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<a name="Typesetting-Gregorian-chant"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="Specialist-notation.fr.html#Specialist-notation" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Specialist notation </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.fr.html#index" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.fr.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LilyPond-command-index.fr.html#LilyPond-command-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>][<a href="index_abt.fr.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="General-input-and-output.fr.html#General-input-and-output" title="Next chapter"> General input and output >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="Typesetting-mensural-music.fr.html#White-mensural-ligatures" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < White mensural ligatures </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="Ancient-notation.fr.html#Ancient-notation" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Ancient notation </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Gregorian-chant-contexts" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> Gregorian chant contexts > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<a name="Typesetting-Gregorian-chant"></a>
<h3 class="subsection">2.8.4 Typesetting Gregorian chant</h3>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#Gregorian-chant-contexts" accesskey="1">Gregorian chant contexts</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#Gregorian-clefs" accesskey="2">Gregorian clefs</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#Gregorian-accidentals-and-key-signatures" accesskey="3">Gregorian accidentals and key signatures</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#Divisiones" accesskey="4">Divisiones</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#Gregorian-articulation-signs" accesskey="5">Gregorian articulation signs</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#Augmentum-dots-_0028morae_0029" accesskey="6">Augmentum dots (<em>morae</em>)</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#Gregorian-square-neume-ligatures" accesskey="7">Gregorian square neume ligatures</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<p>When typesetting a piece in Gregorian chant notation, the
<a name="index-Vaticana_005fligature_005fengraver"></a>
<a href="../lilypond-internals/Vaticana_005fligature_005fengraver.fr.html#Vaticana_005fligature_005fengraver">Vaticana_ligature_engraver</a> automatically selects the
proper note heads, so there is no need to explicitly set the note
head style. Still, the note head style can be set, e.g., to
<code>vaticana_punctum</code> to produce punctum neumes. Similarly, the
<a name="index-Mensural_005fligature_005fengraver-2"></a>
<a href="../lilypond-internals/Mensural_005fligature_005fengraver.fr.html#Mensural_005fligature_005fengraver">Mensural_ligature_engraver</a> automatically assembles
mensural ligatures. See <a href="Ancient-notation_002d_002dcommon-features.fr.html#Ligatures">Ligatures</a>, for how ligature
engravers work.
</p>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Gregorian-chant-contexts"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="Specialist-notation.fr.html#Specialist-notation" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Specialist notation </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.fr.html#index" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.fr.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LilyPond-command-index.fr.html#LilyPond-command-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>][<a href="index_abt.fr.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="General-input-and-output.fr.html#General-input-and-output" title="Next chapter"> General input and output >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Typesetting-Gregorian-chant" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < Typesetting Gregorian chant </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Typesetting-Gregorian-chant" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Typesetting Gregorian chant </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Gregorian-clefs" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> Gregorian clefs > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<a name="Gregorian-chant-contexts"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsubsec">Gregorian chant contexts</h4>
<a name="index-VaticanaVoiceContext"></a>
<a name="index-VaticanaStaffContext"></a>
<p>The predefined <code>VaticanaVoiceContext</code> and
<code>VaticanaStaffContext</code> can be used to engrave a piece of
Gregorian chant in the style of the Editio Vaticana. These contexts
initialize all relevant context properties and grob properties to
proper values, so you can immediately go ahead entering the chant, as
the following excerpt demonstrates:
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="verbatim">\include "gregorian.ly"
\score {
<<
\new VaticanaVoice = "cantus" {
\[ c'\melisma c' \flexa a \]
\[ a \flexa \deminutum g\melismaEnd \]
f \divisioMinima
\[ f\melisma \pes a c' c' \pes d'\melismaEnd \]
c' \divisioMinima \break
\[ c'\melisma c' \flexa a \]
\[ a \flexa \deminutum g\melismaEnd \] f \divisioMinima
}
\new Lyrics \lyricsto "cantus" {
San- ctus, San- ctus, San- ctus
}
>>
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../e8/lily-5a5fb7b4.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../e8/lily-5a5fb7b4.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
</blockquote>
<a name="See-also-40"></a>
<h4 class="subsubheading">See also</h4>
<p>TODO: nothing here yet ...
</p>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Gregorian-clefs"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="Specialist-notation.fr.html#Specialist-notation" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Specialist notation </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.fr.html#index" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.fr.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LilyPond-command-index.fr.html#LilyPond-command-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>][<a href="index_abt.fr.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="General-input-and-output.fr.html#General-input-and-output" title="Next chapter"> General input and output >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Gregorian-chant-contexts" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < Gregorian chant contexts </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Typesetting-Gregorian-chant" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Typesetting Gregorian chant </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Gregorian-accidentals-and-key-signatures" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> Gregorian accidentals and key signatures > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<a name="Gregorian-clefs"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsubsec">Gregorian clefs</h4>
<a name="index-clefs-1"></a>
<p>The following table shows all Gregorian clefs that are supported via
the <code>\clef</code> command. Some of the clefs use the same glyph,
but differ only with respect to the line they are printed on. In
such cases, a trailing number in the name is used to enumerate
these clefs, numbered from the lowest to the highest line. Still,
you can manually force a clef glyph to be typeset on an arbitrary
line, as described in <a href="Displaying-pitches.fr.html#Clef">Clef</a>. The note printed to the right
side of each clef in the example column denotes the <code>c'</code> with
respect to that clef.
