#! /bin/sh /usr/share/dpatch/dpatch-run
## 01additional_upstream_data.dpatch by <hesso@pool.math.tu-berlin.de>
##
## DP: A few documentation files cherry-picked from the last stable
## DP: release tarball, because they are missing in later development
## DP: branch releases.
@DPATCH@
diff -Naur nvi-1.81.6.orig/nvi-1.79/FAQ nvi-1.81.6/nvi-1.79/FAQ
--- nvi-1.81.6.orig/nvi-1.79/FAQ 1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ nvi-1.81.6/nvi-1.79/FAQ 1996-10-14 15:52:46.000000000 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+@(#)FAQ 8.13 (Berkeley) 10/14/96
+
+Q: How can I get vi to display my character set?
+A: Vi uses the C library routine isprint(3) to determine if a character
+ is printable, or should be displayed as an octal or hexadecimal value
+ on the screen. Generally, if vi is displaying printable characters
+ in octal/hexadecimal forms, your environment is not configured correctly.
+ Try looking at the man pages that allow you to configure your locale.
+ For example, to configure an ISO 8859-1 locale under Solaris using csh,
+ you would do:
+
+ setenv LANG C
+ setenv LC_CTYPE iso_8859_1
+
+ Other LC_CTYPE systems/values that I'm told work:
+
+ System Value
+ ====== =====
+ FreeBSD lt_LN.ISO_8859-1
+ HP-UX 9.X american.iso88591
+ HP-UX 10.X en_US.iso88591
+ SunOS 4.X iso_8859_1
+ SunOS 5.X iso_8859_1
+
+ If there's no other solution, you can use the print and noprint edit
+ options of vi to specify that a specific character is printable or not
+ printable.
+
+Q: My map won't work!
+A: One thing that you should immediately check if a vi map doesn't work
+ is if depends on the final cursor position after a P or p command.
+ Historic vi's were inconsistent as to the final position of the cursor,
+ and, to make matter worse, the final cursor position also depended on
+ whether the put text came from a named or unnamed buffer! Vi follows
+ the POSIX 1003.2 standard on this one, and makes this consistent, always
+ placing the cursor on the first character.
+
+Q: I'm using ksh or csh as my vi edit option shell value, and file
+ expansions don't work right!
+A: The problem may be in your ksh or csh startup files, e.g., .cshrc. Vi
+ executes the shell to do name expansion, and the shell generally reads
+ its startup files. If the startup files are not correctly configured
+ for non-interactive use, e.g., they always echo a prompt to the screen,
+ vi will be unable to parse the output and things will not work
+ correctly.
+
+Q: How does the iclower edit option differ from the ignorecase (i.e. ic)
+ edit option?
+A: The difference is that the ignorecase edit option always ignores the
+ case of letters in the Regular Expression (RE), and the iclower edit
+ option only ignores the case if there are no upper-case letters in the
+ RE. If any upper-case letters appear in the Regular Expression, then
+ it will be treated case-sensitively, as if the ignorecase edit option
+ was not set.
+
+Q: When I edit binary files, vi appends a <newline> to the last line!
+A: This is historic practice for vi, and further, it's required by the
+ POSIX 1003.2 standard. My intent is to provide a command line and/or
+ edit option to turn this behavior off when I switch to version 2.0 of
+ the Berkeley DB package.
+
+Q: My cursor keys don't work when I'm in text input mode!
+A: A common problem over slow links is that the set of characters sent by
+ the cursor keys don't arrive close enough together for vi to understand
+ that they are a single keystroke, and not separate keystrokes. Try
+ increasing the value of the escapetime edit option, which will cause
+ vi to wait longer before deciding that the <escape> character that
+ starts cursor key sequences doesn't have any characters following it.
+
+Q: When I edit some files, vi seems to hang forever, and I have to kill it.
+A: Vi uses flock(2) and fcntl(2) to do file locking. When it attempts to
+ acquired a lock for a file on an NFS mounted filesystem, it can hang
+ for a very long (perhaps infinite) period of time. Turning off the
+ "lock" edit option will keep vi from attempting to acquire any locks
+ on the files you edit.
+
+Q: When I compile vi I get lots of warnings about pointer assignments
+ being incompatible!
+A: Vi is partially written to support wide characters. When this code
+ interfaces with the code that doesn't yet support wide characters,
+ the pointer types clash. This will hopefully be fixed in the near
+ future, but I've been saying that for awhile, now.
+
+Q: I get jumpy scrolling behavior in the screen!
+A: This is almost certainly a problem with the system's terminfo or
+ termcap information for your terminal. If the terminfo/termcap entry
+ doesn't have the settable scrolling region capabilities, or the more
+ powerful scrolling commands, these behaviors can result. Historic
+ implementations of vi, and some of the vi clones, don't suffer from
+ this problem because they wrote their own screen support instead of
+ using the curses library.
+
+ The solution is to find a good terminfo or termcap entry for your
+ terminal, which will fix the problem for all of the applications on
+ your system, not just vi. Eric Raymond maintains the freely
+ redistributable termcap/terminfo entries. They can be downloaded
+ from http://www.ccil.org/~esr/ncurses.html, or you can contact him
+ at esr@snark.thyrsus.com.
+
+Q: The entire screen repaints on every keystroke!
+A: Your system's curses implementation is broken. You should use the
+ curses implementation provided with vi or a curses replacement such
+ as ncurses. Eric Raymond is one of the maintainers of the freely
+ redistributable ncurses package. You can download ncurses from
+ http://www.ccil.org/~esr/ncurses.html, or you can contact him at
+ esr@snark.thyrsus.com.
+
+Q: When I use vi on a Sun console (terminal type sun-34) the screen
+ is occasionally trashed, usually when exiting vi!
+A: The Sun console can't handle the 'al' capability of the termcap
+ entry (the il1 capability of terminfo entries). If you delete that
+ entry from your terminfo/termcap information everything should work
+ correctly.
+
+Q: I don't have a version of ctags (or I have ctags, but it doesn't tag
+ nearly enough things)!
+A: There's a version of ctags available on the 4.4BSD-Lite distributions,
+ as well as the FreeBSD, NetBSD, Linux and GNU distributions. Or, you
+ might want to try Exuberant Ctags:
+
+ Title: Exuberant Ctags
+ Version: 1.3
+ Entered-date: 16JUN96
+ Description:
+ A better ctags which generates tags for all possible tag types:
+ macro definitions, enumerated values (values inside enum{...}),
+ function and method definitions, enum/struct/union tags, external
+ function prototypes (optional), typedefs, and variable
+ declarations. It is far less easily fooled by code containing #if
+ preprocessor conditional constructs, using a conditional path
+ selection algorithm to resolve complicated choices, and a
+ fall-back algorithm when this one fails. Can also be used to print
+ out a list of selected objects found in source files.
+ Keywords: ctags, tags, exuberant
+ Author: darren@sirsi.com (Darren Hiebert)
+ darren@hiwaay.net (Darren Hiebert)
+ Maintained-by: darren@sirsi.com (Darren Hiebert)
+ darren@hiwaay.net (Darren Hiebert)
+ Primary-site: sunsite.unc.edu /pub/Linux/devel/lang/c
+ 27kB ctags-1.3.tar.gz
+ Alternate-site: ftp.halcyon.com /local/gvr
+ 27kB ctags-1.3.tar.gz
+ Original-site:
+ Platforms: UNIX, MSDOS, WindowsNT, Windows95, OS/2, Amiga
+ Copying-policy: Public domain
+
+Q: When I update a file I already have open, and use :e to reread it, I
+ get nul's for the rest of the file!
+A: Your system's implementation of mmap(2) has a bug; you will have to
+ exit vi and re-execute it.
+
+Q: Where can I get cscope?
+A: Cscope is available on UNIXWare System V Release 4.0 variants such as
+ Sun Solaris 2.x (/opt/SUNWspro/bin) and UNIXWare System V Release 4.1.
+
+ You can buy version 13.3 source with an unrestricted license for $400
+ from AT&T Software Solutions by calling +1-800-462-8146. Binary
+ redistribution of cscope is an additional $1500, one-time flat fee.
+
+ For more information, see http://www.unipress.com/att/new/cscope.html.
diff -Naur nvi-1.81.6.orig/docs/changelog nvi-1.81.6/docs/changelog
--- nvi-1.81.6.orig/nvi-1.79/docs/changelog 1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ nvi-1.81.6/nvi-1.79/docs/changelog 1996-10-23 15:39:08.000000000 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,1102 @@
+1.78 -> 1.79 (10/23/96)
+ + Rename delete() to del(), for C++.
+ + Add Spanish to the list of translations.
+ + Update to Perl 5.003_06, and other Perl interpreter updates.
+ + Update the set-edit-option interface for the scripting languages.
+ + Rework ex command parsing to match historic practice for backslash
+ escaped <newline> characters inside of global commands.
+ + Enhance the comment edit option to skip C++ comments.
+ + Change installation to configure the recovery shell script to match
+ the system pathnames and to install it into the vi data directory.
+ Move the recover script into the build directory, and delete the
+ recover directory.
+ + Enhance LynxOS support.
+1.76 -> 1.78 (10/01/96)
+ + Fix bugs when both the leftright scrolling and number edit options
+ were on.
+ + Fix bug where splitting in the middle of the screen could repaint
+ incorrectly.
+ + Fix first-nul in input bug, where random garbage was inserted.
+ + Correct search and mark-as-motion-command bug, it's a line mode
+ action if the search starts at or before the first non<blank>.
+ + Fix bug autoindent bug, where ^D could shift too far in the line.
+ + Fix core dump where ! command called from the .exrc file.
+ + Add the -S command-line option, which initializes vi to have the
+ secure edit option preset.
+1.75 -> 1.76 (09/15/96)
+ + Fix bug where ^V didn't keep input mapping from happening.
+ + Fix a core dump bug in the R command.
+ + Give up on licensing: no more shareware, adware, whatever.
+ + Fix cursor positioning bug for C, S and c$ in an empty file.
+1.74 -> 1.75 (08/22/96)
+ + Add French to the error message translations.
+ + Move the UNLICENSED message to the end of the message line.
+ + Fix bug where wide characters in a file name weren't calculated
+ correctly in the status message.
+ + Fix bug where cl_rename was called directly, by the ex shell code.
+ + Fix bug where splitting a screen resulting in a new screen at the
+ top of the display resulted in badly displayed status messages.
+1.73 -> 1.74 (08/18/96)
+ + Fix bug where the status line wasn't redisplayed if the user ran
+ an ex command that trashed the screen.
+ + Fix bug where the long version of the status line wasn't displayed
+ when switching screens.
+ + Rework fast-path filename completion code to sort the entries, and
+ strip out . and .. by default.
+ + Fix bug where ex went to the first line instead of the last one when
+ reading in a file.
+1.72 -> 1.73 (08/12/96)
+ + Do filename completion and some file expansion internally for speed.
+ + Fix CSCOPE_DIRS environmental variable support.
+ + Ex parser fix for global commands in script files.
+ + Add the O_PATH option, so you can specify a directory search path
+ for files.
+ + Make it possible to specify the database file to cscope, allowing
+ multiple databases in a single directory.
+ + Fix incremental search to overwrite erased characters so the user
+ can tell where they are on the colon-command line.
+ + Fix incremental search to restart the search if the user enters an
+ unescaped shell meta character.
+1.71 -> 1.72 (07/12/96)
+ + Cscope fix: test for files newer than the database was reversed.
+ + Display "files to edit" message for rewind, next and initial screen.
+ + Fix a bug in the R command where it could fail if the user extended
+ the file.
+ + Fix a bug where text abbreviations could corrupt the line.
+ + Fix a bug where the windowname edit option couldn't be set before a
+ file was loaded into the edit buffer.
+ + Fix a bug where the system .exrc values weren't being overridden by
+ the user's $HOME .exrc values.
+ + Fix a bug in the filename completion code, where garbage characters
+ could be added to the colon command line.
+ + Fix bug where multiple edit sessions on a non-existent file could
+ all write the file without warning.
+ + Fix bug where screen update was incorrect if a character triggered
+ both a wrapmargin and showmatch condition.
+ + Fix bug in leftright scrolling where <CR> during text input didn't
+ return the cursor to the left margin.
+ + Rev the Perl interpreter code, new version from Sven Verdoolaege,
+ based on Perl 5.003.01.
+ + Fix bug in tags file pattern search introduced in 1.71.
+1.70 -> 1.71 (07/01/96)
+ + Don't include <term.h> -- neither HPUX or Solaris can cope with it.
+ + Fix bug where ^M's in the original pattern were converted into new
+ lines in the file during substitution commands.
+ + Make window resize events separate from interrupts -- too many users
+ complained.
+ + Fix bug in first-character-is-null text input semantic.
+ + Rework search routines to take a length instead of a nul-terminated
+ string for a pattern. This fixes a couple of bugs in searching, but
+ probably introduces new ones.
+ + Fix prompting the user after a write filter command, the way I did
+ it in 1.70 broke the display.
+ + Don't switch to the alternate xterm screen when entering the ex
+ text input commands from vi mode.
+ + Implement the Fg command, so can foreground a background screen into
+ a split screen.
+ + Change the fg command to match screen names using the last component
+ of the filename the full filename fails.
+1.69 -> 1.70 (06/28/96)
+ + Change the ex read command to support named pipes.
+ + Copy the EXINIT/NEXINIT strings before executing their commands so
+ we don't step on the process environment.
+ + Don't do "line modification" reports for intermediate commands
+ executed from the vi colon command line, it screws up filter
+ reads, causing nvi to prompt for the user to continue.
+ + Add "smd" as an abbreviation for showmode: HP, ICL and SCO have it.
+ + Change nvi to always prompt the user after a write filter command.
+ This matches historic practice.
+ + Fix recovery information mailed to the user to reflect the program's
+ installed name.
+ + Change configuration script to not cache option information, e.g.,
+ --disable-curses.
+ + Fix a bug where the second character of the vi [[, ]] and ZZ
+ commands could start a command mapped sequence.
+ + Fix 3 write bugs: partial writes (3,$write), were clearing the
+ modified flag, full writes using line numbers (1,$write) were
+ not, and append historically never cleared the modified flag, and
+ we didn't get that right.
+ + Shorten the "more files to edit" message so it can gang on a single
+ line, lots of people have complained. Add the number of files that
+ are left to edit, it's historic practice.
+ + Fix core dump where message catalogs collided with truncating the
+ write path. Add a new write message so the string "appended" is
+ taken from a message catalog.
+ + Fix bug where an undo followed by '.' to repeat it wouldn't work
+ if no other repeatable commands had been entered.
+ + Fix core dump when resolution of input lines' autoindent characters
+ invalidated cached display information.
+ + Set the name of the X11 xterm icon/window to "xterm" when exiting,
+ if modified based on the windowname option.
+ + Include <term.h> if it exists, fixes portability problems on IRIX
+ systems.
+1.68 -> 1.69 (06/17/96)
+ + Add the windowname edit option and code to change the icon/window
+ name for xterm's.
+ + Enhance the comment edit option to skip shell comments.
+ + Add conditional prototypes to replacement C library functions.
+ + Minor enhancements/reworking to Makefile.in, other build files.
+ + Fix bug in vi text input ^D processing, could result in cursor
+ warp to the beginning of the line.
+ + Fix leftright screen bug where the screen wasn't repainted when
+ being repainted from scratch.
+ + Update the Swedish and Dutch catalogs.
+ + Truncate paths in write commands if they don't fit on one line.
+ + Fix alternate screen bug where the screen flashed and output lost
+ when switching to/from the X11 xterm alternate screen. Fix bug
+ where nvi switched into the alternate screen during filter-read
+ commands, which doesn't match historic practice.
+ + Minor relative cursor positioning change, make cursor position
+ changes from ex real and permanent.
+1.67 -> 1.68 (06/09/96)
+ + Fix core dump when tagging out of a modified file.
+1.66 -> 1.67 (06/09/96)
+ + Convert the license to adware.
+ + Leftright scrolling tweak, don't repaint the screen as often.
+ + Change so that search warning/error messages don't appear during an
+ incremental search.
+ + Cscope fix: test for files newer than the database was reversed.
+ + Don't display ex `welcome message' if in ex batch mode.
+ + Test for vsnprintf and snprintf separately, HP 10.10 has snprintf
+ but not vsnprintf.
+ + Reverse lookup order between LC_MESSAGES and LANG.
+ + Fix Tcl/Perl core dumps in common API code to get/set options.
+ + Fix R command -- it used a DB pinned page after discarding it.
+ + Minor fixes in multiple edit buffer message handling code.
+ + Fix yk command moving to shorter line core dump.
+ + Rework message handling to try and gang more messages onto a single
+ line.
+1.65 -> 1.66 (05/18/96)
+ + Convert vi man page to historic -man macro package, and install it.
+ + Fix bug were !! on an empty line with a nonexistent command left the
+ cursor on the second character, not the first.
+ + Fix bug where line redisplay was wrong when a <tab> replaced a
+ previous <tab> in the line.
+ + Fix bug where D (d$) didn't reset the relative cursor position.
+ + Fix bug where yG incorrectly reset the relative cursor position.
+ + Fix bug where the window size couldn't be grown once it was shrunk.
+ + Fix bug where the extended edit option caused tag searches to fail.
+ + If multiple lines in the tags file with the same leading tag, build
+ a tags stack like the Cscope stack. This is the obvious extension,
+ and the way that Larry McVoy's ctags program works.
+ + Send the appropriate TI/TE sequence in the curses screen whenever
+ entering ex/vi mode. This means that :shell now shows the correct
+ screen when using xterm alternate screens.
+ + Rework the options display code to get five columns in an 80 column
+ screen.
+ + Interactive Unix V3.0 port -- mostly file name shortening, other
+ minor changes. Only preliminary, more work will be necessary.
+ + Add debugging option to not read EXINIT/.exrc information.
+ + Fix bug where re_compile printed an error message to the screen
+ when the user entered [ to an incremental search.
+ + Turn off screen beeps when incremental search is failing.
+ + Fix bug where the iclower option didn't trigger an RE recompilation.
+ + Fix bug where -t into an already locked file forced the user to wait
+ as if a startup command had failed.
+ + LynxOS port -- mostly adding <sys/types.h> even though <sys/param.h>
+ was already included.
+ + Fix ex output bug, where it appeared as if an ex command was skipped
+ due to flags not being cleared in the vs_msg() routine.
+ + Fix core dump when global command tried to switch screens.
+1.64 -> 1.65 (05/13/96)
+ + Fix cscope <blank>-matching pattern to use extended RE's, and bug
+ that kept cscope from finding patterns containing <blank>s.
+ + Fix core dumps in both leftright and folded screens when tabstops
+ edit option value was large, and tab characters occurred as the last
+ character in the logical screen.
+ + Fix core dump where the second screen of a folded line wasn't
+ displayed correctly.
+ + Fix incremental search to match the current location for strings
+ starting with \< patterns.
+ + Fix bug where margins were ignored during replay of text input.
+ + Fix bug where motion components to shorter lines could lose because
+ the relative motion flags weren't ever set. This has been broken
+ forever, but the change almost certainly breaks something else -- I
+ have no idea what.
+ + Tags display: don't print the current entry separately, display
+ them all and add a trailing asterisk for the current one.
