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    <h1>8. SQL Reference</h1>
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      <h2>Abstract</h2>
      <p>SQL Reference.</p>
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    <h2>Table of Contents</h2>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="sqlrefDATATYPES.html">8.1. Datatypes</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="sqlrefDATATYPES.html#dt_dateliterals">8.1.1. Date Literals</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="sqlrefDATATYPES.html#dtcasting">8.1.2. Casting</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="sqlrefDATATYPES.html#sqldatemanus">8.1.3. Time &amp; Date Manipulation</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="sqlrefDATATYPES.html#deccolexp">8.1.4. Declaring Collations of Expressions</a>
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        <a class="sect1" href="udt.html">8.2. User Defined Types</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="udt.html#udtcreatetypestmt">8.2.1. CREATE TYPE Statement</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="udt.html#udtaltertypestmt">8.2.2. ALTER TYPE Statement</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="udt.html#udtdroptypestmt">8.2.3. DROP TYPE Statement</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="udt.html#udtcreatemethodstmt">8.2.4. CREATE METHOD Statement</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="udt.html#udttypeinstances">8.2.5. Type Instances</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="udt.html#udtinstancerefs">8.2.6. Instance References</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="udt.html#udtnewop">8.2.7. NEW Operator</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="udt.html#udtfindingmethods">8.2.8. Finding Methods - Method Signatures Generation &amp; Comparison</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="udt.html#udtgetsetmembervals">8.2.9. Getting &amp; Setting Member Values of Type Instances (member observers &amp; mutators)</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="udt.html#udtstaticmethods">8.2.10. Calling Static Methods</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="udt.html#udtcallinstmethod">8.2.11. Calling Instance Methods</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="udt.html#udtserilizingtypeinst">8.2.12. Serializing &amp; Deserializing Type Instances</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="udt.html#udtutilfuncs">8.2.13. User Defined Types Utility Functions</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="udt.html#udthostedforiegnobjects">8.2.14. Hosted Foreign Objects in Virtuoso</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="udt.html#udtrepressentsoapstruct">8.2.15. Using User Defined Types to Represent SOAP Structures</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="udt.html#udtcnsmsoap">8.2.16. Consuming Third-Party SOAP Services via User Defined Types</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="udt.html#udtsecurity">8.2.17. UDT Security</a>
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        <a class="sect1" href="sqlrefxmldatatype.html">8.3. XML Column Type</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="catidentifiers.html">8.4. Identifier Case &amp; Quoting</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="wideidentifiers.html">8.5. Wide Character Identifiers</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="wideidentifiers.html#utf8notes4odbc">8.5.1. UTF-8 Implementation Notes For ODBC</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="wideidentifiers.html#utf8notes4jdbc">8.5.2. UTF-8 Implementation Notes In JDBC</a>
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        <a class="sect1" href="QUALIFIEDNAMES.html">8.6. Qualified Names</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="QUALIFIEDNAMES.html#qual_owners">8.6.1. Qualifiers and Owners</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="QUALIFIEDNAMES.html#defaultqualifiers">8.6.2. Default Qualifiers</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="QUALIFIEDNAMES.html#userstmtid">8.6.3. USE Statement, USE identifier</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="litsbraceescs.html">8.7. Literals, Brace Escapes</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="litsbraceescs.html#strings">8.7.1. Strings</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="litsbraceescs.html#numbers">8.7.2. Numbers</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="litsbraceescs.html#odbcbraceesc">8.7.3. ODBC Brace Escapes</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="litsbraceescs.html#sqlrefhexliterals">8.7.4. Hexadecimal Literals</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="litsbraceescs.html#sqlrefbinliterals">8.7.5. Binary Literals</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="CREATETABLE.html">8.8. CREATE TABLE Statement</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="CREATETABLE.html#syntax">8.8.1. Syntax</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="CREATETABLE.html#consnotnull">8.8.2. NOT NULL</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="CREATETABLE.html#identity">8.8.3. IDENTITY (Auto Increment)</a>
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        <a class="sect2" href="CREATETABLE.html#default">8.8.4. DEFAULT</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="CREATETABLE.html#pkeycons">8.8.5. PRIMARY KEY Constraint</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="CREATETABLE.html#under">8.8.6. UNDER</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="CREATETABLE.html#fkeys">8.8.7. FOREIGN KEY Constraint</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="CREATETABLE.html#sqlrefcreattablecheck">8.8.8. The CHECK Constraint</a>