</p>
<table>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><b>Description</b>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><b>Supported Clefs</b>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p><b>Example</b>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p>Editio Vaticana style do clef
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>vaticana-do1</code>, <code>vaticana-do2</code>,<br>
<code>vaticana-do3</code>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../8a/lily-8fb923fc.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../8a/lily-8fb923fc.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p>Editio Vaticana style fa clef
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>vaticana-fa1</code>, <code>vaticana-fa2</code>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../0f/lily-4ac2bc62.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../0f/lily-4ac2bc62.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p>Editio Medicaea style do clef
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>medicaea-do1</code>, <code>medicaea-do2</code>,<br>
<code>medicaea-do3</code>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../26/lily-eb36a23f.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../26/lily-eb36a23f.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p>Editio Medicaea style fa clef
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>medicaea-fa1</code>, <code>medicaea-fa2</code>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../0c/lily-5b2b18d0.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../0c/lily-5b2b18d0.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p>hufnagel style do clef
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>hufnagel-do1</code>, <code>hufnagel-do2</code>,<br>
<code>hufnagel-do3</code>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../de/lily-3eef16e1.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../de/lily-3eef16e1.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p>hufnagel style fa clef
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>hufnagel-fa1</code>, <code>hufnagel-fa2</code>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../06/lily-f00cc0ba.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../06/lily-f00cc0ba.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p>hufnagel style combined do/fa clef
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>hufnagel-do-fa</code>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../74/lily-7c187a88.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../74/lily-7c187a88.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td></tr>
</table>
<a name="See-also-84"></a>
<h4 class="subsubheading">See also</h4>
<p>Notation Reference: see <a href="Displaying-pitches.fr.html#Clef">Clef</a>.
</p>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Gregorian-accidentals-and-key-signatures"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="Specialist-notation.fr.html#Specialist-notation" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Specialist notation </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.fr.html#index" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.fr.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LilyPond-command-index.fr.html#LilyPond-command-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>][<a href="index_abt.fr.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="General-input-and-output.fr.html#General-input-and-output" title="Next chapter"> General input and output >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Gregorian-clefs" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < Gregorian clefs </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Typesetting-Gregorian-chant" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Typesetting Gregorian chant </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Divisiones" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> Divisiones > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<a name="Gregorian-accidentals-and-key-signatures"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsubsec">Gregorian accidentals and key signatures</h4>
<a name="index-accidentals-2"></a>
<a name="index-key-signature-3"></a>
<p>Accidentals for the three different Gregorian styles are available:
</p>
<blockquote><p>
<a href="../ef/lily-5ec2d760.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../ef/lily-5ec2d760.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
</blockquote>
<p>As shown, not all accidentals are supported by each style. When
trying to access an unsupported accidental, LilyPond will switch to a
different style.
</p>
<p>The style for accidentals and key signatures is controlled by the
<code>glyph-name-alist</code> property of the grobs <a name="index-Accidental-3"></a>
<a href="../lilypond-internals/Accidental.fr.html#Accidental">Accidental</a> and
<a name="index-KeySignature-3"></a>
<a href="../lilypond-internals/KeySignature.fr.html#KeySignature">KeySignature</a>, respectively; e.g.:
</p>
<p><code>\override Staff.Accidental #'glyph-name-alist =
#alteration-mensural-glyph-name-alist</code>
</p>
<a name="See-also-75"></a>
<h4 class="subsubheading">See also</h4>
<p>Notation Reference: <a href="Pitches.fr.html#Pitches">Pitches</a>, <a href="Writing-pitches.fr.html#Accidentals">Accidentals</a>, and
<a href="Displaying-pitches.fr.html#Automatic-accidentals">Automatic accidentals</a> give a general introduction of the use of
accidentals. <a href="Displaying-pitches.fr.html#Key-signature">Key signature</a> gives a general introduction of
the use of key signatures.
</p>
<p>Internals Reference: <a name="index-KeySignature-4"></a>
<a href="../lilypond-internals/KeySignature.fr.html#KeySignature">KeySignature</a>.
</p>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Divisiones"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="Specialist-notation.fr.html#Specialist-notation" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Specialist notation </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.fr.html#index" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.fr.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LilyPond-command-index.fr.html#LilyPond-command-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>][<a href="index_abt.fr.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="General-input-and-output.fr.html#General-input-and-output" title="Next chapter"> General input and output >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Gregorian-accidentals-and-key-signatures" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < Gregorian accidentals and key signatures </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Typesetting-Gregorian-chant" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Typesetting Gregorian chant </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Gregorian-articulation-signs" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> Gregorian articulation signs > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<a name="Divisiones"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsubsec">Divisiones</h4>
<a name="index-divisio"></a>
<a name="index-divisiones"></a>
<a name="index-finalis"></a>
<p>There are no rests in Gregorian chant notation; instead, it uses
<a href="#Divisiones">Divisiones</a>.
</p>
<p>A <em>divisio</em> (plural: <em>divisiones</em>; Latin word for
‘division’) is a staff context symbol that is used to indicate
the phrase and section structure of Gregorian music. The musical meaning of
<em>divisio minima</em>, <em>divisio maior</em>, and <em>divisio maxima</em>
can be characterized as short, medium, and long pause, somewhat like
the breathmarks from <a href="Curves.fr.html#Breath-marks">Breath marks</a>. The <em>finalis</em> sign not
only marks the end of a chant, but is also frequently used within a
single antiphonal/responsorial chant to mark the end of each section.
</p>
<p>To use divisiones, include the file ‘<tt>gregorian.ly</tt>’. It
contains definitions that you can apply by just inserting
<code>\divisioMinima</code>, <code>\divisioMaior</code>, <code>\divisioMaxima</code>,
and <code>\finalis</code> at proper places in the input. Some editions use
<em>virgula</em> or <em>caesura</em> instead of divisio minima.