+ + Change the cscope add command to put the directory name through
+ standard file name expansion.
+ + Fix cscope use of buffers -- search commands weren't nul-terminated.
+1.63 -> 1.64 (05/08/96)
+ + Add installation target to the Makefile.
+ + Add documentation on the new tags commands to the Vi Reference
+ Manual.
+ + Make the sidescroll edit option work again.
+ + Fix bug where messages output during startup by ex could be lost.
+ + Change ex/vi commands errors into beeps, unless the verbose edit
+ option is set -- there are too many macros that are expected to
+ eventually fail. This matches historic practice.
+ + Truncate paths in initial vi screen if they won't fit on one line.
+ + Make cursor position after filter write match historic practice.
+ + Force the user to wait if there is output and the user is leaving
+ the screen for any reason -- don't permit further ex commands.
+ + Don't use a <newline> character to scroll the screen when exiting,
+ scroll in the vi screen before endwin() is called.
+ + Fix bug where the column number could be incorrect because the old
+ screen wasn't updated after a screen split.
+ + Fix ex print routine to correctly specify print flags.
+ + Make -g/-O a separate make/configuration option.
+ + Fix bug where ex/vi messages weren't being joined.
+ + Fix bug where termcap strings were free'd twice.
+ + Fix bug where TI/TE still weren't working -- I didn't put in the
+ translation strings for BSD style curses.
+ + Fix bug where I misspelled the iclower edit option as icloser.
+1.62 -> 1.63 (04/29/96)
+ + Robustness and type/lint fixes for the Tcl interface code.
+ + Fix core dump if TERM wasn't set or terminal type was unknown.
+ + Fix bug where combining ex commands that did/did not require an
+ ex screen would overwrite the command with the want-to-continue
+ messsage.
+ + Fix bug where the screen was never resolved if the user continued
+ entering ex commands using the : character, but then backspaced
+ over the prompt to quit or tried to edit their colon command-line
+ history.
+ + Fix bug where cursor wasn't placed over the ^ placeholder character
+ when quoting using the literal-next character.
+ + Fix bug where nvi under BSD style curses wasn't sending TI/TE termcap
+ strings when suspending the process.
+ + Rename mic again, to iclower.
+ + Fix bug where 'z' commands trailing / or ? commands weren't being
+ executed.
+ + Change incremental search to leave the cursor at its last position
+ when searching for something that was never found.
+ + Fix bug where search-with-confirmation from vi mode didn't position
+ the cursor correctly after displaying the confirm message.
+ + Fix bug where the "search wrapped" message was dependent on the
+ verbose edit option, which doesn't match historic practice. Change
+ search messages to be in inverse video.
+ + Fix bug where matched showmatch character wasn't being displayed
+ before the matching character was displayed.
+ + Another cursor update bug required a change to vs_paint().
+ + Fix bug were initial line offset was wrong for the first split screen
+ (symptom is very strange column numbers and blank first line).
+ + Create filename "argument" lists when creating new screens.
+ + Fix bug where globals with associated commands that included both
+ buffer execution and other commands could fail to execute the latter.
+1.61 -> 1.62 (04/22/96)
+ + Rename the "searchci" edit option to be "mic".
+ + Fix memory corruption in global commands ending in searches.
+ + Fix text resolution bug, corrected the cursor based on the
+ first line input, not the last.
+ + Rework the readonly edit option to match historic practice.
+ + Fix several minor incremental search bugs; make incremental
+ searches work in maps.
+ + Fix long-line core dump, where an incorrect screen map could be
+ used.
+1.60 -> 1.61 (04/12/96)
+ + The cursor now ends up on the FIRST character of the put text for
+ all versions of the vi put commands, regardless of the source
+ of the text. This matches System III/V behavior and POSIX 1003.2.
+ + Fixed bug where showmatch messages were getting discarded.
+ + Minor Perl integration fixes.
+ + Integrate Cscope into the tags stack code -- major change.
+ + Fixed bug where ^T would drop core if returning to a temporary file.
+ + Changed vs_ routine to display ex output to replace tab characters
+ with spaces.
+ + Fix autoindent code to not back up past beginning of line when ^T
+ inserted into the middle of a line, i.e. offset != 0.
+ + Fix "notimeout" option, was being ignored, by a coding error.
+ + Fix showmatch code to never flash on a match if keys are waiting.
+ + Change the vi 'D' command to ignore any supplied count, matching
+ historic practice.
+ + Fix viusage for D, S, C and Y (the aliased vi commands).
+ + Fix the Perl5 configuration bug in the configuration script.
+ + Make file completion commands in empty lines work.
+ + Fix where the change to let vi use the default ex command structure
+ broke the ex specification of the script or source file name.
+ + Fix to free saved RE structures when screens exit. This is a major
+ RE change, which fixed several bugs in the handling of saved/subst
+ RE's. It's likely to have added new bugs, however.
+ + Add case-independent searching (the searchci edit option).
+ + Add incremental search (the searchincr edit option).
+ + Home the cursor when executing ex commands from vi.
+1.59 -> 1.60 (03/29/96)
+ + Fix ":w >>" core dump, make that command match historic practice.
+ + Fix autoindent bug where the length of the line was incorrectly
+ calculated.
+ + Fix cursor bug where cursor could end up at the wrong place if the
+ movement keys were entered quickly enough.
+ + Change the read/write whirling indicator to appear only every 1/4
+ second, clean up the appearance.
+ + Don't change the options real values until underlying functions
+ have returned OK -- fix "set tabstop=0" core dump.
+ + Fix resizing on Sun's: use SA_INTERRUPT to interrupt read calls.
+ + Fix two forward mark command bugs: one where it wasn't setting the
+ "favorite cursor" position because of the refresh optimization,
+ and one where it didn't have VM_RCM_SET set in the command flags
+ for some reason.
+ + Fix a bug were the 's' command on top of a <tab> didn't correctly
+ copy the buffer.
+ + Make :exusage command work for commands having optional leading
+ capital letters, e.g. Next.
+ + Previous changes broke the inital-matching-prefix code in the key
+ mapping part of v_event_get -- fix it, and fix the infinite macro
+ interrupt code at the same time.
+ + Add "cedit" edit option, so colon command-line editing is optional.
+ Change filec/cedit so that you can set them to the same character,
+ and they do cedit if in column 1, and filec otherwise.
+ + Fix "source of non-existent file" core dump.
+ + Fix bug where functions keys specified in startup information were
+ never resolved/activated.
+ + Fix v_txt bug where could infinitely loop if <escape> triggered an
+ abbreviation expansion.
+ + Move version string into VERSION file, out of ex_version.c
+1.58 -> 1.59
+ + Configuration changes, several minor bug fixes, including a few
+ core dumps. No functional changes.
+1.57 -> 1.58
+ + Fix the problem where colon command-line temporary files were
+ getting left in /tmp.
+ + Fix the configuration scripts to quit immediately if the Perl
+ or Tk/Tcl libraries are specified but not found.
+ + Several screen fixes -- the changes in 1.57 weren't as safe as
+ I thought. More specifically, the refresh-only-if-waiting change
+ caused a lot of problems. In general, fixing them should provide
+ even more speedup, but I'm nervous.
+ + Lots of changes in the configuration scripts, hopefully this is
+ just a first-round ordeal.
+ + Several other minor bug fixes.
+1.56 -> 1.57
+ + Add <esc> hook to colon commands, so you can edit colon commands.
+ + Add Perl5 interpreter.
+ + Change shell expansion code to fail if it doesn't read at least
+ one non-blank character from the shell. If the shell expansion
+ process fails, or if not at least one non-blank character, it
+ now displays an error message to the user.
+ + Rework the screen display so that it matches the historic vi screen
+ refreshes.
+ + Rework options processing: print/noprint are no longer cumulative,
+ provide more information to underlying edit options modules, move
+ O_MESG information into the screen specific code.
+ + Make file completion character settable.
+ + Rework terminal restart -- you can now use ":set term" to switch
+ terminal types. This cleaned up screen resizing considerably.
+ + Character display fix, display \177 as ^?, not in hex/octal.
+ + Tag search bug fix, don't repeat search if successful.
+ + Replace sys_siglist[] use with private sigmsg() routine.
+ + Fix core dump if illegal screenId specified to Tcl routine.
+ + Add get/set mark interface to Tcl Interpreter interface.
+ + Fix core dump if file expansion code stressed (re: filec edit option)
+ + Fix bug where filter commands in empty files couldn't find line 0.
+ + Switch to GNU autoconf 2.7 for configuration, delete nvi/PORT.
+ Many random portability fixes.
+1.55 -> 1.56 (11/26/95)
+ + Bug fix release -- generally available beta release.
+1.54 -> 1.55 (11/18/95)
+ + Bug fix release.
+ + Integrate Tcl interpreter.
+1.53 -> 1.54 (11/11/95)
+ + Bug fix release. A major change in reworking the ex commands, when
+ called from the colon command line, to match historic practice, and
+ permit them to be entered repeatedly after ex has trashed the screen.
+ + Use restartable endwin() from System V curses to implement screen
+ + suspend.
+1.52 -> 1.53 (10/29/95)
+ + Switch to using vendor's curses library for all ports.
+ + Back out the event driven version, leaving screen separation.
+ + User configuration of <escape> timeout (the escapetime edit option).
+ + Add Tcl/Tk screen support.
+ + Add file name completion (the filec edit option).
+ + Disallow access to outside applications (the secure edit option).
+1.51 -> 1.52 (7/26/95)
+ + Minor cleanups, snapshotted for SMI.
+1.50 -> 1.51 (7/05/95)
+ + Lots and lots of changes for event driven model, largely in moving
+ the boundary between the screen code and the editor up and down.
+ Private release for Rob Zimmermann @ Tartan and Bill Shannon @ SMI.
+1.49 -> 1.50 Fri Jun 9 13:56:17 1995
+ + Minor bug fixes for stability.
+ + Convert to an event driven model, with the usual Nachos Supreme
+ layering that results. This is a completely new version, nothing
+ done previously matters any more.
+1.48 -> 1.49 Wed Mar 8 10:42:17 1995
+ + Changes in 1.46 broke ^A processing.
+ + Add :previous to split screen commands.
+ + Lots o' random bug fixes -- passes purify testing again.
+1.47 -> 1.48 Thu Feb 9 18:13:29 1995
+ + Random bug fixes for 1.47.
+ + Move the FREF (file structure) list out of the screen and into
+ the global area.
+ + Change semantics to :E to more closely match :e -- ":E" joins
+ the current file, so ":E /tmp" is now the command to match the
+ historic ":split".
+1.46 -> 1.47 Wed Feb 8 19:43:41 1995
+ + All ex commands (including visual and excluding global and v)
+ are now supported inside ex global commands.
+ + Rework the append/change/insert commands to match historic
+ practice for text appended to the ex command line, and inside
+ of ex global commands.
+ + Restructure to make single-line screens work.
+ + Restructure to create curses independent screen routines.
+ + Restructure to permit Edit, Next, and Tag routines to create new
+ screens on the fly.
+ + Change hexadecimal output to be \x## instead of 0x##.
+ + Change ex commands run from vi to stay in vi mode for as long as
+ possible, i.e. until ex modifies the screen outside of the editor.
+1.45 -> 1.46 Tue Jan 24 10:22:27 1995
+ + Restructure to build as a library.
+1.44 -> 1.45 Thu Jan 12 21:33:06 1995
+ + Fix relative cursor motion to handle folded lines.
+ + Recompile the search pattern if applicable edit options change.
+ + Change +/-c command ordering to match historic practice.
+ + Rework autoindent code to always resolve preceeding <blank>
+ characters when a ^T or ^D are entered.
+ + Add the print/noprint edit options, so can now specify if
+ a character is printable.
+ + Change ex to run in canonical mode.
+ + Fix ex text input to support the number edit option.
+ + Vi text input fix for the R command to correctly restore
+ characters entered and then backspaced over.
+ + Several vi increment command fixes.
+1.43 -> 1.44
+ + Bug fix, vi was printing the last line number on the status line
+ at startup. Change to execute commands at first line set, i.e.
+ "vi -t tag -c cmd" executes cmd at the tag line, not EOF.
+1.42 -> 1.43 Sat Dec 3 13:11:32 1994
+ + Marks, SunOS signed comparison fix for 1.42.
+1.41 -> 1.42 Fri Dec 2 20:08:16 1994
+ + Make autowrite require the file not be read-only.
+ + Make the ex insert command work in empty files.
+ + Tab expansion is no longer limited to values < 20 (which matches
+ historical practice).
+ + Simplify (and fix limit detection for) the # command. It's no
+ longer possible to use the # command itself to repeat or modify
+ a previous # command, '.' is the only possibility.
+ + Lots more reworking of the ex addresses, putting ? and / into
+ the ex addressing code broke the world.
+ + Make the Put, Preserve and Print commands work (don't ask).
+ + Split stdout/stderr from shell expansions; stdout is expansion
+ text, stderr is entered on the message queue.
+1.40 -> 1.41 Fri Nov 18 16:13:52 1994
+ + Addition of a port for AUX 3.1
+ + Addition of a message catalog for Russian.
+ + Make vi ? and / commands be true ex addresses (historic practice).
+ + Display the date first in vi -r recovery list.
+1.39 -> 1.40 Mon Nov 14 10:46:56 1994
+ + Two bug fixes for 1.39; -r option and v_change core dump.
+1.38 -> 1.39 Sun Nov 13 18:04:08 1994
+ + Ex substitution with confirmation now matches historic practice
+ (except that it still runs in raw mode, not cooked).
+ + Nvi now clears the screen before painting, if repainting the
+ entire screen.
+ + Fix final cursor position for put command entering text in a
+ single line.
+ + Change to break error message lines on the last <blank> in the
+ line.
+ + Always center the current line when returning to a previously
+ edited file or moving to a tag line that's not visible on the
+ screen.
+ + Change write of the current file using an explicit name or % to
+ match the semantics of :w<CR>, not :w file<CR>.
+ + Add command aliases to vi, and remap 6 historic commands to their
+ historic counterparts: D->d$, Y->y_, S->c_, C->c$, A->$a, I->^i.
+ + Match option display to historic practice; if boolean or numeric
+ options changed to default values, not displayed by default.
+ Nvi treats string options the same way, vi always displayed any
+ string option that was changed.
+ + Added lock edit option, if not set, no file locking is done.
+ + Rework ex to permit any ex command in the EXINIT variable or
+ exrc startup files. This fixes the bug were `vi +100 file'
+ painted the screen and then moved to line 100 and repainted.
+ (Yanked to SCCS ID 9.1.)
+ + Bug fix: could report file modified more recently than it was
+ written, incorrectly.
+ + Search fix: historically, motions with deltas were not corrected
+ to the previous/next line based on the starting/stopping column.
+ + Addressing fixes: make trailing non-existent addresses work, change
+ % to be text substitution, not a unique address (to follow future
+ POSIX).
+1.37 -> 1.38 Mon Oct 24 12:51:58 1994
+ + Scrolling fix; ^B can move to nonexistent lines.
+ + Fix to vi mapped commands; <escape> characters while already in
+ command mode did not historically cause the mapped characters to
+ be flushed.
+ + Add the backup edit option, automatically version edit files.
+ + Make it possible to edit files that db can't read, i.e. edit a
+ temporary file, with the correct file name.
+ + Only anchor the last line of the file to the bottom line of the
+ screen if there's half or less of a screen between the target
+ line and the end of the file.
+ + Fix wrapmargin text allocation bug.
+ + Fix ex put command to work in any empty file.
+ + Fix global command to handle move's to line 0 correctly.
+ + Regularize the yank cursor motions, several bug fixes for historic
+ practice.
+ + Fix N and n, when used as a motion command for the ! command,
+ repeat the last bang command instead of prompting for a new
+ one.
+ + Timeout maps beginning with <escape> quickly, instead of based
+ on the keytime option.
+ + Bug fix for wraplen option, wasn't triggered for input commands.
+1.36 -> 1.37 Sun Oct 9 19:02:53 1994
+ + Change PORT directories to install patches before distribution.
+ + Fix ^A to set search direction and pattern for consistency.
+ + Fold the showdirty option into the showmode option.
+ + Ex addressing fix: change search offset and line arguments (e.g.
+ the copy command) to be ex addressing offsets, matching historic
+ practice.
+ + Ex addressing fix: support ^ as an offset/flag equivalent to -.
+ + Ex addressing fix: historically, any missing address defaulted to
+ dot, e.g. "4,,," was the same as ".,.".
+ + Ex addressing fix: historically, <blank> separated numbers were
+ additive, e.g. "3 5p" displayed line 8.
+ + Ex addressing fix: make ';' as a range delimiter match historic
+ practice.
+ + Change nvi to exit immediately if stdout isn't a terminal.
+ + Change alternate file name behavior to match historic practice,
+ make the :write command set the current file name.
+ + Text input fix; input keys from a map, with an associated count,
+ weren't historically affected by the wrapmargin value.
+ + Add wraplen option, same as wrapmargin, but from the left-hand
+ column, not the right.
+ + Make ex address .<number> be equivalent to .+<number>, i.e. the
+ '+' is understood; matches historic practice, and it's widely
+ documented for ed(1).
+ + Input mode ^V^J historically mapped into a single ^J.
+ + Minor catalog changes, fixes; don't use 's' to pluralize words.
+1.35 -> 1.36 Thu Sep 8 08:40:25 1994
+ + Don't overwrite user's maps with standard (termcap) mappings.
+ + Make \ escape kill and erase characters in vi text input mode.
+ + Fix ^D autoindent bug by resolving leading <blank>s at ^D.
+ + Rework abbreviation tests (again!) to match historic practice.
+ + Change ^D/^U default scrolling value to be based on window option
+ value, not screen lines, correct scrolling option value, both to
+ match historic practice. NOTE: System V does this differently!
+1.34 -> 1.35 Wed Aug 31 19:20:15 1994
+ + Add the historic -l option.
+ + Message catalogs.
+ + Display global messages at each flush, just in case some are there.
+ + Fix global substitute code, `\\' wasn't handled correctly.
+ + Fix abbreviation code to use <blank>s as the preceding character.
+ + Fix ruler to display logical column, not physical column.
+ + Block signals when user issues :preserve command, so no race caused
+ by SIGHUP/SIGTERM.
+1.33 -> 1.34 Wed Aug 17 14:37:32 1994 (PUBLICLY AVAILABLE VERSION)
+ + Back out sccsid string fix, it won't work on SunOS 4.1.
+1.32 -> 1.33 Wed Aug 17 09:31:41 1994 (PUBLICLY AVAILABLE VERSION)
+ + Get back 5K of data space for the sccsid strings.
+ + Fix bug where cG fix in version 1.31 broke cw cursor positioning
+ when the change command extended the line.
+ + Fix core dump in map/seq code if character larger than 7 bits.
+ + Block signals when manipulating the SCR chains.
+ + Fix memory allocation for machines with multiple pointer sizes.
+1.31 -> 1.32 Mon Aug 15 14:27:49 1994
+ + Turn off recno mmap call for Solaris 2.4/SunOS 5.4.
