html#Modifying-properties">5.3 Modifying properties</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Useful-concepts-and-properties-1" href="Useful-concepts-and-properties.ja.html#Useful-concepts-and-properties">5.4 Useful concepts and properties</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Advanced-tweaks-1" href="Advanced-tweaks.ja.html#Advanced-tweaks">5.5 Advanced tweaks</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a name="toc-Interfaces-for-programmers-1" href="Interfaces-for-programmers.ja.html#Interfaces-for-programmers">6. Interfaces for programmers</a> <ul class="toc"> <li><a name="toc-Music-functions-1" href="Music-functions.ja.html#Music-functions">6.1 Music functions</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Programmer-interfaces-1" href="Programmer-interfaces.ja.html#Programmer-interfaces">6.2 Programmer interfaces</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Building-complicated-functions-1" href="Building-complicated-functions.ja.html#Building-complicated-functions">6.3 Building complicated functions</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Markup-programmer-interface-1" href="Markup-programmer-interface.ja.html#Markup-programmer-interface">6.4 Markup programmer interface</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Contexts-for-programmers-1" href="Contexts-for-programmers.ja.html#Contexts-for-programmers">6.5 Contexts for programmers</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Scheme-procedures-as-properties-1" href="Scheme-procedures-as-properties.ja.html#Scheme-procedures-as-properties">6.6 Scheme procedures as properties</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Using-Scheme-code-instead-of-_005ctweak-1" href="Using-Scheme-code-instead-of-_005ctweak.ja.html#Using-Scheme-code-instead-of-_005ctweak">6.7 Using Scheme code instead of <code>\tweak</code></a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Difficult-tweaks-1" href="Difficult-tweaks.ja.html#Difficult-tweaks">6.8 Difficult tweaks</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a name="toc-Literature-list-1" href="Literature-list.ja.html#Literature-list">A. Literature list</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Notation-manual-tables-1" href="Notation-manual-tables.ja.html#Notation-manual-tables">B. Notation manual tables</a> <ul class="toc"> <li><a name="toc-Chord-name-chart-1" href="Chord-name-chart.ja.html#Chord-name-chart">B.1 Chord name chart</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Common-chord-modifiers-1" href="Common-chord-modifiers.ja.html#Common-chord-modifiers">B.2 Common chord modifiers</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Predefined-fretboard-diagrams-1" href="Predefined-fretboard-diagrams.ja.html#Predefined-fretboard-diagrams">B.3 Predefined fretboard diagrams</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-MIDI-instruments-1" href="MIDI-instruments.ja.html#MIDI-instruments">B.4 MIDI instruments</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-List-of-colors-1" href="List-of-colors.ja.html#List-of-colors">B.5 List of colors</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-The-Feta-font-1" href="The-Feta-font.ja.html#The-Feta-font">B.6 The Feta font</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Note-head-styles-1" href="Note-head-styles.ja.html#Note-head-styles">B.7 Note head styles</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Text-markup-commands-1" href="Text-markup-commands.ja.html#Text-markup-commands">B.8 Text markup commands</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Text-markup-list-commands-1" href="Text-markup-list-commands.ja.html#Text-markup-list-commands">B.9 Text markup list commands</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-List-of-articulations-1" href="List-of-articulations.ja.html#List-of-articulations">B.10 List of articulations</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Percussion-notes-1" href="Percussion-notes.ja.html#Percussion-notes">B.11 Percussion notes</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-All-context-properties-1" href="All-context-properties.ja.html#All-context-properties">B.12 All context properties</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Layout-properties-1" href="Layout-properties.ja.html#Layout-properties">B.13 Layout properties</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Identifiers-1" href="Identifiers.ja.html#Identifiers">B.14 Identifiers</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-Scheme-functions-1" href="Scheme-functions.ja.html#Scheme-functions">B.15 Scheme functions</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a name="toc-Cheat-sheet-1" href="Cheat-sheet.ja.html#Cheat-sheet">C. Cheat sheet</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-LilyPond-grammar-1" href="LilyPond-grammar.ja.html#LilyPond-grammar">D. LilyPond grammar</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1" href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.ja.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">E. GNU Free Documentation License</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-LilyPond-command-index-1" href="LilyPond-command-index.ja.html#LilyPond-command-index">F. LilyPond command index</a> </li> <li><a name="toc-LilyPond-index-1" href="LilyPond-index.ja.html#LilyPond-index">G. LilyPond index</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </body> </html>