Therefore, ‘<tt>gregorian.ly</tt>’ also defines <code>\virgula</code> and
<code>\caesura</code>
</p>
<blockquote><p>
<a href="../08/lily-187d9c85.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../08/lily-187d9c85.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
</blockquote>
<a name="Predefined-commands-39"></a>
<h4 class="subsubheading">Predefined commands</h4>
<a name="index-_005cvirgula"></a>
<a name="index-_005cvirgula-1"></a>
<p><code>\virgula</code>,
<a name="index-_005ccaesura"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccaesura-1"></a>
<code>\caesura</code>,
<a name="index-_005cdivisioMinima"></a>
<a name="index-_005cdivisioMinima-1"></a>
<code>\divisioMinima</code>,
<a name="index-_005cdivisioMaior"></a>
<a name="index-_005cdivisioMaior-1"></a>
<code>\divisioMaior</code>,
<a name="index-_005cdivisioMaxima"></a>
<a name="index-_005cdivisioMaxima-1"></a>
<code>\divisioMaxima</code>,
<a name="index-_005cfinalis"></a>
<a name="index-_005cfinalis-1"></a>
<code>\finalis</code>.
</p>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Gregorian-articulation-signs"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="Specialist-notation.fr.html#Specialist-notation" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Specialist notation </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.fr.html#index" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.fr.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LilyPond-command-index.fr.html#LilyPond-command-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>][<a href="index_abt.fr.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="General-input-and-output.fr.html#General-input-and-output" title="Next chapter"> General input and output >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Divisiones" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < Divisiones </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Typesetting-Gregorian-chant" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Typesetting Gregorian chant </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Augmentum-dots-_0028morae_0029" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> Augmentum dots (<em>morae</em>) > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<a name="Gregorian-articulation-signs"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsubsec">Gregorian articulation signs</h4>
<a name="index-articulations-1"></a>
<p>In addition to the standard articulation signs described in
section <a href="Attached-to-notes.fr.html#Articulations-and-ornamentations">Articulations and ornamentations</a>, articulation signs
specifically designed for use with notation in <em>Editio
Vaticana</em> style are provided.
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="verbatim">\include "gregorian.ly"
\score {
\new VaticanaVoice {
\override TextScript #'font-family = #'typewriter
\override TextScript #'font-shape = #'upright
\override Script #'padding = #-0.1
a\ictus_"ictus " \break
a\circulus_"circulus " \break
a\semicirculus_"semicirculus " \break
a\accentus_"accentus " \break
\[ a_"episema" \episemInitium \pes b \flexa a b \episemFinis \flexa a \]
}
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../1c/lily-2518fc97.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../1c/lily-2518fc97.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
</blockquote>
<a name="See-also-23"></a>
<h4 class="subsubheading">See also</h4>
<p>TODO: nothing here yet ...
</p>
<a name="Known-issues-and-warnings-26"></a>
<h4 class="subsubheading">Known issues and warnings</h4>
<p>Some articulations are vertically placed too closely to the
corresponding note heads.
</p>
<p>The episema line is not displayed in many cases. If it is displayed,
the right end of the episema line is often too far to the right.
</p>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Augmentum-dots-_0028morae_0029"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="Specialist-notation.fr.html#Specialist-notation" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Specialist notation </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.fr.html#index" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.fr.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LilyPond-command-index.fr.html#LilyPond-command-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>][<a href="index_abt.fr.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="General-input-and-output.fr.html#General-input-and-output" title="Next chapter"> General input and output >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Gregorian-articulation-signs" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < Gregorian articulation signs </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Typesetting-Gregorian-chant" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Typesetting Gregorian chant </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Gregorian-square-neume-ligatures" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> Gregorian square neume ligatures > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<a name="Augmentum-dots-_0028morae_0029"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsubsec">Augmentum dots (<em>morae</em>)</h4>
<p>Augmentum dots, also called <em>morae</em>, are added with the music
function <code>\augmentum</code>. Note that <code>\augmentum</code> is
implemented as a unary music function rather than as head prefix. It
applies to the immediately following music expression only. That is,
<code>\augmentum \virga c</code> will have no visible effect. Instead, say
<code>\virga \augmentum c</code> or <code>\augmentum {\virga c}</code>. Also
note that you can say <code>\augmentum {a g}</code> as a shortcut for
<code>\augmentum a \augmentum g</code>.
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="verbatim">\include "gregorian.ly"
\score {
\new VaticanaVoice {
\[ \augmentum a \flexa \augmentum g \]
\augmentum g
}
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../e8/lily-55c5211d.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../e8/lily-55c5211d.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
</blockquote>
<a name="See-also-115"></a>
<h4 class="subsubheading">See also</h4>
<p>Notation Reference: <a href="Curves.fr.html#Breath-marks">Breath marks</a>.
</p>
<p>Internals Reference: <a name="index-BreathingSign-1"></a>
<a href="../lilypond-internals/BreathingSign.fr.html#BreathingSign">BreathingSign</a>.
</p>
<p>Examples: <a href="../../../input/lsr/lilypond-snippets/Ancient-notation.html#Ancient-notation">Ancient notation</a>.
</p>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Gregorian-square-neume-ligatures"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="Specialist-notation.fr.html#Specialist-notation" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Specialist notation </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.fr.html#index" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.fr.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LilyPond-command-index.fr.html#LilyPond-command-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>][<a href="index_abt.fr.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="General-input-and-output.fr.html#General-input-and-output" title="Next chapter"> General input and output >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Augmentum-dots-_0028morae_0029" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < Augmentum dots (<em>morae</em>) </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Typesetting-Gregorian-chant" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Typesetting Gregorian chant </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="Working-with-ancient-music_002d_002dscenarios-and-solutions.fr.html#Working-with-ancient-music_002d_002dscenarios-and-solutions" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> Working with ancient music---scenarios and solutions > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<a name="Gregorian-square-neume-ligatures"></a>
<h4 class="unnumberedsubsubsec">Gregorian square neume ligatures</h4>
<a name="index-Square-neumes-ligatures"></a>
<a name="index-Gregorian-square-neumes-ligatures"></a>
<p>There is limited support for Gregorian square neumes notation
(following the style of the Editio Vaticana). Core ligatures can
already be typeset, but essential issues for serious typesetting are
still lacking, such as (among others) horizontal alignment of multiple
ligatures, lyrics alignment, and proper handling of accidentals.