+1.30 -> 1.31 Sun Aug 14 13:13:35 1994
+ + Fix bug were cG on the last line of a file wasn't done in line mode,
+ and where the cursor wasn't positioned correctly after exiting text
+ insert mode.
+ + Add termcap workaround to make function keys greater than 9 work
+ correctly (or fail if old-style termcap support).
+ + Change ex/vi to not flush mapped keys on error -- this is historic
+ practice, and people depended on it.
+ + Rework vi parser so that no command including a mapped key ever
+ becomes the '.' command, matching historic practice.
+ + Make <escape> cancellation in the vi parser match POSIX 1003.2.
+ + Fix curses bug where standout string was written for each standout
+ character, and where standout mode was never exited explicitly.
+ Fix bugs in curses SF/sf and SR/sr scrolling, as seen on Sun and
+ x86 consoles.
+ + The v/global commands execute the print command by default.
+ + The number option historically applies to ex as well as vi.
+1.29 -> 1.30 Mon Aug 8 10:30:42 1994
+ + Make first read into a temporary set the file's name.
+ + Permit any key to continue scrolling or ex commands -- this
+ allows stacked colon commands, and matches historic practice.
+ + Don't output normal ! command commentary in ex silent mode.
+ + Allow +/- flags after substitute commands, make line (flag)
+ offsets from vi mode match historic practice.
+ + Return <eof> to ex immediately, even if preceded by spaces. Rework
+ ex parser to do erase the prompt instead of depending on the print
+ routines to do it. Minor fixes to the ex parser for display of
+ default and scrolling commands. MORE EX PARSER CHANGES.
+1.28 -> 1.29 Fri Aug 5 10:18:07 1994
+ + Make the abbreviated ex delete command work (:dele---###lll for
+ example, is historically legal.
+ + When autoprint fires, multiple flags may be set, use ex_print
+ directly instead of the stub routines.
+ + Change v/global commands to turn off autoprint while running.
+ + Minor changes to make the ! command display match historic output.
+ + Rework the ex parser to permit multiple command separators without
+ commands -- MAJOR CHANGE, likely to introduce all sorts of new bugs.
+ + Fix cd command to expand argument in the context of each element
+ of the cdpath option, make relative paths always relative to the
+ current directory.
+ + Rework write/quit cases for temporary files, so that user's don't
+ discard them accidentally.
+ + Check for window size changes when continuing after a suspend.
+ + Fix memory problem in svi_screen, used free'd memory.
+ + Change the ex change, insert, append commands to match historic
+ cursor positions if no data entered by the user.
+ + Change ex format flags (#, l, p) to affect future commands, not
+ just the current one, to match historic practice.
+ + Make the user's EOF character an additional scroll character in ex.
+ + Fix ex ^D scrolling to be the value of the scroll option, not half
+ the screen.
+ + Fix buffer execution to match historic practice -- bugs where the
+ '*' command didn't work, and @<carriage-return> didn't work.
+ + Fix doubled reporting of deleted lines in filters.
+ + Rework the % ` / ? ( ) N n { and ^A commands to always cut into
+ numeric buffers regardless of the location or length of the cut.
+ This matches historic practice.
+ + Fix the { command to check the current line if the cursor doesn't
+ start on the first character of the line.
+ + Do '!' expansion in the ex read command arguments, it's historic
+ practice. In addition, it sets the last '!' command.
+1.27 -> 1.28 Wed Jul 27 21:29:18 1994
+ + Add support for scrolling using the CS and SF/sf/SR/sr termcap
+ strings to the 4BSD curses.
+ + Rework of getkey() introduced a bug where command interrupt put
+ nvi into an infinite loop.
+ + Piping through a filter historically cut the replaced lines into
+ the default buffer, although not the numeric ones.
+ + Read of a filter and !! historically moved to the first nonblank
+ of the resulting cursor line (most of the time).
+ + Rework cursor motion flags, to support '!' as a motion command.
+1.26 -> 1.27 Tue Jul 26 10:27:58 1994
+ + Add the meta option, to specify characters the shell will expand.
+ + Fix the read command to match historic practice, the white space
+ and bang characters weren't getting parsed correctly.
+ + Change SIGALRM handler to save and restore errno.
+ + Change SunOS include/compat.h to include <vfork.h> so that the
+ ex/filter.c code works again.
+ + Don't put lines deleted by the ex delete command into the numeric
+ buffers, matching historic practice.
+ + Fix; if appending to a buffer, default buffer historically only
+ references the appended text, not the resulting text.
+ + Support multiple, semi-colon separated search strings, and 'z'
+ commands after search strings.
+ + Make previous context mark setting match historic practice (see
+ docs/internals/context).
+ + Fix the set command to permit whitespace between the option and
+ the question mark, fix question marks in general.
+ + Fix bug where ex error messages could be accidentally preceded
+ by a single space.
+ + Fix bug where curses reorganization could lose screen specific
+ mappings as soon as any screen exited.
+ + Fix bug in paragraph code where invalid macros could be matched.
+ Make paragraph motions stop at formfeed (^L) characters.
+ + Change 'c' to match historic practice, it cut text into numeric
+ buffers.
+1.25 -> 1.26 Tue Jul 19 17:46:24 1994
+ + Ignore SIGWINCH if the screen size is unchanged; SunOS systems
+ deliver one when a screen is uncovered.
+ + Fix: don't permit a command with a motion component to wrap due
+ to wrapscan and return to the original cursor position.
+ + Fix: ^E wasn't beeping when reaching the bottom of the file.
+ + Fix bg/fg bug where tmp file exiting caused a NULL dereference.
+ + Rework file locking code to use fcntl(2) explicitly.
+ + Fix bug in section code where invalid macros could be matched.
+ + Fix bug where line number reset by vi's Q command.
+ + Add explicit character mode designation to character mode buffers.
+ + Add <sys/ioctl.h> include to sex/sex_window.c, needed by NET/2
+ vintage systems.
+ + Change to always flush a character during suspend, 4BSD curses
+ has the optimization where it doesn't flush after a standend().
+ + Fix bug on OSF1 where <curses.h> changes the values of VERASE,
+ VKILL and VWERASE to incorrect ones.
+ + Fix bug where optarg used incorrectly in main.c.
+ + Block all signals when acting on a signal delivery.
+ + Fix recovery bug where RCV_EMAIL could fire even if there wasn't
+ a backing file; format recovery message.
+1.24 -> 1.25 Sun Jul 17 14:33:38 1994
+ + Stop allowing keyboard suspends (^Z) in insert mode, it's hard
+ to get autowrite correct, and it's not historic practice.
+ + Fix z^, z+ to match historic practice.
+ + Bug in message handling, "vi +35 non-existent_file" lost the
+ status message because the "+35" pushed onto the stack erased
+ it. For now, change so that messages aren't displayed if there
+ are keys waiting -- may need to add a "don't-erase" bit to the
+ character in the stack instead.
+ + Bug in svi_msgflush(), where error messages could come out in
+ normal video.
+1.23 -> 1.24 Sat Jul 16 18:30:18 1994
+ + Fix core dump in exf.c, where editing a non-existent file and
+ exiting could cause already free'd memory to be free'd.
+ + Clean up numerous memory errors, courtesy of Purify.
+ + Change process wait code to fail if wait fails, and not attempt
+ to interpret the wait return information.
+ + Open recovery and DB files for writing as well as reading, System
+ V (fcntl) won't let you acquire LOCK_EX locks otherwise.
+ + Fix substitute bug where could malloc 0 bytes (AIX breaks).
+ + Permit the mapping of <carriage-return>, it's historic practice.
+ + Historic vi didn't eat <blank> characters before the force
+ flag, match historic practice.
+ + Bug in ex argument parsing, corrected for literal characters
+ twice.
+ + Delete screen specific maps when the screen closes.
+ + Move to the first non-<blank> in the line on startup; historic
+ practice.
+ + Change the ex visual command to move directly to a line if no
+ trailing 'z' command.
+ + Fix "[[" and "]]" to match historic practice (yet again...).
+ + Fix "yb" and "y{" commands to update the cursor correctly.
+ + Change "~<motion>" to match the yank cursor movement semantics
+ exactly.
+ + Move all of the curses related code into sex/svi -- major rework,
+ but should help in future ports.
+ + Fix bug in split code caused by new file naming code, where would
+ drop core when a split screen exited.
+ + Change svi_ex_write to do character display translation, so that
+ messages with file names in them are displayed correctly.
+ + Display the file name on split screens instead of a divider line.
+ + Fix move bug, wasn't copying lines before putting them.
+ + Fix bug were :n dropped core if no arguments supplied.
+ + Don't quote characters in executed buffer: "ifoo<esc>" should leave
+ insert mode after the buffer is executed.
+ + Tagpop and tagpush should set the absolute mark in case only moving
+ within a file.
+ + Skip leading whitespace characters before tags and cursor word
+ searches.
+ + Fix bug in ex_global where re_conv() was allocating the temporary
+ buffer and not freeing it.
+1.22 -> 1.23: Wed Jun 29 19:22:33 1994
+ + New <sys/cdefs.h> required "inline" to change to "__inline"
+ + Fix System V curses code for new ^Z support.
+ + Fix off-by-one in the move code, avoid ":1,$mo$" with only one
+ line in the buffer.
+ + Line orientation of motion commands was remembered too long,
+ i.e. '.' command could be incorrectly marked as line oriented.
+ + Move file modification time into EXF, so it's shared across
+ split screens.
+ + Put the prev[ious] command back in, people complained.
+ + Random fixes to next/prev semantics changed in 1.22.
+ + Historically vi doesn't only move to the last address if there's
+ ANYTHING after the addresses, e.g. ":3" moves to line 3, ":3|"
+ prints line 3.
+1.21 -> 1.22: Mon Jun 27 11:01:41 1994
+ + Make the line between split screens inverse video again.
+ + Delete the prev[ious] command, it's not useful enough to keep.
+ + Rework :args/file name handling from scratch -- MAJOR CHANGE,
+ likely to introduce all sorts of new bugs.
+ + Fix RE bug where no subexpressions in the pattern but there were
+ subexpressions referenced in the replacement, e.g. "s/XXX/\1/g".
+ + Change recovery to not leave unmodified files around after a
+ crash, by using the owner 'x' bit on unmodified backup files.
+ MAJOR CHANGE, the system recovery script has to change!
+ + Change -r option to delete recovery.* files that reference non-
+ existent vi.* files.
+ + Rework recovery locking so that fcntl(2) locking will work.
+ + Fix append (upper-case) buffers, broken by cut fixes.
+ + Fix | to not set the absolute motion mark.
+ + Read $HOME/.exrc file on startup if the effective user ID is
+ root. This makes running vi while su(1)'d work correctly.
+ + Use the full pathname of the file as the recovery name, not
+ just the last component. Matches historic practice.
+ + Keep marks in empty files from being destroyed.
+ + Block all caught signals before calling the DB routines.
+ + Make the line change report match historic practice (yanked
+ lines were different than everything else).
+ + Add section on multiple screens to the reference manual.
+ + Display all messages at once, combine onto a single line if
+ possible. Delete the trailing period from all messages.
+1.20 -> 1.21: Thu May 19 12:21:58 1994
+ + Delete the -l flag from the recover mail.
+ + Send the user email if ex command :preserve executed, this matches
+ historic practice. Lots of changes to the preserve and recovery
+ code, change preserve to snapshot files (again, historic practice).
+ + Make buffers match historic practice: "add logically stores text
+ into buffer a, buffer 1, and the unnamed buffer.
+ + Print <tab> characters as ^I on the colon command line if the
+ list option set.
+ + Adjust ^F and ^B scroll values in the presence of split screens
+ and small windows.
+ + Break msg* routines out from util.c into msg.c, start thinking
+ about message catalogs.
+ + Add tildeop set option, based on stevie's option of the same name.
+ Changes the ~ command into "[count] ~ motion", i.e. ~ takes a
+ trailing motion.
+ + Chose NOT to match historic practice on cursor positioning after
+ consecutive undo commands on a single line; see vi/v_undo.c for
+ the comment.
+ + Add a one line cache so that multiple changes to the same line
+ are only counted once (e.g. "dl35p" changes one line, not 35).
+ + Rework signals some more. Block file sync signals in vi routines
+ that interface to DB, so can sync the files at interrupt time.
+ Write up all of the signal handling arguments, see signal.c.
+1.19 -> 1.20: Thu May 5 19:24:57 1994
+ + Return ^Z to synchronous handling. See the dicussion in signal.c
+ and svi_screen.c:svi_curses_init().
+ + Fix bug where line change report was wrong in util.c:msg_rpt().
+1.18 -> 1.19: Thu May 5 12:59:51 1994
+ + Block DSUSP so that ^Y isn't delivered at SIGTSTP.
+ + Fix bug -- put into an empty file leaves the cursor at 1,0,
+ not the first nonblank.
+ + Fix bug were number of lines reported for the 'P' command was
+ off-by-one.
+ + Fix bug were 0^D wasn't being handled correctly.
+ + Delete remnants of ^Z as a raw character.
+ + Fix bug where if a map was an entire colon command, it may never
+ have been displayed.
+ + Final cursor position fixes for the vi T and t commands.
+ + The ex :next command took an optional ex command as it's first
+ argument similar to the :edit commands. Match historic practice.
+1.17 -> 1.18: Wed May 4 13:57:10 1994
+ + Rework curses information in the PORT/Makefile's.
+ + Minor fixes to ^Z asynchronous code.
+1.16 -> 1.17: Wed May 4 11:15:56 1994
+ + Make ex comment handling match historic practice.
+ + Make ^Z work asynchronously, we can no longer use the SIGTSTP
+ handler in the curses library.
+1.15 -> 1.16: Mon May 2 19:42:07 1994
+ + Make the 'p' and 'P' commands support counts, i.e. "Y10p" works.
+ + Make characters that map to themselves as the first part of the
+ mapping work, it's historic practice.
+ + Fix bug where "s/./\& /" discarded the space in the replacement
+ string.
+ + Add support for up/down cursor arrows in text input mode, rework
+ left/right support to match industry practice.
+ + Fix bug were enough character remapping could corrupt memory.
+ + Delete O_REMAPMAX in favor of setting interrupts after N mapped
+ characters without a read, delete the map counter per character.
+ MAJOR CHANGE. All of the interrupt signal handling has been
+ reworked so that interrupts are always turned on instead of
+ being turned on periodically, when an interruptible operation is
+ pending.
+ + Fix bug where vi wait() was interrupted by the recovery alarm.
+ + Make +cmd's and initial commands execute with the current line
+ set to the last line of the file. This is historic practice.
+ + Change "lock failed" error message to a file status message.
+ It always fails over NFS, and making all NFS files readonly
+ isn't going to fly.
+ + Use the historic line number format, but check for overflow.
+ + Fix bug where vi command parser ignored buffers specified as
+ part of the motion command.
+ + Make [@*]buffer commands on character mode buffers match historic
+ practice.
+ + Fix bug where the cmap/chf entries of the tty structure weren't
+ being cleared when new characters were read.
+ + Fix bug where the default command motion flags were being set
+ when the command was a motion component.
+ + Fix wrapmargin bug; if appending characters, and wrapmargin breaks
+ the line, an additional space is eaten.
+1.14 -> 1.15: Fri Apr 29 07:44:57 1994
+ + Make the ex delete command work in any empty file.
+ + Fix bug where 't' command placed the cursor on the character
+ instead of to its left.
+ + ^D and ^U didn't set the scroll option value historically.
+ Note, this change means that any user set value (e.g. 15^D)
+ will be lost when splitting the screen, since the split code
+ now resets the scroll value regardless.
+ + Fix the ( command to set the absolute movement mark.
+ + Only use TIOCGWINSZ for window information if SIGWINCH signal
+ caught.
+ + Delete the -l flag, and make -r work for multiple arguments.
+ Add the ex "recover[!] file" command.
+ + Switch into ex terminal mode and use the sex routines when
+ append/change/insert called from vi mode.
+ + Make ^F and ^B match historic practice. This required a fairly
+ extensive rework of the svi scrolling code.
+ + Cursor positioning in H, M, L, G (first non-blank for 1G) wasn't
+ being done correctly. Delete the SETLFNB flag. H, M, and L stay
+ logical movements (SETNNB) and G always moves to the first nonblank.
+ + System V uses "lines" and "cols", not "li" and "co", change as
+ necessary. Check termcap function returns for errors.
+ + Fix `<character> command to do start/end of line correction,
+ and to set line mode if starting and stopping at column 0.
+ + Fix bug in delete code where dropped core if deleted in character
+ mode to an empty line. (Rework the delete code for efficiency.)
+ + Give up on SunOS 4.1.X, and use "cc" instead of /usr/5bin/cc.
+ + Protect ex_getline routine from interrupted system calls (if
+ possible, set SA_RESTART on SIGALRM, too).
+ + Fix leftright scrolling bug, when moving to a shorter line.
+ + Do validity checking on the copy, move, t command target line
+ numbers.
+ + Change for System V % pattern broke trailing flags for empty
+ replacement strings.
+ + Fix bug when RCM flags retained in the saved dot structure.
+ + Make the ex '=' command work for empty files.
+ + Fix bug where special_key array was being free'd (it's no longer
+ allocated).
+ + Matches cut in line mode only if the starting cursor is at or
+ before the first nonblank in its line, and the ending cursor is
+ at or after the last nonblank in its line.
+ + Add the :wn command, so you can write a file and switch to a new
+ file in one command.
+ + Allow only a single key as an argument to :viusage.
+ + New movement code broke filter/paragraph operations in empty
+ files ("!}date" in an empty file was dropping core).
+1.12 -> 1.14: Mon Apr 18 11:05:10 1994 (PUBLICLY AVAILABLE VERSION, 4.4BSD)
+ + Fix FILE structure leakage in the ex filter code.
+ + Rework suspend code for System V curses. Nvi has to do the
+ the work, there's no way to get curses to do it right.
+ + Revert SunOS 4.1.X ports to the distributed curses. There's
+ a bug in Sun's implementation that we can't live with.
+ + Quit immediately if row/column values are unreasonable.
+ + Fix the function keys to match vi historic behavior.
+ + Replace the echo/awk magic in the Makefile's with awk scripts.
+1.11 -> 1.12: Thu Apr 14 11:10:19 1994
+ + Fix bug where only the first vi key was checked for validity.
+ + Make 'R' continue to overwrite after a <carriage-return>.
+ + Only display the "no recovery" message once.
+ + Rework line backup code to restore the line to its previous
+ condition.
+ + Don't permit :q in a .exrc file or EXINIT variable.
+ + Fix wrapscan option bug where forward searches become backward
+ searches and do cursor correction accordingly.
+ + Change "dd" to move the cursor to the first non-blank on the line.
+ + Delete cursor attraction to the first non-blank, change non-blank
+ motions to set the most attractive cursor position instead.
+ + Fix 'r' substitute option to set the RE to the last RE, not the
+ last substitute RE.
+ + Fix 'c' and 'g' substitute options to always toggle, and fix
+ edcompatible option to not reset them.
+ + Display ex error messages in inverse video.
+ + Fix errorbells option to match historic practice.
+ + Delete fixed character display table in favor of table built based
+ on the current locale.
+ + Add ":set octal" option, that displays unknown characters as octal
+ values instead of the default hexadecimal.