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    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="CREATETABLE.html#sqlrefcreattablewithschema">8.8.9. The WITH SCHEMA Constraint</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="DROPTABLE.html">8.9. DROP TABLE Statement</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="CREATEINDEX.html">8.10. CREATE INDEX Statement</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="DROPINDEX.html">8.11. DROP INDEX Statement</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="ALTERTABLE.html">8.12. ALTER TABLE Statement</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="ALTERTABLE.html#sqlrefalttabcheck">8.12.1. Adding a CHECK Constraint</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="CREATEVIEW.html">8.13. CREATE VIEW Statement</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="CREATEXMLSCHEMA.html">8.14. CREATE XML SCHEMA Statement</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="DROPXMLSCHEMA.html">8.15. DROP XML SCHEMA Statement</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="sequenceobjects.html">8.16. Sequence Objects</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="insertSTMT.html">8.17. INSERT Statement</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="insertSTMT.html#insertsoft">8.17.1. INSERT SOFT</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="insertSTMT.html#insertreplacing">8.17.2. INSERT REPLACING</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="updatestmt.html">8.18. UPDATE Statement</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="SELECTSTMT.html">8.19. SELECT Statement</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="SELECTSTMT.html#selectsyntax">8.19.1. Syntax</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="SELECTSTMT.html#descrip">8.19.2. Description</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="SELECTSTMT.html#ASDEC">8.19.3. Column Aliasing - AS Declaration</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="SELECTSTMT.html#joinexamples">8.19.4. Join examples</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="SELECTSTMT.html#ordergrping">8.19.5. Ordering and Grouping</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="SELECTSTMT.html#derivedtables">8.19.6. Derived Tables</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="SELECTSTMT.html#qryexpressions">8.19.7. Query Expressions</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="SELECTSTMT.html#LikePredicate">8.19.8. LIKE Predicate &amp; Search Patterns</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="SELECTSTMT.html#topselectoption">8.19.9. The TOP SELECT Option</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="SELECTSTMT.html#caseandco">8.19.10. CASE, NULLIF, COALESCE, CAST Value Expressions</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="SELECTSTMT.html#selbreackup">8.19.11. SELECT BREAKUP</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="COMMIT_ROLLBACK.html">8.20. COMMIT WORK, ROLLBACK WORK Statement</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="CHECKPOINT.html">8.21. CHECKPOINT, SHUTDOWN Statement</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="CHECKPOINT.html#checkpointparams">8.21.1. Checkpoint &amp; Page Remapping</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="spasviewsandtables.html">8.22. Stored Procedures as Views &amp; Derived Tables</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="spasviewsandtables.html#proctabparams">8.22.1. Procedure Table Parameters</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="spasviewsandtables.html#proctabressets">8.22.2. Procedure Table Result Sets</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="spasviewsandtables.html#proctabsecurity">8.22.3. Procedure Tables &amp; Security</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="spasviewsandtables.html#proctabcost">8.22.4. Procedure Table Cost and Join Order</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="spasviewsandtables.html#proctablimits">8.22.5. Limitations</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="spasviewsandtables.html#procexamples">8.22.6. Procedure Table Examples</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="GRANT.html">8.23. GRANT, REVOKE Statement</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="SETstmt.html">8.24. SET Statement</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="SETstmt.html#isolation">8.24.1. ISOLATION</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="SETstmt.html#lockescalation">8.24.2. LOCK_ESCALATION_PCT</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="SETstmt.html#transactiontimeout">8.24.3. transaction_timeout</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="SETstmt.html#parambatch">8.24.4. PARAM_BATCH</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="anytimequeries.html">8.25. Anytime Queries</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="besteffortunion.html">8.26. Best Effort Union</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="aggregates.html">8.27. Standard and User-Defined Aggregate Functions</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="aggregates.html#aggcreateaggrstmt1">8.27.1. Create Aggregate Statement</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="aggregates.html#aggdropaggrstmt">8.27.2. Drop Aggregate Statement</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="aggregates.html#createaggrsam">8.27.3. Examples of User-Defined Aggregates</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect1" href="sqloptimizer.html">8.28. Virtuoso SQL Optimization</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="sqloptimizer.html#opttechniques">8.28.1. Optimization Techniques</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="sqloptimizer.html#queryoptions">8.28.2. Query Options</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="sqloptimizer.html#opttechanyorder">8.28.3. ANY ORDER</a>
    </div>
    <div>
        <a class="sect2" href="sqloptimizer.html#vdbcoststats">8.28.4. VDB Statistics for the SQL Compiler Collection</a>
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        <a class="sect1" href="sqlinverse.html">8.29. SQL Inverse Functions</a>
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