</p>
<p>The support for Gregorian neumes is enabled by <code>\include</code>ing
"gregorian.ly" at the beginning of the file. This makes available
a number of extra commands to produce the neume symbols used in
plainchant notation.
</p>
<p>Note heads can be <em>modified</em> and/or <em>joined</em>.
</p>
<ul>
<li> The shape of
the note head can be modified by <em>prefixing</em> the note name
with any of the following commands:
<a name="index-_005cvirga"></a>
<a name="index-_005cvirga-1"></a>
<code>\virga</code>,
<a name="index-_005cstropha"></a>
<a name="index-_005cstropha-1"></a>
<code>\stropha</code>,
<a name="index-_005cinclinatum"></a>
<a name="index-_005cinclinatum-1"></a>
<code>\inclinatum</code>,
<a name="index-_005cauctum"></a>
<a name="index-_005cauctum-1"></a>
<code>\auctum</code>,
<a name="index-_005cdescendens"></a>
<a name="index-_005cdescendens-1"></a>
<code>\descendens</code>,
<a name="index-_005cascendens"></a>
<a name="index-_005cascendens-1"></a>
<code>\ascendens</code>,
<a name="index-_005coriscus"></a>
<a name="index-_005coriscus-1"></a>
<code>\oriscus</code>,
<a name="index-_005cquilisma"></a>
<a name="index-_005cquilisma-1"></a>
<code>\quilisma</code>,
<a name="index-_005cdeminutum"></a>
<a name="index-_005cdeminutum-1"></a>
<code>\deminutum</code>,
<a name="index-_005ccavum"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccavum-1"></a>
<code>\cavum</code>,
<a name="index-_005clinea"></a>
<a name="index-_005clinea-1"></a>
<code>\linea</code>.
</li><li> Ligatures, properly speaking (i.e. notes joined together), are
produced by placing one of the joining commands <code>\pes</code> or
<code>\flexa</code>, for upwards and downwards movement, respectively,
<em>between</em> the notes to be joined.
</li></ul>
<p>A note name without any qualifiers will produce a <em>punctum</em>.
All other neumes, including the single-note neumes with a
different shape such as the <em>virga</em>, are in principle
considered as ligatures and should therefore be placed
between <code>\[...\]</code>.
</p>
<p>Single-note neumes:
</p>
<ul>
<li> The <em>punctum</em> is the basic note shape (in the
<em>Vaticana</em> style: a square with some curvation for
typographical finesse). In addition to the regular
<em>punctum</em>, there is also the oblique <em>punctum
inclinatum</em>, produced with the prefix <code>\inclinatum</code>. The
regular <em>punctum</em> can be modified with <code>\cavum</code>, which
produces a hollow note, and <code>\linea</code>, which draws vertical
lines on either side of the note.
</li><li> The <em>virga</em> has a descending stem on the right side. It is
produced by the modifier <code>\virga</code>.
</li></ul>
<p>Ligatures
</p>
<p>Unlike most other neumes notation systems, the typographical
appearance of ligatures is not directly dictated by the input
commands, but follows certain conventions dependent on musical
meaning. For example, a three-note ligature with the musical shape
low-high-low, such as <code>\[ a \pes b \flexa g \]</code>, produces a
Torculus consisting of three Punctum heads, while the shape
high-low-high, such as <code>\[ a \flexa g \pes b \]</code>, produces a
Porrectus with a curved flexa shape and only a single Punctum
head. There is no command to explicitly typeset the curved flexa
shape; the decision of when to typeset a curved flexa shape is
based on the musical input. The idea of this approach is to
separate the musical aspects of the input from the notation style
of the output. This way, the same input can be reused to typeset
the same music in a different style of Gregorian chant notation.
</p>
<p>Liquescent neumes
</p>
<p>Another main category of notes in Gregorian chant is the so-called
liquescent neumes. They are used under certain circumstances at
the end of a syllable which ends in a ‘liquescent’ letter, i.e.
the sounding consonants that can hold a tone (the nasals, l, r, v,
j, and their diphtong equivalents). Thus, the liquescent neumes
are never used alone (although some of them can be produced), and
they always fall at the end of a ligature.
</p>
<p>Liquescent neumes are represented graphically in two different,
more or less interchangeable ways: with a smaller note or by
‘twisting’ the main note upwards or downwards. The first is
produced by making a regular <code>pes</code> or <code>flexa</code> and
modifying the shape of the second note: <code>\[ a \pes \deminutum
b \] </code>, the second by modifying the shape of a single-note neume
with <code>\auctum</code> and one of the direction markers
<code>\descendens</code> or <code>\ascendens</code>, e.g. <code> \[ \auctum
\descendens a \] </code>.
</p>
<p>Special signs
</p>
<p>A third category of signs is made up of a small number of signs
with a special meaning (which, incidentally, in most cases is only
vaguely known): the <em>quilisma</em>, the <em>oriscus</em>, and the
<em>strophicus</em>. These are all produced by prefixing a note name
with the corresponding modifier, <code>\quilisma</code>,
<code>\oriscus</code>, or <code>\stropha</code>.