+ + Make all command and text input modes interruptible.
+ + Fix ex input mode to display error messages immediately, instead
+ of waiting for the lines to be resolved.
+ + Fix bug where vi calling append could overwrite the command.
+ + Fix off-by-one in the ex print routine tab code.
+ + Fix incorrect ^D test in vi text input routines.
+ + Add autoindent support for ex text insert routines.
+ + Add System V substitute command replacement pattern semantics,
+ where '%' means the last replacement pattern.
+ + Fix bug that \ didn't escape newlines in ex commands.
+ + Regularize the names of special characters to CH_*.
+ + Change hex insert character from ^Vx<hex_char> to ^X<hex_char>
+ + Integrate System V style curses, so SunOS and Solaris ports can
+ use the native curses implementation.
+1.10 -> 1.11: Thu Mar 24 16:07:45 EST 1994 (PUBLICLY AVAILABLE VERSION)
+ + Change H, M, and L to set the absolute mark, historical practice.
+ + Fix bug in stepping through multiple tags files.
+ + Add "remapmax" option that turns off map counts so you can remap
+ infinitely. If it's off, term_key() can be interrupted from the
+ keyboard, which will cause the buffers to flush. I also dropped
+ the default max number of remaps to 50. (Only Dave Hitz's TM
+ macros and maze appear to go over that limit.)
+ + Change :mkexrc to not dump w{300,1200,9600}, lisp options.
+ + Fix backward search within a line bug.
+ + Change all the includes of "pathnames.h" to use <>'s so that the
+ PORT versions can use -I. to replace it with their own versions.
+ + Make reads and writes interruptible. Rework code that enters and
+ leaves ex for '!' and filter commands, rework all interrupt and
+ timer code.
+ + Fix core dump when user displayed option in .exrc file.
+ + Fix bug where writing empty files didn't update the saved
+ modification time.
+ + Fix bug where /pattern/ addressing was always a backward search.
+ + Fix bug triggered by autoindent of more than 32 characters, where
+ nvi wasn't checking the right TEXT length.
+ + Fix bug where joining only empty lines caused a core dump.
+1.09 -> 1.10: Sat Mar 19 15:40:29 EST 1994
+ + Fix "set all" core dump.
+1.08 -> 1.09: Sat Mar 19 10:11:14 EST 1994
+ + If the tag's file path is relative, and it doesn't exist, check
+ relative to the tag file location.
+ + Fix ~ command to free temporary buffer on error return.
+ + Create vi.ref, a first cut at a reference document for vi.
+ The manual page and the reference document only document the
+ set options, so far.
+ + Fix 1G bug not always going to the first non-blank.
+ + Upgrade PORT/regex to release alpha3.4, from Henry Spencer.
+ + Add MKS vi's "cdpath" option, supporting a cd search path.
+ + Handle if search as a motion was discarded, i.e. "d/<erase>".
+ + Change nvi to not create multiple recovery files if modifying
+ a recovered file.
+ + Decide to ignore that the cursor is before the '$' when inserting
+ in list mode. It's too hard to fix.
+1.07 -> 1.08: Wed Mar 16 07:37:36 EST 1994
+ + Leftright and big line scrolling fixes. This meant more changes
+ to the screen display code, so there may be new problems.
+ + Don't permit search-style addresses until a file has been read.
+ + "c[Ww]" command incorrectly handled the "in whitespace" case.
+ + Fix key space allocation bug triggered by cut/paste under SunOS.
+ + Ex move command got the final cursor position wrong.
+ + Delete "optimize option not implemented" message.
+ + Make the literal-next character turn off mapping for the next
+ character in text input mode.
+1.06 -> 1.07: Mon Mar 14 11:10:33 EST 1994
+ + The "wire down" change in 1.05 broke ex command parsing, there
+ wasn't a corresponding change to handle multiple K_VLNEXT chars.
+ + Fix final position for vi's 't' command.
+1.05 -> 1.06: Sun Mar 13 16:12:52 EST 1994
+ + Wire down ^D, ^H, ^W, and ^V, regardless of the user's termios
+ values.
+ + Add ^D as the ex scroll command.
+ + Support ^Q as a literal-next character.
+ + Rework abbreviations to be delimited by any !inword() character.
+ + Add options description to the manual page.
+ + Minor screen cache fix for svi_get.c.
+ + Rework beautify option support to match historical practice.
+ + Exit immediately if not reading from a tty and a command fails.
+ + Default the SunOS 4.* ports to the distributed curses, not SMI's.
+1.04 -> 1.05: Thu Mar 24 16:07:45 EST 1994
+ + Make cursor keys work in input mode.
+ + Rework screen column code in vi curses screen. MAJOR CHANGE --
+ after this, we'll be debugging curses screen presentation from
+ scratch.
+ + Explode include files in vi.h into the source files.
+1.03 -> 1.04: Sun Mar 6 14:14:16 EST 1994
+ + Make the ex move command keep the marks on the moved lines.
+ + Change resize semantics so you can set the screen size to a
+ specific value. A couple of screen fixes for the resize code.
+ + Fixes for foreground/background due to SIGWINCH.
+ + Complete rework of all of vi's cursor movements. The underlying
+ assumption in the old code was that the starting cursor position
+ was part of the range of lines cut or deleted. The command
+ "d[[" is an example where this isn't true. Change it so that all
+ motion component commands set the final cursor position separately
+ from the range, as it can't be done correctly later. This is a
+ MAJOR CHANGE -- after this change, we'll be debugging the cursor
+ positioning from scratch.
+ + Rewrite the B, b, E, e commands to use vi's getc() interface
+ instead of rolling their own.
+ + Add a second MARK structure, LMARK, which is the larger mark
+ needed by the logging and mark queue code. Everything else uses
+ the reworked MARK structure, which is simply a line/column pair.
+ + Rework cut/delete to not expect 1-past-the-end in the range, but
+ to act on text to the end of the range, inclusive.
+ + Sync on write's, to force NFS to flush.
+1.01 -> 1.03: Sun Jan 23 17:50:35 EST 1994 (PUBLICLY AVAILABLE VERSION)
+ + Tag stack fixes, was returning to the tag, not the position from
+ which the user tagged.
+ + Only use from the cursor to the end of the word in cursor word
+ searches and tags. (Matches historical vi behavior.)
+ + Fix delete-last-line bug when line number option set.
+ + Fix usage line for :split command.
+ + If O_NUMBER set, long input lines would eventually fail, the column
+ count for the second screen of long lines wasn't set correctly.
+ + Fix for [[ reaching SOF with a column longer than the first line.
+ + Fix for multiple error messages if no screen displayed.
+ + Fix :read to set alternate file name as in historical practice.
+ + Fix cut to rotate the numeric buffers if line mode flag set.
+1.00 -> 1.01: Wed Jan 12 13:37:18 EST 1994
+ + Don't put cut items into numeric buffers if cutting less than
+ parts of two lines.
+0.94 -> 1.00: Mon Jan 10 02:27:27 EST 1994
+ + Read-ahead not there; BSD tty driver problem, SunOS curses
+ problem.
+ + Global command could error if it deleted the last line of
+ the file.
+ + Change '.' to only apply to the 'u' if entered immediately
+ after the 'u' command. "1pu.u.u. is still broken, but I
+ expect that it's going to be sacrificed for multiple undo.
+ + If backward motion on a command, now move to the point; get
+ yank cursor positioning correct.
+ + Rework cut buffers to match historic practice -- yank/delete
+ numeric buffers redone sensibly, ignoring historic practice.
+0.92 -> 0.93: Mon Dec 20 19:52:14 EST 1993
+ + Christos Zoulas reimplemented the script windows using pty's,
+ which means that they now work reasonably. The down side of
+ this is that almost all ports other than 4.4BSD need to include
+ two new files, login_tty.c and pty.c from the PORT/clib directory.
+ I've added them to the Makefiles.
+ + All calloc/malloc/realloc functions now cast their pointers, for
+ SunOS -- there should be far fewer warning messages, during the
+ build. The remaining messages are where CHAR_T's meet char *'s,
+ i.e. where 8-bit clean meets strcmp.
+ + The user's argument list handling has been reworked so that there
+ is always a single consistent position for use by :next, :prev and
+ :rewind.
+ + All of the historical options are now at least accepted, although
+ not all of them are implemented. (Edcompatible, hardtabs, lisp,
+ optimize, redraw, and slowopen aren't implemented.)
+ + The RE's have been reworked so that matches of length 0 are handled
+ in the same way as vi used to handle them.
+ + Several more mapping fixes and ex parser addressing fixes.
diff -Naur nvi-1.81.6.orig/nvi-1.79/docs/tutorial/vi.advanced nvi-1.81.6/nvi-1.79/docs/tutorial/vi.advanced
--- nvi-1.81.6.orig/nvi-1.79/docs/tutorial/vi.advanced 1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ nvi-1.81.6/nvi-1.79/docs/tutorial/vi.advanced 2008-06-22 20:35:35.000000000 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,1458 @@
+Section 26: Index to the rest of the tutorial
+
+The remainder of the tutorial can be perused at your leisure. Simply find the
+topic of interest in the following list, and {/Section xx:/^M} to get to the
+appropriate section. (Remember that ^M means the return key)
+
+The material in the following sections is not necessarily in a bottom up
+order. It should be fairly obvious that if a section mentions something with
+which you are not familiar, say, buffers, you might {/buffer/^M} followed by
+several {n} to do a keyword search of the file for more details on that item.
+Another point to remember is that commands are surrounded by curly-braces and
+can therefore be found rather easily. To see where, say, the X command is
+used try {/{X}/^M}. Subsequent {n} will show you other places the command was
+used. We have tried to maintain the convention of placing the command letter
+surrounded by curly-braces on the section line where that command is
+mentioned.
+
+Finally, you should have enough 'savvy' at this point to be able to do your
+own experimentation with commands without too much hand-holding on the part of
+the tutorial. Experimentation is the best way to learn the effects of the
+commands.
+
+ Section Topic - description
+ ------- -------------------
+(Sections 1 through 25 are located in the file vi.beginner.)
+ 1 introduction: {^F} {ZZ}
+ 2 introduction (con't) and positioning: {^F} {^B}
+ 3 introduction (con't) and positioning: {^F} {^B}
+ 4 positioning: {^F} {^B} ^M (return key)
+ 5 quitting: {:q!} ^M key
+ 6 marking, cursor and screen positioning: {m} {G} {'} {z}
+ 7 marking, cursor and screen positioning: {m} {G} {'} {z}
+ 8 marking, cursor and screen positioning: {z} {m} {'}
+ 9 marking and positioning: {m} {''}
+ 10 line positioning: {^M} {-}
+ 11 scrolling with {^M}
+ 12 scrolling with {-} and screen adjustment {z}
+ 13 notes on use of tutorial
+ 14 other scrolling and postioning commands: {^E} {^Y} {^D} {^U}
+ 15 searching: {/ .. /^M}
+ 16 searching: {? .. ?^M} {n} (in search strings ^ $)
+ 17 searching: \ and magic-characters in search strings
+ 18 colon commands, exiting: {:} {ZZ}
+ 19 screen positioning: {H} {M} {L}
+ 20 character positioning: {w} {b} {0} {W} {B} {e} {E} {'} {`}
+ 21 cursor positioning: {l} {k} {j} {h}
+ 22 adding text: {i} {a} {I} {A} {o} {O} ^[ (escape key)
+ 23 character manipulation: {f} {x} {X} {w} {l} {r} {R} {s} {S} {J}
+ 24 undo: {u} {U}
+ 25 review
+(The following sections are in this file.)
+ 26 Index to the rest of the tutorial ******** YOU ARE HERE *******
+ 27 discussion of repeat counts and the repeat command: {.}
+ 28 more on low-level character motions: {t} {T} {|}
+ 29 advanced correction operators: {d} {c}
+ 30 updating the screen: {^R}
+ 31 text buffers: {"}
+ 32 rearranging and duplicating text: {p} {P} {y} {Y}
+ 33 recovering lost lines
+ 34 advanced file manipulation with vi
+ 34.1 more than one file at a time: {:n}
+ 34.2 reading files and command output: {:r}
+ 34.3 invoking vi from within vi: {:e} {:vi}
+ 34.4 escaping to a shell: {:sh} {:!}
+ 34.5 writing parts of a file: {:w}
+ 34.6 filtering portions of text: {!}
+ 35 advanced searching: magic patterns
+ 36 advanced substitution: {:s}
+ 37 advanced line addressing: {:p} {:g} {:v}
+ 38 higher level text objects and nroff: ( ) { } [[ ]]
+ 39 more about inserting text
+ 40 more on operators: {d} {c} {<} {>} {!} {=} {y}
+ 41 abbreviations: {:ab}
+ 42 vi's relationship with the ex editor: {:}
+ 43 vi on hardcopy terminals and dumb terminals: open mode
+ 44 options: {:set} {setenv EXINIT}
+ 44.1 autoindent
+ 44.2 autoprint
+ 44.3 autowrite
+ 44.4 beautify
+ 44.5 directory
+ 44.6 edcompatible
+ 44.7 errorbells
+ 44.8 hardtabs
+ 44.9 ignorecase
+ 44.10 lisp
+ 44.11 list
+ 44.12 magic
+ 44.13 mesg
+ 44.14 number
+ 44.15 open
+ 44.16 optimize
+ 44.17 paragraphs
+ 44.18 prompt
+ 44.19 readonly
+ 44.20 redraw
+ 44.21 remap
+ 44.22 report
+ 44.23 scroll
+ 44.24 sections
+ 44.25 shell
+ 44.26 shiftwidth
+ 44.27 showmatch
+ 44.28 slowopen
+ 44.29 tabstop
+ 44.30 tags
+ 44.31 taglength
+ 44.32 term
+ 44.33 terse
+ 44.34 timeout
+ 44.35 ttytype
+ 44.36 warn
+ 44.37 window
+ 44.38 wrapscan
+ 44.39 wrapmargin
+ 44.40 writeany
+ 44.41 w300, w1200, w9600
+
+Section 27: repetition counts and the repeat command {.}
+
+Most vi commands will use a preceding count to affect their behavior in some
+way. We have already seen how {3x} deletes three characters, and {22G} moves
+us to line 22 of the file. For almost all of the commands, one can survive by
+thinking of these leading numbers as a 'repeat count' specifying that the
+command is to be repeated so many number of times.
+
+Other commands use the repeat count slightly differently, like the {G} command
+which use it as a line number.
+
+For example:
+
+{3^D} means scroll down in the file three lines. Subsequent {^D} OR {^U} will
+scroll only three lines in their respective directions!
+
+{3z^M} says put line three of the file at the top of the screen, while {3z.}
+says put line three as close to the middle of the screen as possible.
+
+{50|} moves the cursor to column fifty in the current line.
+
+{3^F} says move forward 3 screenfulls. This is a repetition count. The
+documents advertise that {3^B} should move BACK three screenfulls, but I
+can't get it to work.
+
+Position the cursor on some text and try {3r.}. This replaces three characters
+with '...'. However, {3s.....^[} is the same as {3xi.....^[}.
+
+Try {10a+----^[}.
+
+A very useful instance of a repetition count is one given to the '.' command,
+which repeats the last 'change' command. If you {dw} and then {3.}, you will
+delete first one and then three words. You can then delete two more words with
+{2.}. If you {3dw}, you will delete three words. A subsequent {.} will delete
+three more words. But a subsequent {2.} will delete only two words, not three
+times two words.
+
+Caveat: The author has noticed that any repetition count with {^B} will NOT
+work: indeed, if you are at the end of your file and try {3^B} sufficiently
+often, the editor will hang you in an infinite loop. Please don't try it:
+take my word for it.
+
+Section 28: {t} {T} {|}
+
+Position the cursor on line 13 below:
+
+Line 13: Four score and seven years ago, our forefathers brought ...
+
+Note that {fv} moves the cursor on/over the 'v' in 'seven'. Do a {0} to return
+to the beginning of the line and try a {tv}. The cursor is now on/over the
+first 'e' in 'seven'. The {f} command finds the next occurrence of the
+specified letter and moves the cursor to it. The {t} command finds the
+specified letter and moves the cursor to the character immediately preceding
+it. {T} searches backwards, as does {F}.
+
+Now try {60|}: the cursor is now on the 'o' in 'brought', which is the
+sixtieth character on the line.
+
+Section 29: {d} {c}
+
+Due to their complexity we have delayed discussion of two of the most powerful
+operators in vi until now. Effective use of these operators requires more
+explanation than was deemed appropriate for the first half of the tutorial.
+
+{d} and {c} are called operators instead of commands because they consist of
+three parts: a count specification or a buffer specification (see section
+#BUFFERS), the {d} or {c}, and the object or range description. We will not
+discuss buffers at this stage, but will limit ourselves to count
+specifications. Examples speak louder than words: position the cursor at the
+beginning of line 14:
+
+Line 14: Euclid alone has looked on beauty bear.
+
+Obviously, there is something wrong with this quotation. Type {2fb} to
+position the cursor on the 'b' of 'bear'. Now, type {cwbare^[}
+and observe the results. The {cw} specifies that the change command {c} is to
+operate on a word object. More accurately, it specifies that the range of the
+change command includes the next word.
+
+Position the cursor on the period in Line 14. (one way is to use {f.})
+Now, type {cbbeast^[}. This specifies the range of the change command to be the
+previous word (the 'b' reminiscent of the {b} command). If we had wished to
+delete the word rather than change it, we would have used the {d} operator,
+rather than the {c} operator.
+
+Position the cursor at the beginning of the line with {0}. Type
+{d/look/^M}. The search string specified the range of the delete.
+Everything UP TO the word 'looking' was deleted from the line.
+
+In general, almost any command that would move the cursor will specify a range
+for these commands. The most confusing exception to this rule is when {dd} or
+{cc} is entered: they refer to the whole line. Following is a summary of the
+suffixes (suffices? suffici?) and the ranges they specify:
+
+ suffix will delete{d}/change{c}
+ ------ ------------------------
+ ^[ cancels the command
+ w the word to the right of the cursor
+ W ditto, but ignoring punctuation
+ b the word to the left of the cursor
+ B ditto, but ignoring punctuation
+ e see below.
+ E ditto
+ (space) a character
+ $ to the end of the line
+ ^ to the beginning of the line
+ / .. / up to, but not including, the string
+ ? .. ? back to and including the string
+ fc up to and including the occurrence of c
+ Fc back to and including the occurrence of c
+ tc up to but not including the occurrence of c
+ Tc back to but not including the occurrence of c
+ ^M TWO lines (that's right: two)
+ (number)^M that many lines plus one
+ (number)G up to and including line (number)
+ ( the previous sentence if you are at the beginning of
+ the current sentence, or the current sentence up to where
+ you are if you are not at the beginning of the current
+ sentence. Here, 'sentence' refers to the intuitive
+ notion of an English sentence, ending with '!', '?',
+ or '.' and followed by an end of line or two spaces.
+ ) the rest of the current sentence
+ { analogous to '(', but in reference to paragraphs:
+ sections of text surrounded by blank lines
+ } analogous to ')', but in reference to paragraphs
+ [[ analogous to '(', but in reference to sections
+ ]] analogous to ')', but in reference to sections
+ H the first line on the screen
+ M the middle line on the screen
+ L the last line on the screen
+ 3L through the third line from the bottom of the screen
+ ^F forward a screenful
+ ^B backward a screenful
+ :
+ : etc. etc. etc.
