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    <h1>9. SQL Procedure Language Guide</h1>
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   <div class="abstract">
      <h2>Abstract</h2>
      <p>Stored procedures are a key component of database performance.  The fewer
messages are sent between the client and the server for a given transaction,
the faster it will complete.</p>
      <p>Virtuoso/PL is a simple and straightforward language for writing stored
procedures and triggers in Virtuoso.  Its syntax is a combination of SQL and
C, making learning it as easy as possible. It offers the features commonly
found in database procedure languages in a simple, efficient and concise
package. This document presents the primary concepts of the language and
ends with a reference section.</p>
   </div>
    <h2>Table of Contents</h2>
   <div class="minitoc">
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="GENERALPRINCIPLES.html">9.1. General Principles</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="SCOPEOFDECLARATION.html">9.2. Scope of Declarations</a>
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        <a class="sect1" href="sqlplDATATYPES.html">9.3. Data Types</a>
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        <a class="sect1" href="RESULTSETS.html">9.4. Handling Result Sets</a>
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        <a class="sect1" href="ARRAYS.html">9.5. Result Sets and Array Parameters</a>
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        <a class="sect1" href="EXCEPTIONS.html">9.6. Exception Semantics</a>
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        <a class="sect1" href="PLREF.html">9.7. Virtuoso/PL Syntax</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="PLREF.html#createprocstmt">9.7.1. Create Procedure Statement</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="PLREF.html#grantprocstmt">9.7.2. Grand Execute Statement</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="PLREF.html#spasviewsandtablespl">9.7.3. Stored Procedures as Views &amp; Derived Tables</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="PLREF.html#kwds">9.7.4. Keyword and Optional Procedure Arguments</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="PLREF.html#whilestmt">9.7.5. if, while, for, foreach statements</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="PLREF.html#compoundstmts">9.7.6. compound statement</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="PLREF.html#gotortnstmts">9.7.7. goto, return statements</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="PLREF.html#wheneverstmt">9.7.8. whenever statement</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="PLREF.html#callassignstmt">9.7.9. call, assignment statements</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="PLREF.html#openfetchetcintostmts">9.7.10. open, fetch, close, select ... into statements</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="PLREF.html#forstmt">9.7.11. FOR Select Statement</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="PLREF.html#setstmt">9.7.12. SET statement</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="PLREF.html#settriggers">9.7.13. SET Triggers</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="EXECSQLPROCSELECT.html">9.8. Execute Stored Procedures via SELECT statement</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="EXECSQLPROCFORK.html">9.9. Execute Stored Procedures In Background</a>
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        <a class="sect1" href="createassembly.html">9.10. CREATE ASSEMBLY Syntax - External Libraries</a>
    </div>
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        <a class="sect1" href="createexthostproc.html">9.11. CREATE PROCEDURE Syntax - External hosted procedures</a>
    </div>
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        <a class="sect1" href="ASYNCEXECMULTITHREAD.html">9.12. Asynchronous Execution and Multithreading in Virtuoso/PL</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="ASYNCEXECMULTITHREAD.html#synchronization">9.12.1. Synchronization</a>
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        <a class="sect1" href="PERFTIPS.html">9.13. Performance Tips</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="PERFTIPS.html#remember">9.13.1. Remember the following:</a>
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        <a class="sect1" href="PROCEDURES_TRANSACTIONS.html">9.14. Procedures and Transactions</a>
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        <a class="sect1" href="twopcimplementation.html">9.15. Distributed Transaction &amp; Two Phase Commit</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="twopcimplementation.html#twopc_send">9.15.1. Initiating Distributed Transactions</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="twopcimplementation.html#twopc_resp">9.15.2. Responding to Distributed Transactions</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="twopcimplementation.html#twopc_recovery">9.15.3. 2PC Log &amp; Recovery</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="twopcimplementation.html#twopc_errors">9.15.4. Error Codes</a>
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        <a class="sect1" href="TRIGGERS.html">9.16. Triggers</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="TRIGGERS.html#createtrigger">9.16.1. The CREATE TRIGGER statement</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="TRIGGERS.html#triggers_on_views">9.16.2. Triggers on Views</a>
    </div>
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        <a class="sect2" href="TRIGGERS.html#droptrigger">9.16.3. The DROP TRIGGER statement</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="TRIGGERS.html#triggers_vdb">9.16.4. Triggers and Virtual Database</a>
    </div>
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        <a class="sect1" href="charescaping.html">9.17. Character Escaping</a>
    </div>
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        <a class="sect2" href="charescaping.html#backslashstmt">9.17.1. Statement Level</a>
    </div>
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        <a class="sect2" href="charescaping.html#backslashconlevel">9.17.2. Connection Level</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="charescaping.html#backslashserver">9.17.3. Server Default</a>
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        <a class="sect1" href="PLSCROLLCRSRS.html">9.18. Virtuoso/PL Scrollable Cursors</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="PLSCROLLCRSRS.html#PLSCROLLDECLARE">9.18.1. Declaring a Scrollable Cursor</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="PLSCROLLCRSRS.html#PLSCROLLOPEN">9.18.2. Opening a Scrollable Cursor</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="PLSCROLLCRSRS.html#PLSCROLLFETCH">9.18.3. Fetching Data From a Scrollable Cursor</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="PLSCROLLCRSRS.html#PLSCROLLEXAMPLES">9.18.4. Virtuoso/PL Scrollable Cursor Examples</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="PLSCROLLCRSRS.html#PLFORWARDONLYCR">9.18.5. FORWARD-ONLY (traditional cursor statement) Example</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="PLSCROLLCRSRS.html#PLDYNAMICCR">9.18.6. DYNAMIC (traditional cursor statement) Example</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="PLSCROLLCRSRS.html#PLKEYSETCR">9.18.7. KEYSET (traditional cursor statement) Example</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="plmodules.html">9.19. Virtuoso PL Modules</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="plmodules.html#plmodsyntax">9.19.1. Syntax</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="plmodules.html#plmodsecurity">9.19.2. Security</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="handlingplcondit.html">9.20. Handling Conditions In Virtuoso/PL Procedures</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="handlingplcondit.html#declarecondit">9.20.1. Declaring Condition Handlers</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="handlingplcondit.html#stacktracesql">9.20.2. Stack Trace Reporting On Sql Error Generation</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="pldebugger.html">9.21. Procedure Language Debugger</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="pldebugger.html#pldbgplcoverage">9.21.1. Branch Coverage</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="pldebugger.html#pldcovfunctions">9.21.2. Coverage Functions</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="rowlevelsecurity.html">9.22. Row Level Security</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="rowlevelsecurity.html#pldrlsfunctions">9.22.1. Row Level Security Functions</a>
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