</p>
<p>Virtually, within the ligature delimiters <code>\[</code> and <code>\]</code>,
any number of heads may be accumulated to form a single ligature,
and head prefixes like <code>\pes</code>, <code>\flexa</code>, <code>\virga</code>,
<code>\inclinatum</code>, etc. may be mixed in as desired. The use of
the set of rules that underlies the construction of the ligatures
in the above table is accordingly extrapolated. This way,
infinitely many different ligatures can be created.
</p>
<p>Note that the use of these signs in the music itself follows
certain rules, which are not checked by Lilypond. E.g., the
<em>quilisma</em> is always the middle note of an ascending
ligature, and usually falls on a half-tone step, but it is
perfectly possible, although incorrect, to make a single-note
quilisma.
</p>
<p>In addition to the note signs, gregorian.ly also defines the
commands <code>\versus</code>, <code>\responsum</code>, <code>\ij</code>,
<code>\iij</code>, <code>\IJ</code>, and <code>\IIJ</code>, that will produce the
corresponding characters, e.g. for use in lyrics, as section
markers, etc. These commands use special unicode characters and
will only work if a font is used which supports them.
</p>
<p>The following table shows a limited, but still representative pool
of Gregorian ligatures, together with the code fragments that
produce the ligatures. The table is based on the extended neumes
table of the 2nd volume of the Antiphonale Romanum (<em>Liber
Hymnarius</em>), published 1983 by the monks of Solesmes. The first
column gives the name of the ligature, with the main form in
boldface and the liquescent forms in italics. The third column
shows the code fragment that produces this ligature, using
<code>g</code>, <code>a</code>, and <code>b</code> as example pitches.
</p>
<p><b>Single-note neums</b>
</p>
<table>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><b>Basic</b> and <em>Liquescent</em> forms
</p></td><td width="20%"><p><b>Output</b>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><b>Lilypond<br>
code</b>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><b>Punctum</b>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../00/lily-b941099e.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../00/lily-b941099e.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../f9/lily-6373b615.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../f9/lily-6373b615.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ \cavum b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../f9/lily-0c082d81.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../f9/lily-0c082d81.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ \linea b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Punctum Auctum Ascendens</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../1c/lily-73ee5790.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../1c/lily-73ee5790.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ \auctum \ascendens b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Punctum Auctum Descendens</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../e7/lily-e4c57d74.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../e7/lily-e4c57d74.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ \auctum \descendens b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><b>Punctum inclinatum</b>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../38/lily-a454fb91.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../38/lily-a454fb91.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ \inclinatum b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Punctum Inclinatum Auctum</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../6c/lily-6d94b5b8.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../6c/lily-6d94b5b8.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ \inclinatum \auctum b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Punctum Inclinatum Parvum</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../14/lily-b0292f2a.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../14/lily-b0292f2a.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ \inclinatum \deminutum b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><b>Virga</b>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../36/lily-7eccf433.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../36/lily-7eccf433.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"></td></tr>
</table>
<p><b>Two-note ligatures</b>
</p>
<table>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><b>Clivis vel Flexa</b>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../1c/lily-cf3b5507.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../1c/lily-cf3b5507.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ b \flexa g \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Clivis Aucta Descendens</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../2c/lily-f487fb9c.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../2c/lily-f487fb9c.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ b \flexa \auctum \descendens g \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Clivis Aucta Ascendens</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../d7/lily-7460f9db.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../d7/lily-7460f9db.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ b \flexa \auctum \ascendens g \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Cephalicus</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../74/lily-ef3279bc.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../74/lily-ef3279bc.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ b \flexa \deminutum g \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><b>Podatus/Pes</b>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../d1/lily-c2387a4b.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../d1/lily-c2387a4b.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ g \pes b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Pes Auctus Descendens</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../5c/lily-0b430ceb.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../5c/lily-0b430ceb.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ g \pes \auctum \descendens b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Pes Auctus Ascendens</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../68/lily-2c546ca1.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../68/lily-2c546ca1.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ g \pes \auctum \ascendens b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Epiphonus</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../33/lily-97230658.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../33/lily-97230658.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ g \pes \deminutum b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Pes Initio Debilis</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../f6/lily-84f4599e.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../f6/lily-84f4599e.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ \deminutum g \pes b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Pes Auctus Descendens Initio Debilis</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../d2/lily-5c9cc398.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../d2/lily-5c9cc398.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ \deminutum g \pes \auctum \descendens b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><b>Multi-note ligatures</b>
</p>
<table>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><b>Torculus</b>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../da/lily-6258d880.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../da/lily-6258d880.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ a \pes b \flexa g \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Torculus Auctus Descendens</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../0d/lily-addc4e0c.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../0d/lily-addc4e0c.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ a \pes b \flexa \auctum \descendens g \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Torculus Deminutus</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../72/lily-4089dd66.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../72/lily-4089dd66.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ a \pes b \flexa \deminutum g \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Torculus Initio Debilis</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../67/lily-ece223e0.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../67/lily-ece223e0.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ \deminutum a \pes b \flexa g \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Torculus Auctus Descendens Initio Debilis</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../6b/lily-7372011f.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../6b/lily-7372011f.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ \deminutum a \pes b \flexa \auctum \descendens g \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Torculus Deminutus Initio Debilis</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../87/lily-b8581dc7.