+
+This list is not exhaustive, but it should be sufficient to get the idea
+across: after the {c} or {d} operator, you can specify a range with another
+move-the-cursor command, and that is the region of text over which the command
+will be effective.
+
+Section 30: updating the screen {^R}
+
+Vi tries to be very intelligent about the type of terminal you are working on
+and tries to use the in-terminal computing power (if any) of your terminal.
+Also if the terminal is running at a low baud rate (say 1200 or below), vi sets
+various parameters to make things easier for you. For example, if you were
+running on a 300 baud terminal (that's 30 characters per second transmission
+rate) not all 24 lines of the screen would be used by vi. In addition, there
+is a large portion of the editor keeping track of what your screen currently
+looks like, and what it would look like after a command has been executed. Vi
+then compares the two, and updates only those portions of the screen that have
+changed.
+
+Furthermore, some of you may have noticed (it depends on your terminal) that
+deleting lines or changing large portions of text may leave some lines on the
+screen looking like:
+@
+meaning that this line of the screen does not correspond to any line in your
+file. It would cost more to update the line than to leave it blank for the
+moment. If you would like to see your screen fully up-to-date with the
+contents of your file, type {^R}.
+
+To see it in action, delete several lines with {5dd}, type {^R}, and then type
+{u} to get the lines back.
+
+Here is as good a place as any to mention that if the editor is displaying the
+end of your file, there may be lines on the screen that look like:
+~
+indicating that that screen line would not be affected by {^R}. These lines
+simply indicate the end of the file.
+
+Section 31: text buffers {"}
+
+Vi gives you the ability to store text away in "buffers". This feature is very
+convenient for moving text around in your file. There are a total of thirty-
+five buffers available in vi. There is the "unnamed" buffer that is used by all
+commands that delete text, including the change operator {c}, the substitute
+and replace commands {s} and {r}, as well as the delete operator {d} and delete
+commands {x} and {X}. This buffer is filled each time any of these commands
+are used. However, the undo command {u} has no effect on the unnamed buffer.
+
+There are twenty-six buffers named 'a' through 'z' which are available for the
+user. If the name of the buffer is capitalized, then the buffer is not
+overwritten but appended to. For example, the command {"qdd} will delete one
+line and store that line in the 'q' buffer, destroying the previous contents of
+the buffer. However, {"Qdd} will delete one line of text and append that line
+to the current contents of the 'q' buffer.
+
+Finally, there are nine buffers named '1' through '9' in which the last nine
+deletes are stored. Buffer 1 is the default buffer for the modify commands and
+is sometimes called the unnamed buffer.
+
+To reference a specific buffer, use the double-quote command {"} followed by
+the name of the buffer. The next two sections show how buffers can be used to
+advantage.
+
+Section 32: rearranging and duplicating text: {y} {Y} {p} {P}
+
+Position yourself on line 15 below and {z^M}:
+
+Line 15: A tree as lovely as a poem ...
+Line 16: I think that I shall never see
+
+Type {dd}. Line 15 has disappeared and been replaced with the empty line (one
+with the single character @ on it) or (again depending on your terminal) Line
+16 has moved up and taken its place. We could recover Line 15 with an undo
+{u} but that would simply return it to its original location. Obviously, the
+two lines are reversed, so we want to put line 15 AFTER line 16. This is
+simply done with the put command {p}, which you should type now. What has
+happened is that {dd} put Line 15 into the unnamed buffer, and the {p} command
+retrieved the line from the unnamed buffer.
+
+Now type {u} and observe that Line 15 disappears again (the put was undone
+without affecting the unnamed buffer). Type {P} and see that the capital {P}
+puts the line BEFORE the cursor.
+
+To get Line 15 where it belongs again type {dd}{p}.
+
+Also in Line 15 note that the words 'tree' and 'poem' are reversed. Using the
+unnamed buffer again: {ft}{dw}{ma}{fp}{P}{w}{dw}{`aP} will set things aright
+(note the use of the reverse quote).
+
+The put commands {p} and {P} do not affect the contents of the buffer.
+Therefore, multiple {p} or {P} will put multiple copies of the unnamed buffer
+into your file.
+
+Experiment with {d} and {p} on words, paragraphs, etc. Whatever {d}
+deletes, {p} can put.
+
+Position the cursor on Line 17 and {z^M}:
+
+Line 17: interest apple cat elephant boy dog girl hay farmer
+
+Our task is to alphabetize the words on line 17. With the named buffers (and a
+contrived example) it is quite easy:
+
+{"idw}{"adw}{"cdw}{"edw}{"bdw}{"ddw}{"gdw}{"hdw}{"fdw}
+
+stores each of the words in the named buffer corresponding to the first letter
+of each of the words ('interest' goes in buffer "i, 'apple' goes in buffer "a,
+etc.). Now to put the words in order type:
+
+{"ap$}{"bp$}{"cp$}{"dp$}{"ep$}{"fp$}{"gp$}{"hp$}{"ip$}
+
+Notice that, because 'farmer' was at the end of the line, {dw} did not include
+a space after it, and that, therefore, there is no space between 'farmer' and
+'girl'. This is corrected with {Fg}{i ^[}.
+
+This example could have been done just as easily with lines as with
+words.
+
+You do not have to delete the text in order to put it into a buffer. If all
+you wish to do is to copy the text somewhere else, don't use {d}, rather use
+the yank commands {y} or {Y}. {y} is like {d} and {c} - an operator rather
+than a command. It, too, takes a buffer specification and a range
+specification. Therefore, instead of {dw}{P} to load the unnamed buffer with a
+word without deleting the word, use {yw} (yank a word).
+
+{Y} is designed yank lines, and not arbitrary ranges. That is, {Y} is
+equivalent to {yy} (remember that operators doubled means the current line),
+and {3Y} is equivalent to {3yy}.
+
+If the text you yank or modify forms a part of a line, or is an object such as
+a sentence which partially spans more than one line, then when you put the text
+back, it will be placed after the cursor (or before if you use {P}). If the
+yanked text forms whole lines, they will be put back as whole lines, without
+changing the current line. In this case, the put acts much like the {o} or {O}
+command.
+
+The named buffers "a through "z are not affected by changing edit files.
+However, the unnamed buffer is lost when you change files, so to move text from
+one file to another you should use a named buffer.
+
+Section 33: recovering lost lines
+
+Vi also keeps track of the last nine deletes, whether you ask for it or not.
+This is very convenient if you would like to recover some text that was
+accidentally deleted or modified. Position the cursor on line 18 following,
+and {z^M}.
+
+
+Line 18: line 1
+Line 19: line 2
+Line 20: line 3
+Line 21: line 4
+Line 22: line 5
+Line 23: line 6
+Line 24: line 7
+Line 25: line 8
+Line 26: line 9
+Type {dd} nine times: now don't cheat with {9dd}! That is totally different.
+
+The command {"1p} will retrieve the last delete. Furthermore, when the
+numbered buffers are used, the repeat-command command {.} will increment the
+buffer numbers before executing, so that subsequent {.} will recover all nine
+of the deleted lines, albeit in reverse order. If you would like to review the
+last nine deletes without affecting the buffers or your file, do an undo {u}
+after each put {p} and {.}:
+
+{"1p}{u}{.}{u}{.}{u}{.}{u}{.}{u}{.}{u}{.}{u}{.}{u}{.}
+
+will show you all the buffers and leave them and your file intact.
+
+If you had cheated above and deleted the nine lines with {9dd}, all nine lines
+would have been stored in both the unnamed buffer and in buffer number 1.
+(Obviously, buffer number 1 IS the unnamed buffer and is just the default
+buffer for the modify commands.)
+
+Section 34: advanced file manipulation: {:r} {:e} {:n} {:w} {!} {:!}
+
+We've already looked at writing out the file you are editing with the
+{:w} command. Now let's look at some other vi commands to make editing
+more efficient.
+
+Section 34.1: more than one file at a time {:n} {:args}
+
+Many times you will want to edit more than one file in an editing session.
+Instead of entering vi and editing the first file, exiting, entering vi and
+editing the second, etc., vi will allow you to specify ALL files that you wish
+to edit on the invocation line. Therefore, if you wanted to edit file1 and
+file2:
+
+% vi file1 file2
+
+will set up file1 for editing. When you are done editing file one, write it
+out {:w^M} and then type {:n^M} to get the next file on the list. On large
+programming projects with many source files, it is often convenient just to
+specify all source files with, say:
+
+% vi *.c
+
+If {:n^M} brings in a file that does not need any editing, another {:n^M}
+will bring in the next file.
+
+If you have made changes to the first file, but decide to discard these changes
+and proceed to the next file, {:n!^M} forces the editor to discard the current
+contents of the editor.
+
+You can specify a new list of files after {:n}; e.g., {:n f1 f2 f3^M}. This
+will replace the current list of files (if any).
+
+You can see the current list of files being edited with {:args^M}.
+
+Section 34.2: reading files and command output: {:r}
+
+Typing {:r fname^M} will read the contents of file fname into the editor and
+put the contents AFTER the cursor line.
+
+Typing {:r !cmd^M} will read the output of the command cmd and place that
+output after the cursor line.
+
+Section 34.3: invoking vi from within vi: {:e} {:vi}
+
+To edit another file not mentioned on the invocation line, type {:e filename^M}
+or {:vi filename^M}. If you wish to discard the changes to the current file,
+use the exclamation point after the command, e.g. {:e! filename^M}.
+
+Section 34.4: escaping to a shell: {:sh} {:!} {^Z}
+
+Occasionally, it is useful to interrupt the current editing session to perform
+a UNIX task. However, there is no need to write the current file out, exit
+the editor, perform the task, and then reinvoke the editor on the same file.
+One thing to do is to spin off another process. If there are several UNIX
+commands you will need to execute, simply create another shell with {:sh^M}.
+At this point, the editor is put to sleep and will be reawakened when you log
+out of the shell.
+
+If it is a single command that you want to execute, type {:!cmd^M}, where cmd
+is the command that you wish to run. The output of the command will come to
+the terminal as normal, and will not be made part of your file. The message
+"[Hit return to continue]" will be displayed by vi after the command is
+finished. Hitting return will then repaint the screen. Typing another
+{:!cmd^M} at this point is also acceptable.
+
+However, there is a quicker, easier way: type {^Z}. Now this is a little
+tricky, but hang in there. When you logged into UNIX, the first program you
+began communicating with was a program that is called a "shell" (i.e. it 'lays
+over' the operating system protecting you from it, sort of like a considerate
+porcupine). When you got your first prompt on the terminal (probably a '%'
+character) this was the shell telling you to type your first command. When
+you typed {vi filename} for some file, the shell did not go away, it just went
+to sleep. The shell is now the parent of vi. When you type {^Z} the editor
+goes to sleep, the shell wakes up and says "you rang?" in the form of another
+prompt (probably '%'). At this point you are talking to the shell again and
+you can do anything that you could before including edit another file! (The
+only thing you can't do is log out: you will get the message "There are
+stopped jobs.")
+
+When your business with the shell is done, type {fg} for 'foreground' and the
+last process which you ^Z'd out of will be reawakened and the shell will go
+back to sleep. I will refer you to the documentation for the Berkeley shell
+'csh' for more information on this useful capability.
+
+Section 34.5: writing parts of a file: {:w}
+
+The {:w} command will accept a range specifier that will then write only a
+selected range of lines to a file. To write this section to a file, position
+the cursor on the section line (e.g. {/^Section 34.5:/^M}) and {z^M}. Now type
+{^G} to find out the line number (it will be something like "line 513"). Now
+{/^Section 34.6:/-1^M} to find the last line of this section, and {^G} to find
+its line number (it will be something like 542). To write out this section of
+text by itself to a separate file which we will call "sepfile", type
+{:510,542w sepfile^M}. If sepfile already exists, you will have to use the
+exclamation point: {:1147,1168w! sepfile^M} or write to a different, non-
+existent file.
+
+{:!cat sepfile^M} will display the file just written, and it should be the
+contents of this section.
+
+There is an alternate method of determining the line numbers for the write.
+{:set number^M} will repaint the screen with each line numbered. When the file
+is written and the numbers no longer needed, {:set nonumber^M} will remove the
+numbers, and {^R} will adjust the screen.
+
+Or, if you remember your earlier lessons about marking lines of text,
+mark the beginning and ending lines. Suppose we had used {ma} to mark the
+first line of the section and {mb} to mark the last. Then the command
+{:'a,'bw sepfile^M} will write the section into "sepfile". In general,
+you can replace a line number with the 'name' of a marked line (a single-quote
+followed by the letter used to mark the line)
+
+
+Section 34.6: filtering portions of text: {!}
+
+{!} is an operator like {c} and {d}. That is, it consists of a repetition
+count, {!}, and a range specifier. Once the {!} operator is entered in its
+entirety, a prompt will be given at the bottom of the screen for a UNIX
+command. The text specified by the {!} operator is then deleted and
+passed/filtered/piped to the UNIX command you type. The output of the UNIX
+command is then placed in your file. For example, place the cursor at the
+beginning of the following line and {z^M}:
+
+ls -l vi.tutorial
+********* marks the bottom of the output from the ls command **********
+
+Now type {!!csh^M}. The line will be replaced with the output from the ls
+command. The {u} command works on {!}, also.
+
+Here is an extended exercise to display some of these capabilities. When this
+tutorial was prepared, certain auxiliary programs were created to aid in its
+development. Of major concern was the formatting of sections of the tutorial
+to fit on a single screen, particularly the first few sections. What was
+needed was a vi command that would 'format' a paragraph; that is, fill out
+lines with as many words as would fit in eighty columns. There is no such vi
+command. Therefore, another method had to be found.
+
+Of course, nroff was designed to do text formatting. However, it produces a
+'page'; meaning that there may be many blank lines at the end of a formatted
+paragraph from nroff. The awk program was used to strip these blank lines from
+the output from nroff. Below are the two files used for this purpose: I refer
+you to documentation on nroff and awk for a full explanation of their function.
+Position the cursor on the next line and {z^M}.
+
+******** contents of file f **********
+#
+nroff -i form.mac | awk "length != 0 { print }"
+***** contents of file form.mac ******
+.na
+.nh
+.ll 79
+.ec
+.c2
+.cc
+**************************************
+
+Determine the line numbers of the two lines of file f. They should be
+something like 574 and 575, although you better double check: this file is
+under constant revision and the line numbers may change inadvertently. Then
+{:574,575w f^M}. Do the same for the lines of file form.mac. They will be
+approximately 577 and 582. Then {:577,582w form.mac^M}. File f must have
+execute privileges as a shell file: {:!chmod 744 f^M}.
+
+Observe that this paragraph is
+rather ratty in appearance. With our newly created files we can
+clean it up dramatically. Position the cursor at the beginning
+of this paragraph and type the following sequence of
+characters
+(note that we must abandon temporarily our convention
+of curly braces since the command itself contains a curly brace - we
+will use square brackets for the nonce): [!}f^M].
+
+Here is a brief explanation of what has happened. By typing [!}f^M] we
+specified that the paragraph (all text between the cursor and the first blank
+line) will be removed from the edit file and piped to a UNIX program called
+"f". This is a shell command file that we have created. This shell file runs
+nroff, pipes its output to awk to remove blank lines, and the output from awk
+is then read back into our file in the place of the old, ratty paragraph. The
+file form.mac is a list of commands to nroff to get it to produce paragraphs
+to our taste (the right margin is not justified, the line is 79 characters
+long, words are not hyphenated, and three nroff characters are renamed to
+avoid conflict: note that in this file, the {^G} you see there is vi's display
+of the control-G character, and not the two separate characters ^ up-arrow and
+G upper-case g).
+
+This example was created before the existence of the fmt program. I now type
+[!}fmt^M] to get the same effect much faster. Actually, I don't type those
+six keys each time: I have an abbreviation (which see).
+
+Section 35: searching with magic patterns
+
+The documentation available for "magic patterns" (i.e. regular expressions) is
+very scanty. The following should explain this possibly very confusing feature
+of the editor. This section assumes that the magic option is on. To make
+sure, you might want to type {:set magic^M}.
+
+By "magic pattern" we mean a general description of a piece of text that the
+editor attempts to find during a search. Most search patterns consist of
+strings of characters that must be matched exactly, e.g. {/card/^M} searches
+for a specific string of four characters. Let us suppose that you have
+discovered that you consistently have mistyped this simple word as either ccrd
+or czrd (this is not so far-fetched for touch typists). You could {/ccrd/^M}
+and {n} until there are no more of this spelling, followed by {/czrd/^M} and
+{n} until there are no more of these. Or you could {/c.rd/^M} and catch all of
+them on the first pass. Try typing {/c.rd/^M} followed by several {n} and
+observe the effect.
+
+Line 27: card cord curd ceard
+
+When '.' is used in a search string, it has the effect of matching any single
+character.
+
+The character '^' (up-arrow) used at the beginning of a search string means
+the beginning of the line. {/^Line 27/^M} will find the example line above,
+while {/Line 27/^M} will find an occurrence of this string anywhere in the
+line.
+
+Similarly, {/ the$/^M} will find all occurrences of the word 'the' occurring
+at the end of a line. There are several of them in this file.
+
+Note that {:set nomagic^M} will turn off the special meaning of these magic
+characters EXCEPT for '^' and '$' which retain their special meanings at the
+beginning and end of a search string. Within the search string they hold no
+special meaning. Try {/\/ the$\//^M} and note that the dollar-sign is not the
+last character in the search string. Let the dollar-sign be the last
+character in the search string, as in {/\/ the$/^M} and observe the result.
+
+Observe the result of {/back.*file/^M}. This command, followed by sufficient
+{n}, will show you all lines in the file that contain both the words 'back'
+and 'file' on the same line. The '*' magic character specifies that the
+previous regular expression (the '.' in our example) is to be repeatedly
+matched zero or more times. In our example we specified that the words 'back'
+and 'file' must appear on the same line (they may be parts of words such as
+'backwards' or 'workfile') separated by any number (including zero) of
+characters.
+
+We could have specified that 'back' and 'file' are to be words by themselves by
+using the magic sequences '\<' or '\>'. E.g. {/\<back\>.*\<file\>/^M}. The
+sequence '\<' specifies that this point of the search string must match the
+beginning of a word, while '\>' specifies a match at the end of a word. By
+surrounding a string with these characters we have specified that they must be
+words.
+
+To find all words that begin with an 'l' or a 'w', followed by an 'a' or an
+'e', and ending in 'ing', try {/\<[lw][ea][a-z]*ing\>/^M}. This will match
+words like 'learning', 'warning', and 'leading'. The '[..]' notation matches
+exactly ONE character. The character matched will be one of the characters
+enclosed in the square brackets. The characters may be specified individually
+as in [abcd] or a '-' may be used to specify a range of characters as in [a-d].
+That is, [az] will match the letter 'a' OR the letter 'z', while [a-z] will
+match any of the lower case letters from 'a' through 'z'. If you would like to
+match either an 'a', a '-', or a 'z', then the '-' must be escaped: [a\-z] will
+match ONE of the three characters 'a', '-', or 'z'.
