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    <h1>8. SQL Reference</h1>
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    <h2>8.7. Literals, Brace Escapes</h2>
			
				<a name="strings" />
    <h3>8.7.1. Strings</h3>
				<p>
String literals are delimited with single quotes.  A double single
quote is an escape notation for a single quote character inside a
string literal.  Additionally, standard C language escapes are supported.
Support of C escapes can be turned off for compatibility with other SQL databases
by using the SQL_NO_CHAR_C_ESCAPE option in the configuration file or as an
ODBC connection option.
</p>
				<div>
      <pre class="screen">
Literal			meaning
&#39;&#39;			&lt;empty&gt;
&#39;&#39;&#39;&#39;			&#39;
&#39;&#39;&#39;&#39;&#39;&#39;			&#39;&#39;
&#39;\t\r\n\\&#39;		tab, carriage return, newline, backslash
&#39;\012&#39;			Character 012 octal, i.e. newline
</pre>
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    <h3>8.7.2. Numbers</h3>
				<p>
An integer constant consist of an optional minus sign followed by
decimal digits.  Integer literals are of the C type long, 32 bit.
</p>
				<p>
Numeric literals with a decimal point literal are internally of the DECIMAL SQL type, a variable
length decimal floating point type.
The Following are examples of decimal literals:
</p>
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      <pre class="screen">
123.456
-16.0
</pre>
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				<p>
Numeric literals which specify an exponent, e.g. 1.2e11 or
2e-3 are read as C doubles, (64 bit IEEE binary floating point). This
is potentially less precise than the DECIMAL SQL type.
</p>
				<p>
Integer literals outside of the 32-bit range are interpreted as DECIMAL.
</p>
			<br />
			
				<a name="odbcbraceesc" />
    <h3>8.7.3. ODBC Brace Escapes</h3>
				<p>
The Virtuoso SQL parser supports the following ODBC brace escape notations:
</p>
				<div>
      <pre class="screen">
{fn function (argument, ..) }		fm (arguments .)
call procedure a1, ... }

{d &#39;yyyy.mm.dd&#39;}

{t &#39;hh:mm.ss&#39; }

{ts &#39;yyyy.mm.dd hh:mm.s fraction&#39; }

{oj  }		-- outer join
</pre>
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			<br />

  <a name="sqlrefhexliterals" />
    <h3>8.7.4. Hexadecimal Literals</h3>

   <p>Hexadecimal values can be specified literally in two ways, prefixing the
   plain value with &#39;0x&#39; or enclosed with single quotes prefixed with &#39;X&#39;.  The
   case is not important.  Hex characters should always be pairs, representing
   a single byte, and should be at least on pair.  Here are some examples:</p>

<div>
      <pre class="programlisting">
X&#39;beef&#39;   - valid
0xbeef    - valid

X&#39;abeef&#39;  - not valid
X&#39;0abeef&#39; - valid
X&#39;&#39;   - not valid
</pre>
    </div>

<p>
      <span class="computeroutput">X&#39;&lt;value&gt;&#39;</span> is equivalent
to <span class="computeroutput">0x&lt;value&gt;</span>
    </p>

  <br />

  <a name="sqlrefbinliterals" />
    <h3>8.7.5. Binary Literals</h3>

  <p>Binary strings can be specified as literals prefixed with &#39;B&#39; and
  enclosed with single quotes.  The string should not be empty and should
  contain only 1&#39;s or 0&#39;s.  Binary strings are read from the end to beginning
  forming bytes on each 8-th bit:</p>

<div>
      <pre class="programlisting">
B&#39;1&#39;    = 0x01
B&#39;1111&#39;   = 0x0F
B&#39;111111111&#39;  = 0x01FF
B&#39;100000001&#39;  = 0x0101
B&#39;&#39;, X&#39;&#39; and 0x return binary literals.
</pre>
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