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../87/lily-b8581dc7.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ \deminutum a \pes b \flexa \deminutum g \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><b>Porrectus</b>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../7b/lily-5bd1a90e.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../7b/lily-5bd1a90e.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ a \flexa g \pes b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Porrectus Auctus Descendens</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../c8/lily-0957857c.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../c8/lily-0957857c.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ a \flexa g \pes \auctum \descendens b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Porrectus Deminutus</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../d7/lily-a809a943.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../d7/lily-a809a943.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ a \flexa g \pes \deminutum b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><b>Climacus</b>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../3a/lily-639981a0.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../3a/lily-639981a0.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ \virga b \inclinatum a \inclinatum g \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Climacus Auctus</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../24/lily-cf359095.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../24/lily-cf359095.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ \virga b \inclinatum a \inclinatum \auctum g \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Climacus Deminutus</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../f6/lily-b80241e7.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../f6/lily-b80241e7.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ \virga b \inclinatum a \inclinatum \deminutum g \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><b>Scandicus</b>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../a6/lily-ab814244.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../a6/lily-ab814244.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ g \pes a \virga b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Scandicus Auctus Descendens</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../55/lily-5712e462.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../55/lily-5712e462.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ g \pes a \pes \auctum \descendens b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Scandicus Deminutus</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../45/lily-8e93524e.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../45/lily-8e93524e.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ g \pes a \pes \deminutum b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><b>Special Signs</b>
</p>
<table>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><b>Quilisma</b>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../af/lily-4516d506.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../af/lily-4516d506.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ g \pes \quilisma a \pes b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Quilisma Pes Auctus Descendens</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../86/lily-fe16449c.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../86/lily-fe16449c.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ \quilisma g \pes \auctum \descendens b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><b>Oriscus</b>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../7f/lily-5a370f4e.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../7f/lily-5a370f4e.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ \oriscus b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Pes Quassus</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../90/lily-498464a7.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../90/lily-498464a7.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ \oriscus g \pes \virga b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Pes Quassus Auctus Descendens</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../de/lily-e316dbde.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../de/lily-e316dbde.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ \oriscus g \pes \auctum \descendens b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><b>Salicus</b>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../5c/lily-edd10ed2.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../5c/lily-edd10ed2.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ g \oriscus a \pes \virga b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Salicus Auctus Descendens</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../1e/lily-53fd6269.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../1e/lily-53fd6269.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ g \oriscus a \pes \auctum \descendens b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><b>(Apo)stropha</b>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../1e/lily-7b9b3dee.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../1e/lily-7b9b3dee.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ \stropha b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Stropha Aucta</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../94/lily-47d25d47.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../94/lily-47d25d47.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ \stropha \auctum b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><b>Bistropha</b>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../56/lily-b43de071.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../56/lily-b43de071.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ \stropha b \stropha b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><b>Tristropha</b>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../e4/lily-a5e3a114.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../e4/lily-a5e3a114.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ \stropha b \stropha b \stropha b \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td width="40%"><p><em>Trigonus</em>
</p></td><td width="20%"><p>
<a href="../0d/lily-31762f6d.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../0d/lily-31762f6d.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p></td><td width="40%"><p><code>\[ \stropha b \stropha b \stropha a \]</code>
</p></td></tr>
</table>
<a name="Predefined-commands-9"></a>
<h4 class="subsubheading">Predefined commands</h4>
<p>The following head prefixes are supported:
<a name="index-_005cvirga-2"></a>
<a name="index-_005cvirga-3"></a>
<code>\virga</code>,
<a name="index-_005cstropha-2"></a>
<a name="index-_005cstropha-3"></a>
<code>\stropha</code>,
<a name="index-_005cinclinatum-2"></a>
<a name="index-_005cinclinatum-3"></a>
<code>\inclinatum</code>,
<a name="index-_005cauctum-2"></a>
<a name="index-_005cauctum-3"></a>
<code>\auctum</code>,
<a name="index-_005cdescendens-2"></a>
<a name="index-_005cdescendens-3"></a>
<code>\descendens</code>,
<a name="index-_005cascendens-2"></a>
<a name="index-_005cascendens-3"></a>
<code>\ascendens</code>,
<a name="index-_005coriscus-2"></a>
<a name="index-_005coriscus-3"></a>
<code>\oriscus</code>,
<a name="index-_005cquilisma-2"></a>
<a name="index-_005cquilisma-3"></a>
<code>\quilisma</code>,
<a name="index-_005cdeminutum-2"></a>
<a name="index-_005cdeminutum-3"></a>
<code>\deminutum</code>,
<a name="index-_005ccavum-2"></a>
<a name="index-_005ccavum-3"></a>
<code>\cavum</code>,
<a name="index-_005clinea-2"></a>
<a name="index-_005clinea-3"></a>
<code>\linea</code>.
</p>
<p>Head prefixes can be accumulated, though restrictions apply. For
example, either <code>\descendens</code> or <code>\ascendens</code> can be applied
to a head, but not both to the same head.
</p>
<a name="index-_005cpes"></a>
<a name="index-_005cpes-1"></a>
<a name="index-_005cflexa"></a>
<a name="index-_005cflexa-1"></a>
<p>Two adjacent heads can be tied together with the <code>\pes</code> and
<code>\flexa</code> infix commands for a rising and falling line of melody,
respectively.
</p>
<a name="index-_005caugmentum"></a>
<a name="index-_005caugmentum-1"></a>
<p>Use the unary music function <code>\augmentum</code> to add augmentum dots.
</p>
<a name="See-also-77"></a>
<h4 class="subsubheading">See also</h4>
<p>TODO: nothing here yet ...
</p>
<a name="Known-issues-and-warnings-4"></a>
<h4 class="subsubheading">Known issues and warnings</h4>
<p>When an <code>\augmentum</code> dot appears at the end of the last staff
within a ligature, it is sometimes vertically placed wrong. As a
workaround, add an additional skip note (e.g. <code>s8</code>) as last note
of the staff.
</p>
<p><code>\augmentum</code> should be implemented as a head prefix rather than a
unary music function, such that <code>\augmentum</code> can be intermixed
with head prefixes in arbitrary order.