+
+If you wish to find all Capitalized words, try {/\<[A-Z][a-z]*\>/^M}. The
+following will find all character sequences that do NOT begin with an
+uncapitalized letter by applying a special meaning to the '^' character in
+square brackets: {/\<[^a-z][a-z]*\>/^M}. When '^' is the first character of a
+square-bracket expression, it specifies "all but these characters". (No
+one claimed vi was consistent.)
+
+To find all variable names (the first character is alphabetic, the remaining
+characters are alphanumeric): try {/\<[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9]*\>/^M}.
+
+In summary, here are the primitives for building regular expressions:
+
+ ^ at beginning of pattern, matches beginning of line
+ $ at end of pattern, matches end of line
+ . matches any single character
+ \< matches the beginning of a word
+ \> matches the end of a word
+ [str] matches any single character in str
+ [^str] matches any single character NOT in str
+ [x-y] matches any character in the ASCII range between x and y
+ * matches any number (including zero) of the preceding pattern
+
+Section 36: advanced substitution: {:s}
+
+The straightforward colon-substitute command looks like the substitute
+command of most line-oriented editors. Indeed, vi is nothing more than a
+superstructure on the line-oriented editor ex and the colon commands are
+simply a way of accessing commands within ex (see section #EX). This gives us
+a lot of global file processing not usually found in visual oriented editors.
+
+The colon-substitute command looks like: {:s/ .. / .. /^M} and will find the
+pattern specified after the first slash (this is called the search pattern),
+and replace it with the pattern specified after the second slash (called,
+obviously enough, the replacement pattern). E.g. position the cursor on line
+28 below and {:s/esample/example/^M}:
+
+Line 28: This is an esample.
+
+The {u} and {U} commands work for {:s}. The first pattern (the search pattern)
+may be a regular expression just as for the search command (after all, it IS a
+search, albeit limited to the current line). Do an {u} on the above line, and
+try the following substitute, which will do almost the same thing:
+{:s/s[^ ]/x/^M}.
+Better undo it with {u}. The first pattern {s[^ ]} matches an 's'
+NOT followed by a blank: the search therefore ignores the 's'es in 'This' and
+'is'. However, the character matched by {[^ ]} must appear in the replacement
+pattern. But, in general, we do not know what that character is! (In this
+particular example we obviously do, but more complicated examples will follow.)
+Therefore, vi (really ex) has a duplication mechanism to copy patterns matched
+in the search string into the replacement string. Line 29 below is a copy of
+line 28 above so you can adjust your screen.
+
+Line 29: This is an esample.
+
+In general, you can nest parts of the search pattern in \( .. \) and refer to
+it in the replacement pattern as \n, where n is a digit. The problem outlined
+in the previous paragraph is solved with {:s/s\([^ ]\)/x\1/^M}: try it. Here
+\1 refers to the first pattern grouping \( .. \) in the search string.
+
+Obviously, for a single line, this is rather tedious. Where it becomes
+powerful, if not necessary, is in colon-substitutes that cover a range of
+lines. (See the next section for a particularly comprehensive example.)
+
+If the entire character sequence matched by the search pattern is needed in
+the replacement pattern, then the unescaped character '&' can be used. On
+Line 29 above, try {:s/an e.ample/not &/^M}. If another line is to have the
+word 'not' prepended to a pattern, then '~' can save you from re-typing the
+replacement pattern. E.g. {:s/some pattern/~/^M} after the previous example
+would be equivalent to {:s/some pattern/not &/^M}.
+
+One other useful replacement pattern allows you to change the case of
+individual letters. The sequences {\u} and {\l} cause the immediately
+following character in the replacement to be converted to upper- or lower-case,
+respectively, if this character is a letter. The sequences {\U} and {\L} turn
+such conversion on, either until {\E} or {\e} is encountered, or until the end
+of the replacement pattern.
+
+For example, position the cursor on a line: pick a line, any line. Type
+{:s/.*/\U&/^M} and observe the result. You can undo it with {u}.
+
+The search pattern may actually match more than once on a single line.
+However, only the first pattern is substituted. If you would like ALL
+patterns matched on the line to be substituted, append a 'g' after the
+replacement pattern: {:s/123/456/g^M} will substitute EVERY occurrence
+on the line of 123 with 456.
+
+Section 37: advanced line addressing: {:p} {:g} {:v}
+
+Ex (available through the colon command in vi) offers several methods for
+specifying the lines on which a set of commands will act. For example, if you
+would like to see lines 50 through 100 of your file: {:50,100p^M} will display
+them, wait for you to [Hit return to continue], and leave you on line 100.
+Obviously, it would be easier just to do {100G} from within vi. But
+what if you would like to make changes to just those lines? Then the
+addressing is important and powerful.
+
+Line 30: This is a text.
+Line 31: Here is another text.
+Line 32: One more text line.
+
+The lines above contain a typing error that the author of this tutorial tends
+to make every time he attempts to type the word 'test'. To change all of these
+'text's into 'test's, try the following:
+{:/^Line 30/,/^Line 32/s/text/test/^M}. This finds the beginning and end of
+the portion of text to be changed, and limits the substitution to each of the
+lines in that range. The {u} command applies to ALL of the substitutions as
+a group.
+
+This provides a mechanism for powerful text manipulations.
+And very complicated examples.
+
+Line 33: This test is a.
+Line 34: Here test is another.
+Line 35: One line more test.
+
+The above three lines have the second word out of order. The following command
+string will put things right. Be very careful when typing this: it is very
+long, full of special characters, and easy to mess up. You may want to
+consider reading the following section to understand it before trying the
+experiment. Don't worry about messing up the rest of the file, though: the
+address range is specified.
+
+{:/^Line 33/,/^Line 35/s/\([^:]*\): \([^ ]*\) \([^ ]*\) \([^.]*\)/\1: \2 \4 \3/^M}
+
+There are several things to note about this command string. First of all, the
+range of the substitute was limited by the address specification {/^Line
+33/,/^Line 35/^M}. It might have been simpler to do {:set number^M} to see the
+line numbers directly, and then, in place of the two searches, typed
+the line numbers, e.g. {1396,1398}. Or to mark the lines with {ma} and {mb}
+and use {'a,'b}.
+
+Then follows the substitute pattern itself. To make it easier to understand
+what the substitute is doing, the command is duplicated below with the various
+patterns named for easier reference:
+
+ s/\([^:]*\): \([^ ]*\) \([^ ]*\) \([^.]*\)/\1: \2 \4 \3/
+ |--\1---| |--\2---| |--\3---| |--\4---|
+ |--------search pattern------------------|-replacement|
+ |--pattern---|
+
+In overview, the substitute looks for a particular pattern made up of
+sub-patterns, which are named \1, \2, \3, and \4. These patterns are specified
+by stating what they are NOT. Pattern \1 is the sequence of characters that
+are NOT colons: in the search string, {[^:]} will match exactly one character
+that is not a colon, while appending the asterisk {[^:]*} specifies that the
+'not a colon' pattern is to be repeated until no longer satisfied, and
+{\([^:]*\)} then gives the pattern its name, in this case \1. Outside of the
+specification of \1 comes {: }, specifying that the next two characters must be
+a colon followed by a blank.
+
+Patterns \2 and \3 are similar, specifying character sequences that are
+not blanks. Pattern \4 matches up to the period at the end of the line.
+
+The replacement pattern then consists of specifying the new order of the
+patterns.
+
+This is a particularly complicated example, perhaps the most complicated
+in this tutorial/reference. For our small examples, it is obviously
+tedious and error prone. For large files, however, it may be the most
+efficient way to make the desired modifications.
+
+(The reader is advised to look at the documentation for awk. This tool is very
+powerful and slightly simpler to use than vi for this kind of file
+manipulation. But, it is another command language to learn.)
+
+Many times, you will not want to operate on every line in a certain
+range. Rather you will want to make changes on lines that satisfy
+certain patterns; e.g. for every line that has the string 'NPS' on it,
+change 'NPS' to 'Naval Postgraduate School'. The {:g} addressing
+command was designed for this purpose. The example of this paragraph
+could be typed as {:g/NPS/s//Naval Postgraduate School/^M}.
+
+The general format of the command is {:g/(pattern)/cmds^M} and it
+works in the following way: all lines that match the pattern
+following the {:g} are 'tagged' in a special way. Then each of these
+lines have the commands following the pattern executed over them.
+
+Line 36: ABC rhino george farmer Dick jester lest
+Line 37: george farmer rhino lest jester ABC
+Line 38: rhino lest george Dick farmer ABC jester
+
+Type:
+
+{:g/^Line.*ABC/s/Dick/Harry Binswanger/|s/george farmer/gentleman george/p^M}
+
+There are several things of note here. First, lines 36, 37, and 38 above are
+tagged by the {:g}. Type {:g/^Line.*ABC/p^M} to verify this. Second, there
+are two substitutes on the same line separated by '|'. In general, any colon
+commands can be strung together with '|'. Third, both substitutes operate on
+all three lines, even though the first stubstitute works on only two of the
+lines (36 and 38). Fourth, the second substitute works on only two lines (36
+and 37) and those are the two lines printed by the trailing 'p'.
+
+The {:v} command works similarly to the {:g} command, except that the sense of
+the test for 'tagging' the lines is reversed: all lines NOT matching the search
+pattern are tagged and operated on by the commands.
+
+Using {^V} to quote carriage return (see section 39) can be used in global
+substitutions to split two lines. For example, the command
+{:g/\. /s//.^V^M/g^M} will change your file so that each sentence is on a
+separate line. (Note that we have to 'escape' the '.', because '.' by itself
+matches any character. Our command says to find any line which contains a
+period followed by 2 spaces, and inserts a carriage return after the period.)
+
+Caveat: In some of the documentation for ex and vi you may find the
+comment to the effect that {\^M} can be used between commands following
+{:g}. The author of this tutorial has never gotten this to work and has
+crashed the editor trying.
+
+Section 38: higher level text objects and nroff: {(} {)} [{] [}] {[[} {]]}
+
+(Note: this section may be a little confusing because of our command
+notation. Using curly braces to surround command strings works fine as
+long as the command string does not contain any curly braces itself.
+However, the curly braces are legitimate commands in vi. Therefore, for
+any command sequence that contains curly braces, we will surround that
+sequence with SQUARE braces, as on the previous Section line.)
+
+In working with a document, particularly if using the text formatting
+programs nroff or troff, it is often advantageous to work in terms of
+sentences, paragraphs, and sections. The operations {(} and {)} move to
+the beginning of the previous and next sentences, respectively. Thus
+the command {d)} will delete the rest of the current sentence; likewise
+{d(} will delete the previous sentence if you are at the beginning of
+the current sentence, or, if you are not at the beginning of a sentence,
+it will delete the current sentence from the beginning
+up to where you are.
+
+A sentence is defined to end at a '.', '!', or '?' which is followed
+by either the end of a line, or by two spaces. Any number of closing
+')', ']', '"', and ''' characters may appear after the '.', '!', or '?'
+before the spaces or end of line. Therefore, the {(} and {)} commands
+would recognize only one sentence in the following line, but two
+sentences on the second following line.
+
+Line 39: This is one sentence. Even though it looks like two.
+Line 40: This is two sentences. Because it has two spaces after the '.'.
+
+The operations [{] and [}] move over paragraphs and the operations {[[}
+and {]]} move over sections.
+
+A paragraph begins after each empty line, and also at each of a set of nroff
+paragraph macros. A section begins after each line with a form-feed ^L in the
+first column, and at each of a set of nroff section macros. When preparing a
+text file as input to nroff, you will probably be using a set of nroff macros
+to make the formatting specifications easier, or more to your taste. These
+macros are invoked by beginning a line with a period followed by the one or two
+letter macro name. Vi has been programmed to recognize these nroff macros, and
+if it doesn't recognize your particular macro you can use the {:set paragraphs}
+or {:set sections} commands so that it will.
+
+Section 39: more about inserting text
+
+There are a number of characters which you can use to make correnctions
+during input mode. These are summarized in the following table.
+
+ ^H deletes the last input character
+ ^W deletes the last input word
+ (erase) same as ^H; each terminal can define its own erase character;
+ for some it is ^H, for others it is the DELETE key, and for
+ others it is '@'.
+ (kill) deletes the input on this line; each terminal can define its
+ own line-kill character; for some it is ^U, for others it is
+ '@'; you will need to experiment on your terminal to find
+ out what your line-kill and erase characters are.
+ \ escapes a following ^H, (kill), and (erase) characters: i.e.
+ this is how to put these characters in your file.
+ ^[ escape key; ends insertion mode
+ ^? the delete key; interrupts an insertion, terminating it
+ abnormally.
+ ^M the return key; starts a new line.
+ ^D backtabs over the indentation set by the autoindent option
+ 0^D backtabs over all indentation back to the beginning of the line
+ ^^D (up-arrow followed by control-d)same as 0^D, except the indentation
+ will be restored at the beginning of the next line.
+ ^V quotes the next non-printing character into the file
+
+If you wish to type in your erase or kill character (say # or @ or ^U) then you
+must precede it with a \, just as you would do at the normal system command
+level. A more general way of typing non-printing characters into the file is
+to precede them with a ^V. The ^V echoes as a ^ character on which the cursor
+rests. This indicates that the editor expects you to type a control character
+and it will be inserted into the file at that point. There are a few
+exceptions to note. The implementation of the editor does not allow the null
+character ^@ to appear in files. Also the linefeed character ^J is used by the
+editor to separate lines in the file, so it cannot appear in the middle of a
+line. (Trying to insert a ^M into a file, or putting it in the replacement
+part of a substitution string will result in the matched line being split in
+two. This, in effect, is how to split lines by using a substitution.) You can
+insert any other character, however, if you wait for the editor to echo the ^
+before you type the character. In fact, the editor will treat a following
+letter as a request for the corresponding control character. This is the only
+way to type ^S or ^Q, since the system normally uses them to suspend and resume
+output and never gives them to the editor to process.
+
+If you are using the autoindent option you can backtab over the indent which it
+supplies by typing a ^D. This backs up to the boundary specified by the
+shiftwidth option. This only works immediately after the supplied autoindent.
+
+When you are using the autoindent option you may wish to place a label at the
+left margin of a line. The way to do this easily is to type ^ (up-arrow) and
+then ^D. The editor will move the cursor to the left margin for one line, and
+restore the previous indent on the next. You can also type a 0 followed
+immediately by a ^D if you wish to kill all indentation and not have it resume
+on the next line.
+
+Section 40: more on operators: {d} {c} {<} {>} {!} {=} {y}
+
+Below is a non-exhaustive list of commands that can follow the operators
+to affect the range over which the operators will work. However, note
+that the operators {<}, {>}, {!}, and {=} do not operate on any object
+less than a line. Try {!w} and you will get a beep. To get the
+operator to work on just the current line, double it. E.g. {<<}.
+
+ suffix will operate on
+ ------ ------------------------
+ ^[ cancels the command
+ w the word to the right of the cursor
+ W ditto, but ignoring punctuation
+ b the word to the left of the cursor
+ B ditto, but ignoring punctuation
+ e see below.
+ E ditto
+ (space) a character
+ $ to the end of the line
+ ^ to the beginning of the line
+ / .. / up to, but not including, the string
+ ? .. ? back to and including the string
+ fc up to and including the occurrence of c
+ Fc back to and including the occurrence of c
+ tc up to but not including the occurrence of c
+ Tc back to but not including the occurrence of c
+ ^M TWO lines (that's right: two)
+ (number)^M that many lines plus one
+ (number)G up to and including line (number)
+ ( the previous sentence if you are at the beginning of
+ the current sentence, or the current sentence up to where
+ you are if you are not at the beginning of the current
+ sentence. Here, 'sentence' refers to the intuitive
+ notion of an English sentence, ending with '!', '?',
+ or '.' and followed by an end of line or two spaces.
+ ) the rest of the current sentence
+ { analogous to '(', but in reference to paragraphs:
+ sections of text surrounded by blank lines
+ } analogous to ')', but in reference to paragraphs
+ [[ analogous to '(', but in reference to sections
+ ]] analogous to ')', but in reference to sections
+ H the first line on the screen
+ M the middle line on the screen
+ L the last line on the screen
+ 3L through the third line from the bottom of the screen
+ ^F forward a screenful
+ ^B backward a screenful
+ :
+ : etc. etc. etc.
+
+This list is not exhaustive, but it should be sufficient to get the idea
+across: after the operator, you can specify a range with a move-the-cursor
+command, and that is the region of text over which the operator will be
+effective.
+
+Section 41: abbreviations: {:ab}
+
+When typing large documents you may find yourself typing a large phrase
+over and over. Vi gives you the ability to specify an abbreviation for
+a long string such that typing the abbreviation will automatically
+expand into the longer phrase.
+
+Type {:ab nps Naval Postgraduate School^M}. Now type:
+
+{iThis is to show off the nps's UNIX editor.^M^[}
+
+Section 42: vi's relationship with the ex editor: {:}
+
+Vi is actually one mode of editing within the editor ex. When you are
+running vi you can escape to the line oriented editor of ex by giving
+the command {Q}. All of the colon-commands which were introduced above
+are available in ex. Likewise, most ex commands can be invoked from vi
+using {:}.
+
+In rare instances, an internal error may occur in vi. In this case you
+will get a diagnostic and will be left in the command mode of ex. You can
+then save your work and quit if you wish by giving the command {x} after
+the colon prompt of ex. Or you can reenter vi (if you are brave) by
+giving ex the command {vi}.
+
+Section 43: vi on hardcopy terminals and dumb terminals: open mode
+
+(The author has not checked the following documentation for accuracy. It is
+abstracted from the Introduction to Vi Editing document.)
+
+If you are on a hardcopy terminal or a terminal which does not have a cursor
+which can move off the bottom line, you can still use the command set of vi,
+but in a different mode. When you give the vi command to UNIX, the editor will
+tell you that it is using open mode. This name comes from the open command in
+ex, which is used to get into the same mode.
+
+The only difference between visual mode (normal vi) and open mode is the way in
+which the text is displayed.
+
+In open mode the editor uses a single line window into the file, and moving
+backward and forward in the file causes new lines to be displayed, always below
+the current line. Two commands of vi work differently in open: {z} and {^R}.
+The {z} command does not take parameters, but rather draws a window of context
+around the current line and then returns you to the current line.
+
+If you are on a hardcopy terminal, the {^R} command will retype the current
+line. On such terminals, the editor normally uses two lines to represent the
+current line. The first line is a copy of the line as you started to edit it,
+and you work on the line below this line. When you delete characters, the
+editor types a number of \'s to show you the characters which are deleted. The
+editor also reprints the current line soon after such changes so that you can
+see what the line looks like again.
+
+It is sometimes useful to use this mode on very slow terminals which can
+support vi in the full screen mode. You can do this by entering ex and using
+an {open} command.
+
+*********************************************************************
+Section 44: options: {:set} {setenv EXINIT}
+
+You will discover options as you need them. Do not worry about them very much
+on the first pass through this document. My advice is to glance through them,
+noting the ones that look interesting, ignoring the ones you don't understand,
+and try re-scanning them in a couple of weeks.