</p>
<hr size="6">
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<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="Specialist-notation.fr.html#Specialist-notation" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Specialist notation </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.fr.html#index" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.fr.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LilyPond-command-index.fr.html#LilyPond-command-index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>][<a href="index_abt.fr.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="General-input-and-output.fr.html#General-input-and-output" title="Next chapter"> General input and output >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Augmentum-dots-_0028morae_0029" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < Augmentum dots (<em>morae</em>) </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Typesetting-Gregorian-chant" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Typesetting Gregorian chant </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="Working-with-ancient-music_002d_002dscenarios-and-solutions.fr.html#Working-with-ancient-music_002d_002dscenarios-and-solutions" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> Working with ancient music---scenarios and solutions > </a>]</td></tr></table>
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<p class="toc_uplink"><a href="../index.fr.html"
title="Documentation Index"><< Back to Documentation Index</a></p>
<h4 class="toc_header"> <a href="index.fr.html#index" title="Start of the manual">Notation Reference</a></h4>
<div class="contents">
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Musical-notation-1" href="Musical-notation.fr.html#Musical-notation">1. Musical notation</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Pitches-1" href="Pitches.fr.html#Pitches">1.1 Pitches</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Rhythms-1" href="Rhythms.fr.html#Rhythms">1.2 Rhythms</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Expressive-marks-1" href="Expressive-marks.fr.html#Expressive-marks">1.3 Expressive marks</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Repeats-1" href="Repeats.fr.html#Repeats">1.4 Repeats</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Simultaneous-notes-1" href="Simultaneous-notes.fr.html#Simultaneous-notes">1.5 Simultaneous notes</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Staff-notation-1" href="Staff-notation.fr.html#Staff-notation">1.6 Staff notation</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Editorial-annotations-1" href="Editorial-annotations.fr.html#Editorial-annotations">1.7 Editorial annotations</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Text-1" href="Text.fr.html#Text">1.8 Text</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Specialist-notation-1" href="Specialist-notation.fr.html#Specialist-notation">2. Specialist notation</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Vocal-music-1" href="Vocal-music.fr.html#Vocal-music">2.1 Vocal music</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Keyboard-and-other-multi_002dstaff-instruments-1" href="Keyboard-and-other-multi_002dstaff-instruments.fr.html#Keyboard-and-other-multi_002dstaff-instruments">2.2 Keyboard and other multi-staff instruments</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Unfretted-string-instruments-1" href="Unfretted-string-instruments.fr.html#Unfretted-string-instruments">2.3 Unfretted string instruments</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Fretted-string-instruments-1" href="Fretted-string-instruments.fr.html#Fretted-string-instruments">2.4 Fretted string instruments</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Percussion-1" href="Percussion.fr.html#Percussion">2.5 Percussion</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Wind-instruments-1" href="Wind-instruments.fr.html#Wind-instruments">2.6 Wind instruments</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Chord-notation-1" href="Chord-notation.fr.html#Chord-notation">2.7 Chord notation</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Ancient-notation-1" href="Ancient-notation.fr.html#Ancient-notation">2.8 Ancient notation</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Overview-of-the-supported-styles-1" href="Overview-of-the-supported-styles.fr.html#Overview-of-the-supported-styles">2.8.1 Overview of the supported styles</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Ancient-notation_002d_002d_002dcommon-features-1" href="Ancient-notation_002d_002dcommon-features.fr.html#Ancient-notation_002d_002dcommon-features">2.8.2 Ancient notation—common features</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Typesetting-mensural-music-1" href="Typesetting-mensural-music.fr.html#Typesetting-mensural-music">2.8.3 Typesetting mensural music</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Typesetting-Gregorian-chant-1" href="Typesetting-Gregorian-chant.fr.html#Typesetting-Gregorian-chant">2.8.4 Typesetting Gregorian chant</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Gregorian-chant-contexts-1" href="Typesetting-Gregorian-chant.fr.html#Gregorian-chant-contexts">Gregorian chant contexts</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Gregorian-clefs-1" href="Typesetting-Gregorian-chant.fr.html#Gregorian-clefs">Gregorian clefs</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Gregorian-accidentals-and-key-signatures-1" href="Typesetting-Gregorian-chant.fr.html#Gregorian-accidentals-and-key-signatures">Gregorian accidentals and key signatures</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Divisiones-1" href="Typesetting-Gregorian-chant.fr.html#Divisiones">Divisiones</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Gregorian-articulation-signs-1" href="Typesetting-Gregorian-chant.fr.html#Gregorian-articulation-signs">Gregorian articulation signs</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Augmentum-dots-_0028morae_0029-1" href="Typesetting-Gregorian-chant.fr.html#Augmentum-dots-_0028morae_0029">Augmentum dots (<em>morae</em>)</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Gregorian-square-neume-ligatures-1" href="Typesetting-Gregorian-chant.fr.html#Gregorian-square-neume-ligatures">Gregorian square neume ligatures</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Working-with-ancient-music_002d_002d_002dscenarios-and-solutions-1" href="Working-with-ancient-music_002d_002dscenarios-and-solutions.fr.html#Working-with-ancient-music_002d_002dscenarios-and-solutions">2.8.5 Working with ancient music—scenarios and solutions</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-World-music-1" href="World-music.fr.html#World-music">2.9 World music</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-General-input-and-output-1" href="General-input-and-output.fr.html#General-input-and-output">3. General input and output</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Input-structure-1" href="Input-structure.fr.html#Input-structure">3.1 Input structure</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Titles-and-headers-1" href="Titles-and-headers.fr.html#Titles-and-headers">3.2 Titles and headers</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Working-with-input-files-1" href="Working-with-input-files.fr.html#Working-with-input-files">3.3 Working with input