+
+If you decide that you have a favorite set of options and would like to change
+the default values for the editor, place a {setenv EXINIT} command in your
+.login file. When you are given an account under UNIX your directory has
+placed in it a file that is executed each time you log in. If one of the
+commands in this file sets the environment variable EXINIT to a string of vi
+commands, you can have many things done for you each time you invoke vi. For
+example, if you decide that you don't like tabstops placed every eight columns
+but prefer every four columns, and that you wish the editor to insert linefeeds
+for you when your typing gets you close to column 72, and you want
+autoindentation, then include the following line in your .login file:
+
+setenv EXINIT='set tabstop=4 wrapmargin=8 autoindent'
+
+or equivalently
+
+setenv EXINIT='se ts=4 wm=8 ai'
+
+Each time you bring up vi, this command will be executed and the options set.
+
+There are forty options in the vi/ex editor that the user can set for his/her
+own convenience. They are described in more detail in individual sections
+below. The section line will show the full spelling of the option name, the
+abbreviation, and the default value of the option. The text itself
+comes from the ex reference manual and is not the epitome of clarity.
+
+Section 44.1: {autoindent}, {ai} default: noai
+
+Can be used to ease the preparation of structured program text. At the
+beginning of each append, change or insert command or when a new line is opened
+or created by an append, change, insert, or substitute operation within open or
+visual mode, ex looks at the line being appended after, the first line changed
+or the line inserted before and calculates the amount of white space at the
+start of the line. It then aligns the cursor at the level of indentation so
+determined.
+
+If the user then types lines of text in, they will continue to be justified at
+the displayed indenting level. If more white space is typed at the beginning
+of a line, the following line will start aligned with the first non-white
+character of the previous line. To back the cursor up to the preceding tab
+stop one can hit {^D}. The tab stops going backwards are defined at multiples
+of the shiftwidth option. You cannot backspace over the indent, except by
+sending an end-of-file with a {^D}. A line with no characters added to it
+turns into a completely blank line (the white space provided for the autoindent
+is discarded). Also specially processed in this mode are lines beginning with
+an up-arrow `^' and immediately followed by a {^D}. This causes the input to
+be repositioned at the beginning of the line, but retaining the previous indent
+for the next line. Similarly, a `0' followed by a {^D} repositions at the
+beginning but without retaining the previous indent. Autoindent doesn't happen
+in global commands or when the input is not a terminal.
+
+Section 44.2: {autoprint}, {ap} default: ap
+
+Causes the current line to be printed after each delete, copy, join, move,
+substitute, t, undo or shift command. This has the same effect as supplying a
+trailing `p' to each such command. Autoprint is suppressed in globals, and
+only applies to the last of many commands on a line.
+
+Section 44.3: {autowrite}, {aw} default: noaw
+
+Causes the contents of the buffer to be written to the current file if you have
+modified it and give a next, rewind, stop, tag, or {!} command, or a control-
+up-arrow {^^} (switch files) or {^]} (tag goto) command in visual. Note, that
+the edit and ex commands do not autowrite. In each case, there is an
+equivalent way of switching when autowrite is set to avoid the autowrite
+({edit} for next, rewind! for rewind, stop! for stop, tag! for tag, shell
+for {!}, and {:e #} and a {:ta!} command from within visual).
+
+Section 44.4: {beautify}, {bf} default: nobeautify
+
+Causes all control characters except tab ^I, newline ^M and form-feed ^L to be
+discarded from the input. A complaint is registered the first time a backspace
+character is discarded. Beautify does not apply to command input.
+
+Section 44.5: {directory}, {dir} default: dir=/tmp
+
+Specifies the directory in which ex places its buffer file. If this directory
+in not writable, then the editor will exit abruptly when it fails to be able to
+create its buffer there.
+
+Section 44.6: {edcompatible} default: noedcompatible
+
+Causes the presence or absence of g and c suffixes on substitute commands to be
+remembered, and to be toggled by repeating the suffices. The suffix r makes
+the substitution be as in the {~} command, instead of like {&}.
+
+[Author's note: this should not concern users of vi.]
+
+Section 44.7: {errorbells}, {eb} default: noeb
+
+Error messages are preceded by a bell. However, bell ringing in open and
+visual modes on errors is not suppressed by setting noeb. If possible the
+editor always places the error message in a standout mode of the terminal (such
+as inverse video) instead of ringing the bell.
+
+Section 44.8: {hardtabs}, {ht} default: ht=8
+
+Gives the boundaries on which terminal hardware tabs are set (or on which the
+system expands tabs).
+
+Section 44.9: {ignorecase}, {ic} default: noic
+
+All upper case characters in the text are mapped to lower case in regular
+expression matching. In addition, all upper case characters in regular
+expressions are mapped to lower case except in character class specifications
+(that is, character in square brackets).
+
+Section 44.10: {lisp} default: nolisp
+
+Autoindent indents appropriately for lisp code, and the {(}, {)}, [{], [}],
+{[[}, and {]]} commands in open and visual modes are modified in a
+striaghtforward, intuitive fashion to have meaning for lisp.
+
+[Author's note: but don't ask me to define them precisely.]
+
+Section 44.11: {list} default: nolist
+
+All printed lines will be displayed (more) unambiguously, showing tabs as ^I
+and end-of-lines with `$'. This is the same as in the ex command {list}.
+
+Section 44.12: {magic} default: magic for {ex} and {vi}, nomagic for edit.
+
+If nomagic is set, the number of regular expression metacharacters is greatly
+reduced, with only up-arrow `^' and `$' having special effects. In addition
+the metacharacters `~' and `&' of the replacement pattern are treated as normal
+characters. All the normal metacharacters may be made magic when nomagic is
+set by preceding them with a `\'.
+
+[Author's note: In other words, if magic is set a back-slant turns the magic
+off for the following character, and if nomagic is set a back-slant turns the
+magic ON for the following character. And, no, we are not playing Dungeons and
+Dragons, although I think the writers of these option notes must have played it
+all the time.]
+
+Section 44.13: {mesg} default: mesg
+
+Causes write permission to be turned off to the terminal while you are in
+visual mode, if nomesg is set.
+
+[Author's note: I don't know if anyone could have made any one sentence
+paragraph more confusing than this one. What it says is: mesg allows people to
+write to you even if you are in visual or open mode; nomesg locks your terminal
+so they can't write to you and mess up your screen.]
+
+Section 44.14: {number, nu} default: nonumber
+
+Causes all output lines to be printed with their line numbers. In addition
+each input line will be prompted with its line number.
+
+Section 44.15: {open} default: open
+
+If {noopen}, the commands open and visual are not permitted. This is set for
+edit to prevent confusion resulting from accidental entry to open or visual
+mode.
+
+[Author's note: As you may have guessed by now, there are actually three
+editors available under Berkeley UNIX that are in reality the same
+program, ex, with different options set: ex itself, vi, and edit.]
+
+Section 44.16: {optimize, opt} default: optimize
+
+Throughput of text is expedited by setting the terminal to not do automatic
+carriage returns when printing more than one (logical) line of output, greatly
+speeding output on terminals without addressable cursors when text with leading
+white space is printed.
+
+[Author's note: I still don't know what this option does.]
+
+Section 44.17: {paragraphs, para} default: para=IPLPPPQPP LIbp
+
+Specifies the paragraphs for the [{] and [}] operations in open and visual.
+The pairs of characters in the option's value are the names of the nroff macros
+which start paragraphs.
+
+Section 44.18: {prompt} default: prompt
+
+Command mode input is prompted for with a `:'.
+
+[Author's note: Doesn't seem to have any effect on vi.]
+
+Section 44.19: {readonly}, {ro} default: noro, unless invoked with -R
+ or insufficient privileges on file
+
+This option allows you to guarantee that you won't clobber your file by
+accident. You can set the option and writes will fail unless you use an `!'
+after the write. Commands such as {x}, {ZZ}, the autowrite option, and in
+general anything that writes is affected. This option is turned on if you
+invoke the editor with the -R flag.
+
+Section 44.20: {redraw} default: noredraw
+
+The editor simulates (using great amounts of output), an intelligent terminal
+on a dumb terminal (e.g. during insertions in visual the characters to the
+right of the cursor position are refreshed as each input character is typed).
+Useful only at very high baud rates, and should be used only if the system is
+not heavily loaded: you will notice the performance degradation yourself.
+
+Section 44.21: {remap} default: remap
+
+If on, macros are repeatedly tried until they are unchanged. For example, if o
+is mapped to O, and O is mapped to I, then if remap is set, o will map to I,
+but if noremap is set, it will map to O .
+
+Section 44.22: {report} default: report=5 for ex and vi, 2 for edit
+
+Specifies a threshold for feedback from commands. Any command which modifies
+more than the specified number of lines will provide feedback as to the scope
+of its changes. For commands such as global, open, undo, and visual which have
+potentially more far reaching scope, the net change in the number of lines in
+the buffer is presented at the end of the command, subject to this same
+threshold. Thus notification is suppressed during a global command on the
+individual commands performed.
+
+Section 44.23: {scroll} default: scroll=1/2 window
+
+Determines the number of logical lines scrolled when a {^D} is received from a
+terminal in command mode, and determines the number of lines printed by a
+command mode z command (double the value of scroll).
+
+[Author's note: Doesn't seem to affect {^D} and {z} in visual (vi) mode.]
+
+Section 44.24: sections {sections} default: sections=SHNHH HU
+
+Specifies the section macros from nroff for the {[[} and {]]} operations in
+open and visual. The pairs of characters in the options's value are the names
+of the macros which start paragraphs.
+
+Section 44.25: {shell}, {sh} default: sh=/bin/sh
+
+Gives the path name of the shell forked for the shell escape command `!', and
+by the shell command. The default is taken from SHELL in the environment, if
+present.
+
+[Editor's note: I would suggest that you place the following line in
+your .login file:
+setenv SHELL '/bin/csh'
+]
+
+Section 44.26: {shiftwidth}, {sw} default: sw=8
+
+Used in reverse tabbing with {^D} when using autoindent to append text, and
+used by the shift commands. Should probably be the same value as the tabstop
+option.
+
+Section 44.27: {showmatch}, {sm} default: nosm
+
+In open and visual mode, when a `)' or `}' is typed, if the matching `(' or `{'
+is on the screen, move the cursor to it for one second. Extremely useful with
+complicated nested expressions, or with lisp.
+
+Section 44.28: {slowopen}, {slow} default: terminal dependent
+
+Affects the display algorithm used in visual mode, holding off display updating
+during input of new text to improve throughput when the terminal in use is both
+slow and unintelligent. See "An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi" for
+more details.
+
+Section 44.29: {tabstop}, {ts} default: ts=8
+
+The editor expands tabs ^I to tabstop boundaries in the display.
+
+Section 44.30: {taglength}, {tl} default: tl=0
+
+Tags are not significant beyond this many characters.
+A value of zero (the default) means that all characters are significant.
+
+Section 44.31: {tags} default: tags=tags /usr/lib/tags
+
+A path of files to be used as tag files for the tag command. A requested tag
+is searched for in the specified files, sequentially. By default files called
+tags are searched for in the current directory and in /usr/lib (a master file
+for the entire system).
+
+[Author's note: The author of this tutorial has never used this option, nor
+seen it used. I'm not even sure I know what they are talking about.]
+
+Section 44.32: {term} default: from environment variable TERM
+
+The terminal type of the output device.
+
+Section 44.33: {terse} default: noterse
+
+Shorter error diagnostics are produced for the experienced user.
+
+Section 44.34: {timeout} default: timeout
+
+Causes macros to time out after one second. Turn it off and they will
+wait forever. This is useful if you want multi-character macros, but if
+your terminal sends escape sequences for arrow keys, it will be
+necessary to hit escape twice to get a beep.
+
+[Editor's note: Another paragraph which requires a cryptographer.]
+
+Section 44.35: ttytype
+
+[Editor's note: I have found no documentation for this option at all.]
+
+Section 44.36: {warn} default: warn
+
+Warn if there has been `[No write since last change]' before a `!' command
+escape.
+
+Section 44.37: {window} default: window=speed dependent
+
+The number of lines in a text window in the visual command. The default is 8
+at slow speeds (600 baud or less), 16 at medium speed (1200 baud), and the full
+screen (minus one line) at higher speeds.
+
+Section 44.38: {wrapscan}, {ws} default: ws
+
+Searches using the regular expressions in addressing will wrap around past the
+end of the file.
+
+Section 44.39: {wrapmargin}, {wm} default: wm=0
+
+Defines a margin for automatic wrapover of text during input in open and visual
+modes. The numeric value is the number of columns from the right edge of the
+screen around which vi looks for a convenient place to insert a new-line
+character (wm=0 is OFF). This is very convenient for touch typists.
+Wrapmargin behaves much like fill/nojustify mode does in nroff.
+
+Section 44.40: {writeany}, {wa} default: nowa
+
+Inhibit the checks normally made before write commands, allowing a write to any
+file which the system protection mechanism will allow.
+
+Section 44.41: {w300}, {w1200}, {w9600} defaults: w300=8
+ w1200=16
+ w9600=full screen minus one
+
+These are not true options but set the default size of the window for when the
+speed is slow (300), medium (1200), or high (9600), respectively. They are
+suitable for an EXINIT and make it easy to change the 8/16/full screen rule.
+
+Section 45: Limitations
+
+Here are some editor limits that the user is likely to encounter:
+ 1024 characters per line
+ 256 characters per global command list
+ 128 characters per file name
+ 128 characters in the previous inserted and deleted text in open or
+ visual
+ 100 characters in a shell escape command
+ 63 characters in a string valued option
+ 30 characters in a tag name
+ 250000 lines in the file (this is silently enforced).
+
+The visual implementation limits the number of macros defined with map to 32,
+and the total number of characters in macros to be less than 512.
+
+[Editor's note: these limits may not apply to versions after 4.1BSD.]
diff -Naur nvi-1.81.orig/nvi-1.79/docs/tutorial/vi.beginner nvi-1.81.6/nvi-1.79/docs/tutorial/vi.beginner
--- nvi-1.81.6.orig/nvi-1.79/docs/tutorial/vi.beginner 1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100
+++ nvi-1.81.6/nvi-1.79/docs/tutorial/vi.beginner 2008-06-22 20:35:35.000000000 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,741 @@
+Section 1: {^F} {ZZ}
+
+To get out of this tutorial, type: ZZ (two capital Z's).
+
+Learning a new computer system implies learning a new text editor. These
+tutorial lessons were created by Dain Samples to help you come to grips with
+UC Berkeley's screen oriented editor called vi (for VIsual). This tutorial
+uses the vi editor itself as the means of presentation.
+
+For best use of this tutorial, read all of a screen before performing any of
+the indicated actions. This tutorial (or, at least, the first half of it) has
+been designed to systematically present the vi commands IF THE INSTRUCTIONS
+ARE FOLLOWED! If you are too adventuresome, you may find yourself lost. If
+you ever find yourself stuck, remember the first line of this section.
+
+OK, now find the control key on your keyboard; it usually has CTL or CTRL
+written on its upper surface. Your first assignment is to hold the control
+key down while you press the 'F' key on your keyboard. Please do so now.
+
+
+
+Section 2: {^F} {^B}
+Many of vi's commands use the control key and some other key in combination,
+as with the control and the 'F' key above. This is abbreviated CTL-F, or ^F.
+
+As you have probably guessed by now, ^F (CTL-F) moves you forward a fixed
+number of lines in the file. Throughout the remainder of the tutorial when
+you are ready to advance to the next section of text, hit ^F.
+
+The opposite command is ^B. Just for fun, you might want to try a ^B to see
+the previous section again. Be sure to do a ^F to return you here.
+
+Determine what the cursor looks like on your screen. Whatever it is (a box,
+an underscore, blinking, flashing, inverse, etc.) it should now be positioned
+in the upper left-hand corner of your screen under or on the S of Section.
+Become familiar with your cursor: to use vi correctly it is important to
+always know where the cursor is.
+
+Did you notice that when you do a ^F the cursor is left at the top of the
+screen, and a ^B leaves the cursor near the bottom of the screen? Try the two
+commands ^B^F again. And now do another ^F to see the next section.
+
+Section 3: {^F} {^B}
+You now have two basic commands for examining a file, both forwards (^F) and
+backwards (^B).
+
+Note that these are vi text editing commands: they are not commands for the
+tutorial. Indeed, this tutorial is nothing but a text file which you are now
+editing. Everything you do and learn in this tutorial will be applicable to
+editing text files.
+
+Therefore, when you are editing a file and are ready to see more of the text,
+entering ^F will get you to the next section of the file. Entering ^B will
+show you the previous section.
+
+Time for you to do another ^F.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Section 4: {^F} {^B} {^M} (return key)
+We will adopt the notation of putting commands in curly braces so we can write
+them unambiguously. For example, if you are to type the command sequence
+"control B control F" (as we asked you to do above) it would appear as {^B^F}.
+This allows clear delineation of the command strings from the text. Remember
+that the curly braces are NOT part of the command string you are to type. Do
+NOT type the curly braces.
+
+Sometimes, the command string in the curly braces will be rather long, and may
+be such that the first couple of characters of the command will erase from
+the screen the string you are trying to read and type. It is suggested that
+you write down the longer commands BEFORE you type them so you won't forget
+them once they disappear.
+
+Now locate the return key on your keyboard: it is usually marked 'RETURN',
+indicate hitting the return key. In fact, the control-M key sequence is
+exactly the same as if you hit the return key, and vice versa.
+
+Now type {^F}.
+
+
+Section 5: {:q!} {ZZ} {^M} (return key)
+Recognize that this tutorial is nothing more than a text file that you
+are editing. This means that if you do something wrong, it is possible
+for you to destroy the information in this file. Don't worry. If this
+happens, type {ZZ} (two capital Z's) or {:q!^M} to leave the tutorial.
+Restart the tutorial. Once in the tutorial, you can then page forward
+with {^F} until you are back to where you want to be. (There are
+easier ways to do this, some of which will be discussed later, but this
+is the most straightforward.)
+
+You may want to write these commands down in a convenient place for quick
+reference: {:q!^M} and {ZZ}
+
+We will assume that you now know to do a {^F} to advance the file
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Section 6: {m} {G} {'} {z}
+Now that you know how to get around in the file via ^F and ^B let's look at
+other ways of examining a text file. Sometimes it is necessary, in the midst
+of editing a file, to examine another part of the file. You are then faced
+with the problem of remembering your place in the file, looking at the other
+text, and then getting back to your original location. Vi has a 'mark'
+command, m. Type {mp}. You have just 'marked' your current location in the
+file and given it the name 'p'. The command string below will do three
+things: position you at the beginning of the file (line 1), then return you to
+the location 'p' that you just marked with the 'm' command, and, since the
+screen will not look exactly the same as it does right now, the 'z' command
+will reposition the screen. (You may want to write the string down before
+typing it: once you type {1G} it will no longer be on the screen.)
+
+So now type {1G'pz^M} - a one followed by a capital G, followed by the quote
+mark, followed by a lower case 'p', then a lower case 'z', then a return
+(which is the same as a ^M). The {1G} moves you to line 1, i.e. the beginning
+of the file. The {'p} moves you to the location you marked with {mp}. The
+{z^M} command will repaint the screen putting the cursor at the top of the
+screen. (Now {^F}.)