files</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Controlling-output-1" href="Controlling-output.fr.html#Controlling-output">3.4 Controlling output</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-MIDI-output-1" href="MIDI-output.fr.html#MIDI-output">3.5 MIDI output</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Spacing-issues-1" href="Spacing-issues.fr.html#Spacing-issues">4. Spacing issues</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Paper-and-pages-1" href="Paper-and-pages.fr.html#Paper-and-pages">4.1 Paper and pages</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Music-layout-1" href="Music-layout.fr.html#Music-layout">4.2 Music layout</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Breaks-1" href="Breaks.fr.html#Breaks">4.3 Breaks</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Vertical-spacing-1" href="Vertical-spacing.fr.html#Vertical-spacing">4.4 Vertical spacing</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Horizontal-spacing-1" href="Horizontal-spacing.fr.html#Horizontal-spacing">4.5 Horizontal spacing</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Fitting-music-onto-fewer-pages-1" href="Fitting-music-onto-fewer-pages.fr.html#Fitting-music-onto-fewer-pages">4.6 Fitting music onto fewer pages</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-defaults-1" href="Changing-defaults.fr.html#Changing-defaults">5. Changing defaults</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Interpretation-contexts-1" href="Interpretation-contexts.fr.html#Interpretation-contexts">5.1 Interpretation contexts</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Explaining-the-Internals-Reference-1" href="Explaining-the-Internals-Reference.fr.html#Explaining-the-Internals-Reference">5.2 Explaining the Internals Reference</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Modifying-properties-1" href="Modifying-properties.fr.html#Modifying-properties">5.3 Modifying properties</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Useful-concepts-and-properties-1" href="Useful-concepts-and-properties.fr.html#Useful-concepts-and-properties">5.4 Useful concepts and properties</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Advanced-tweaks-1" href="Advanced-tweaks.fr.html#Advanced-tweaks">5.5 Advanced tweaks</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Interfaces-for-programmers-1" href="Interfaces-for-programmers.fr.html#Interfaces-for-programmers">6. Interfaces for programmers</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Music-functions-1" href="Music-functions.fr.html#Music-functions">6.1 Music functions</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Programmer-interfaces-1" href="Programmer-interfaces.fr.html#Programmer-interfaces">6.2 Programmer interfaces</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Building-complicated-functions-1" href="Building-complicated-functions.fr.html#Building-complicated-functions">6.3 Building complicated functions</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Markup-programmer-interface-1" href="Markup-programmer-interface.fr.html#Markup-programmer-interface">6.4 Markup programmer interface</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Contexts-for-programmers-1" href="Contexts-for-programmers.fr.html#Contexts-for-programmers">6.5 Contexts for programmers</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Scheme-procedures-as-properties-1" href="Scheme-procedures-as-properties.fr.html#Scheme-procedures-as-properties">6.6 Scheme procedures as properties</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Using-Scheme-code-instead-of-_005ctweak-1" href="Using-Scheme-code-instead-of-_005ctweak.fr.html#Using-Scheme-code-instead-of-_005ctweak">6.7 Using Scheme code instead of <code>\tweak</code></a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Difficult-tweaks-1" href="Difficult-tweaks.fr.html#Difficult-tweaks">6.8 Difficult tweaks</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Literature-list-1" href="Literature-list.fr.html#Literature-list">A. Literature list</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Notation-manual-tables-1" href="Notation-manual-tables.fr.html#Notation-manual-tables">B. Notation manual tables</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Chord-name-chart-1" href="Chord-name-chart.fr.html#Chord-name-chart">B.1 Chord name chart</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Common-chord-modifiers-1" href="Common-chord-modifiers.fr.html#Common-chord-modifiers">B.2 Common chord modifiers</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Predefined-fretboard-diagrams-1" href="Predefined-fretboard-diagrams.fr.html#Predefined-fretboard-diagrams">B.3 Predefined fretboard diagrams</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-MIDI-instruments-1" href="MIDI-instruments.fr.html#MIDI-instruments">B.4 MIDI instruments</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-List-of-colors-1" href="List-of-colors.fr.html#List-of-colors">B.5 List of colors</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-The-Feta-font-1" href="The-Feta-font.fr.html#The-Feta-font">B.6 The Feta font</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Note-head-styles-1" href="Note-head-styles.fr.html#Note-head-styles">B.7 Note head styles</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Text-markup-commands-1" href="Text-markup-commands.fr.html#Text-markup-commands">B.8 Text markup commands</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Text-markup-list-commands-1" href="Text-markup-list-commands.fr.html#Text-markup-list-commands">B.9 Text markup list commands</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-List-of-articulations-1" href="List-of-articulations.fr.html#List-of-articulations">B.10 List of articulations</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Percussion-notes-1" href="Percussion-notes.fr.html#Percussion-notes">B.11 Percussion notes</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-All-context-properties-1" href="All-context-properties.fr.html#All-context-properties">B.12 All context properties</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Layout-properties-1" href="Layout-properties.fr.html#Layout-properties">B.13 Layout properties</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Identifiers-1" href="Identifiers.fr.html#Identifiers">B.14 Identifiers</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Scheme-functions-1" href="Scheme-functions.fr.html#Scheme-functions">B.15 Scheme functions</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Cheat-sheet-1" href="Cheat-sheet.fr.html#Cheat-sheet">C. Cheat sheet</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-LilyPond-grammar-1" href="LilyPond-grammar.fr.html#LilyPond-grammar">D. LilyPond grammar</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1" href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.fr.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">E. GNU Free Documentation License</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-LilyPond-command-index-1" href="LilyPond-command-index.fr.html#LilyPond-command-index">F. LilyPond command index</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-LilyPond-index-1" href="LilyPond-index.fr.html#LilyPond-index">G. LilyPond index</a> </li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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