+
+Section 7: {m} {G} {'} {z}
+Let's look at some variations on those commands. If you wanted to look at
+line 22 in the file and return to this location you could type {mp22G'p}. Do
+so now, observing that {22G} puts your cursor at the beginning of section 2 in
+the middle of the screen.
+
+Also note that, without the {z^M} command, the line with 'Section 7' on it is
+now in the MIDDLE of the screen, and not at the top. Our cursor is on the
+correct line (where we did the {mp} command) but the line is not where we
+might like it to be on the screen. That is the function of the {z^M} command.
+(Remember, ^M is the same as the 'return' key on your keyboard.) Type {z^M}
+now and observe the effect.
+
+As you can see, the 'Section 7' line is now at the top of the screen with the
+cursor happily under the capital S. If you would like the cursor line (i.e.
+the line which the cursor is on) in the middle of the screen again, you would
+type {z.}. If you wanted the cursor line to be at the BOTTOM of the screen,
+type {z-}. Try typing {z-z.z^M} and watch what happens.
+
+{^F}
+
+Section 8: {z} {m} {'}
+
+Note that the z command does not change the position of our cursor in the file
+itself, it simply moves the cursor around on the screen by moving the contents
+of the file around on the screen. The cursor stays on the same line of the
+file when using the z command.
+
+This brings up an important point. There are two questions that the users of
+vi continually need to know the answer to: "Where am I in the file?" and
+"Where am I on the screen?" The cursor on your terminal shows the answer to
+both questions. Some commands will move you around in the file, usually
+changing the location of the cursor on the screen as well. Other commands
+move the cursor around on the screen without changing your location in the
+file.
+
+Now type {ma}. Your location in the file has been given the name 'a'. If you
+type {'p'a} you will see the previous location we marked in section 7, and
+then will be returned to the current location. (You will want to do a {z^M}
+to repaint the screen afterwards.) Try it.
+{^F}
+
+Section 9: {m} {''}
+Now we can move about in our file pretty freely. By using the {m} command we
+can give the current cursor position a lower-case-character name, like 'p',
+'a', 'e', 'm', or 'b'. Using the {G} command preceded by a line number we can
+look at any line in the file we like. Using the single quote command {'}
+followed by a character used in an {m} command, we can return to any location
+in the file we have marked.
+
+However, try {m3}, or {mM}. You should hear a beep, or bell. Only lower-case
+letters are acceptable to the {m} and {'} commands: numbers, upper-case
+letters, and special characters are not acceptable.
+
+If you type the {'} command with a character that is lower-case alphabetic but
+that has not been used in an {m} command, or for which the 'marked' text has
+been deleted, you will also get a beep. Try {'i}. You should get a beep
+because the command {mi} has never been issued. (Unless you've been
+experimenting.)
+
+The command {''} attempts to return you to the location at which you last
+modified some part of your file. However, my experience has been that it is
+difficult to predict exactly where you will end up.
+Section 10: {^M} {-}
+Now do {ma}, marking your position at the top of the screen. Now hit {^M} (or
+return) until the cursor is right ...
+* <- here, over/under the asterisk. Now
+type {mb'a'b} and watch the cursor move from the asterisk to the top of the
+screen and back again.
+
+The {^M} command moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line. Now type
+{^M} until the cursor is right ...
+* <- here. The command to move the cursor to the beginning of the
+previous line is {-}. Practice moving the cursor around on the screen by using
+{^M} and {-}. BE CAREFUL to not move the cursor OFF the screen just yet. If
+you do, type {'az^M}.
+
+Now we can move to any line within the screen. Practice moving around in the
+file using the {^F}, {^B}, {-}, {^M}, {z}, and {'} commands. When you are
+fairly confident that you can get to where you need to be in the file, and
+position the cursor on the screen where you want it type {'az^M^F} (which, of
+course, moves you back to the beginning of this section, repositions the
+cursor at the top of the screen, and advances you to the next section).
+
+Section 11: scrolling: {^M}
+The cursor should now be on the S of 'Section 11', and this should be on the
+first line of the screen. If it is not, do {^M} or {-} as appropriate to put
+the cursor on the section line, and type {z^M}.
+
+Type {mc} to mark your place.
+
+Now type {^M} until the cursor is on the last line of this screen. Now do one
+more {^M} and observe the result. This is called scrolling. When you
+attempted to move to a line not displayed on the screen, the line at the top of
+the screen was 'scrolled off', and a line at the bottom of the screen was
+'scrolled on'. The top line with 'Section 11' should no longer be visible.
+
+Now type {'cz^M} to reset the screen and type {^F} for the next section.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Section 12: {-} {z}
+
+The {-} command moves the cursor to the previous line in the file. Now type
+{-}, which attempts to move the cursor to the previous line in this file.
+However, that line is not on the screen. The resulting action will depend on
+your terminal. (Do a {^Mz^M} to reposition the file). On intelligent
+terminals (e.g. VT100s, Z19s, Concept 100s), a top line is 'scrolled on' and
+the bottom line is 'scrolled off'. Other terminals, however, may not have
+this 'reverse scrolling' feature. They will simply repaint the screen with
+the cursor line in the middle of the screen. On such terminals it is
+necessary to type {z^M} to get the cursor line back to the top of the screen.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Section 13:
+Up until this point, the tutorial has always tried to make sure that the first
+line of each screen has on it the section number and a list of the commands
+covered in that section. This will no longer be strictly maintained. If you
+want the section line at the top of the screen, you now know enough commands to
+do it easily: do {^M} or {-} until the cursor is on the section line and
+then {z^M}. Also, from this point on, it may not be the case that a {^F} will
+put you at the beginning of the next section. Therefore, be aware of where you
+are in the file as we look at other commands. You may have to find your way
+back to a particular section without any help from the tutorial. If you do not
+feel comfortable with this, then it is suggested that you practice moving from
+section 1 to section 13, back and forth, using {^M}, {-}, {^F}, and {^B}
+commands for a while.
+
+Also make liberal use of the mark command {m}: if, for example, you make a
+habit of using {mz} to mark your current location in the file, then you will
+always be able to return to that location with {'z} if the editor does
+something strange and you have no idea where you are or what happened.
+
+And finally, the proscription against experimentation is hereby lifted: play
+with the editor. Feel free to try out variations on the commands and move
+around in the file. By this time you should be able to recover from any gross
+errors.
+
+Section 14: {^E} {^Y} {^D} {^U}
+Let us now look at a few other commands for moving around in the file, and
+moving the file around on the screen. Note that the commands we have already
+looked at are sufficient: you really don't need any more commands for looking
+in a file. The following commands are not absolutely necessary. However,
+they can make editing more convenient, and you should take note of their
+existence. But it would be perfectly valid to decide to ignore them on this
+first pass: you can learn them later when you see a need for them, if you ever
+do.
+
+First, let's clear up some potentially confusing language. In at least one
+place in the official document ('An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi'
+by William Joy, and Mark Horton, September 1980), the expression "to scroll
+down text" means that the cursor is moved down in your file. However, note
+that this may result in the text on the screen moving UP. This use of the
+word 'scroll' refers to the action of the cursor within the file. However,
+another legitimate use of the word refers to the action of the text on the
+screen. That is, if the lines on your screen move up toward the top of the
+screen, this would be 'scrolling the screen up'. If the lines move down
+toward the bottom of the screen, this would be refered to as scrolling down.
+
+I have tried to maintain the following jargon: 'scrolling' refers to what the
+text does on the screen, not to what the cursor does within the file. For the
+latter I will refer to the cursor 'moving', or to 'moving the cursor'. I
+realize that this is not necessarily consistent with Joy and Horton, but they
+were wrong.
+
+{^E} scrolls the whole screen up one line, keeping the cursor on the same line,
+if possible. However, if the cursor line is the first line on the screen, then
+the cursor is moved to the next line in the file. Try typing {^E}.
+
+{^Y} scrolls the screen down one line, keeping the cursor on the same line, if
+possible. However, if the cursor line is the last line on the screen, then the
+cursor is moved to the previous line in the file. Try it.
+
+{^D} moves the cursor down into the file, scrolling the screen up.
+
+{^U} moves the cursor up into the file, also scrolling the screen if the
+terminal you are on has the reverse scroll capability. Otherwise the
+screen is repainted.
+
+Note that {^E} and {^Y} move the cursor on the screen while trying to keep the
+cursor at the same place in the file (if possible: however, the cursor can
+never move off screen), while {^D} and {^U} keep the cursor at the same place
+on the screen while moving the cursor within the file.
+
+Section 15: {/ .. /^M}
+
+Another way to position yourself in the file is by giving the editor a string
+to search for. Type the following: {/Here 1/^M} and the cursor should end up
+right ...........................here ^. Now type {/Section 15:/^M} and the
+cursor will end up over/on .....................here ^. Now type {//^M} and
+observe that the cursor is now over the capital S five lines above this line.
+Typing {//^M} several more times will bounce the cursor back and forth between
+the two occurrences of the string. In other words, when you type a string
+between the two slashes, it is searched for. Typing the slashes with nothing
+between them acts as if you had typed the previous string again.
+
+Observe that the string you type between the two slashes is entered on the
+bottom line of the screen. Now type {/Search for x /^M} except replace the 'x'
+in the string with some other character, say 'b'. The message "Pattern not
+found" should appear on the bottom of the screen. If you hadn't replaced the
+'x', then you would have found the string. Try it.
+
+Section 16: {? .. ?^M} {n} (search strings: ^ $)
+
+When you surround the sought-for string with slashes as in {/Search/}, the
+file is searched beginning from your current position in the file. If the
+string is not found by the end of the file, searching is restarted at the
+beginning of the file. However, if you do want the search to find the
+PREVIOUS rather than the NEXT occurrence of the string, surround the string
+with question marks instead of slash marks.
+
+Below are several occurrences of the same string.
+Here 2 Here 2 Here 2
+ Here 2 Here 2.
+Observe the effect of the following search commands (try them in the
+sequence shown):
+{/Here 2/^M} {//^M} {??^M}
+{/^Here 2/^M} {//^M} {??^M}
+{/Here 2$/^M} {//^M} {??^M}
+
+The first command looks for the next occurrence of the string 'Here 2'.
+However the second line of commands looks for an occurrence of 'Here 2' that
+is at the beginning of the line. When the up-arrow is the first character of
+a search string it stands for the beginning of the line. When the dollar-sign
+is the last character of the search string it stands for the end of the line.
+Therefore, the third line of commands searches for the string only when it is
+at the end of the line. Since there is only one place the string begins a
+line, and only one place the string ends the line, subsequent {//^M} and
+{??^M} will find those same strings over and over.
+
+The {n} command will find the next occurrence of the / or ? search
+string. Try {/Here 2/^M} followed by several {n} and observe the
+effect. Then try {??^M} followed by several {n}. The {n} command
+remembers the direction of the last search. It is just a way to save a
+few keystrokes.
+
+Section 17: \ and magic-characters in search strings
+
+Now type {/Here 3$/^M}. You might expect the cursor to end up
+right......^ here. However, you will get "Pattern not found" at the bottom of
+the screen. Remember that the dollar-sign stands for the end of the line.
+Somehow, you must tell vi that you do not want the end of the line, but a
+dollar-sign. In other words, you must take away the special meaning that the
+dollar-sign has for the search mechanism. You do this (for any special
+character, including the up-arrow ^) by putting a back-slash ('\', not '/') in
+front of the character.
+
+Now try {/Here 3\$/^M} and you should end up nine lines above this one. Try
+{//^M} and note that it returns you to the same place, and not to the first
+line of this paragraph: the back-slash character is not part of the search
+string and will not be found. To find the string in the first line of this
+paragraph, type {/Here 3\\\$/^M}. There are three back-slashes: the first takes
+away the special meaning from the second, and the third takes away the special
+meaning from the dollar-sign.
+
+Following is a list of the characters that have special meanings in search
+strings. If you wish to find a string containing one of these characters, you
+will have to be precede the character with a backslash. These characters are
+called magic characters because of the fun and games you can have with them
+and they can have with you, if you aren't aware of what they do.
+
+ ^ - (up-arrow) beginning of a line
+ $ - (dollar-sign) end of a line
+ . - (period) matches any character
+ \ - (backslant) the escape character itself
+ [ - (square bracket) for finding patterns (see section #SEARCH)
+ ] - (square bracket) ditto
+ * - (asterisk) ditto
+
+Without trying to explain it here, note that {:set nomagic^M} turns off the
+special meanings of all but the ^ up-arrow, $ dollar-sign, and backslash
+characters.
+
+Section 18: {: (colon commands)} {ZZ}
+
+In this section we will discuss getting into and out of the editor in more
+detail. If you are editing a file and wish to save the results the command
+sequence {:w^M} writes the current contents of the file out to disk, using the
+file name you used when you invoked the editor. That is, if you are at the
+command level in Unix, and you invoke vi with {vi foo} where foo is the name
+of the file you wish to edit, then foo is the name of the file used by the
+{:w^M} command.
+
+If you are done, the write and quit commands can be combined into a single
+command {:wq^M}. An even simpler way is the command {ZZ} (two capital Z's).
+
+If, for some reason, you wish to exit without saving any changes you have made,
+{:q!^M} does the trick. If you have not made any changes, the exclamation
+point is not necessary: {:q^M}. Vi is pretty good about not letting you
+get out without warning you that you haven't saved your file.
+
+We have mentioned before that you are currently in the vi editor, editing a
+file. If you wish to start the tutorial over from the very beginning, you
+could {ZZ}, and then type {vi.tut beginner} in response to the Unix prompt.
+This will create a fresh copy of this file for you, which might be necessary
+if you accidentally destroyed the copy you were working with. Just do a
+search for the last section you were in: e.g. {/Section 18:/^Mz^M}.
+
+Section 19: {H} {M} {L}
+
+Here are a few more commands that will move you around on the screen. Again,
+they are not absolutely necessary, but they can make screen positioning easier:
+
+{H} - puts the cursor at the top of the screen (the 'home' position)
+
+{M} - puts the cursor in the middle of the screen
+
+{L} - puts the cursor at the bottom of the screen.
+
+Try typing {HML} and watch the cursor.
+
+Try typing {5HM5L} and note that 5H puts you five lines from the top of the
+screen, and 5L puts you five lines from the bottom of the screen.
+
+Section 20: {w} {b} {0} {W} {B} {e} {E} {'} {`}
+
+Up to this point we have concentrated on positioning in the file, and
+positioning on the screen. Now let's look at positioning in a line. Put the
+cursor at the beginning of the following line and type {z^M}:
+
+This is a test line: your cursor should initially be at its beginning.
+
+The test line should now be at the top of your screen. Type {w} several times.
+Note that it moves you forward to the beginning of the next word. Now type
+{b} (back to the beginning of the word) several times till you are at the
+beginning of the line. (If you accidentally type too many {b}, type {w} until
+you are on the beginning of the line again.) Type {wwwww} (five w's) and note
+that the cursor is now on the colon in the sentence. The lower-case w command
+moves you forward one word, paying attention to certain characters such as
+colon and period as delimiters and counting them as words themselves. Now
+type {0} (zero, not o 'oh'): this moves you to the beginning of the current
+line. Now type {5w} and notice that this has the effect of repeating {w} five
+times and that you are now back on the colon. Type {0} (zero) again. To
+ignore the delimiters and to move to the beginning of the next word using only
+blanks, tabs and carriage-returns (these are called white-space characters) to
+delimit the words, use the {W} command: upper-case W. {B} takes you back a
+word using white-space characters as word delimiters.
+
+Note that the commands {wbWB} do not stop at the beginning or end of a line:
+they will continue to the next word on the next line in the direction specified
+(a blank line counts as a word).
+
+If you are interested in the END of the word, and not the BEGINNING, then use
+the {e} and {E} commands. These commands only move forward and there are no
+corresponding 'reverse search' commands for the end of a word.
+
+Also, we have been using the {'} command to move the cursor to a position that
+we have previously marked with the {m} command. However, position the cursor
+in the middle of a line (any line, just pick one) and type {mk}, marking that
+position with the letter k. Now type a few returns {^M} and type {'k}.
+Observe that the cursor is now at the beginning of the line that you marked.
+Now try {`k}: note that this is the reverse apostrophe, or back-quote, or grave
+accent, or whatever you want to call it. Also note that it moves you to the
+character that was marked, not just to the line that was marked.
+
+In addition, the {``} command works just like the {''} command except that you
+are taken to the exact character, not just to the line. (I'm still not
+sure which exact character, just as I'm still not sure which line.)
+
+Section 21: {l} {k} {j} {h}
+
+There are several commands to move around on the screen on a character by
+character basis:
+
+l - moves the cursor one character to the RIGHT
+k - moves the cursor UP one line
+j - moves the cursor DOWN one line
+h - moves the cursor one character to the LEFT
+
+Section 22: {i} {a} {I} {A} {o} {O} ^[ (escape key)
+
+For this and following sections you will need to use the ESCAPE key on your
+terminal. It is usually marked ESC. Since the escape key is the same as
+typing {^[} we will use ^[ for the escape key.
+
+Probably the most often used command in an editor is the insert command. Below
+are two lines of text, the first correct, the second incorrect. Position your
+cursor at the beginning of Line 1 and type {z^M}.
+
+Line 1: This is an example of the insert command.
+Line 2: This is an of the insert command.
+
+To make line 2 look like line 1, we are going to insert the characters
+'example ' before the word 'of'. So, now move the cursor so that it is
+positioned on the 'o' of 'of'. (You can do this by typing {^M} to move
+to the beginning of line 2, followed by {6w} or {wwwwww} to position the cursor
+on the word 'of'.)
+
+Now carefully type the following string and observe the effects:
+ {iexample ^[} (remember: ^[ is the escape key)}
+The {i} begins the insert mode, and 'example ' is inserted into the line:
+be sure to notice the blank in 'example '. The ^[ ends insertion mode,
+and the line is updated to include the new string. Line 1 should look exactly
+like Line 2.
+
+Move the cursor to the beginning of Line 3 below and type {z^M}:
+
+Line 3: These lines are examples for the 'a' command.
+Line 4: These line are examples for the '
+
+We will change line four to look like line three by using the append command.
+We need to append an 's' to the word 'line'. Position the cursor on the 'e'
+of 'line'. You can do this in several ways, one way is the following:
+First, type {/line /^M}. This puts us on the word 'line' in Line 4
+(the blank in the search string is important!). Next, type {e}. The 'e' puts
+us at the end of the word. Now, type {as^[ (^[ is the escape character)}.
+The 'a' puts us in insert mode, AFTER the current character. We appended the
+'s', and the escape ^[ ended the insert mode.
+
+The difference between {i} (insert) and {a} (append) is that {i} begins
+inserting text BEFORE the cursor, and {a} begins inserting AFTER the cursor.
+
+Now type {Aa' command.^[}. The cursor is moved to the end of the line and the
+string following {A} is inserted into the text. Line 4 should now look like
+line 3.
+
+Just as {A} moves you to the end of the line to begin inserting, {I} would
+begin inserting at the FRONT of the line.
+
+To begin the insertion of a line after the cursor line, type {o}. To insert a
+line before the cursor line, type {O}. In other words {o123^[} is equivalent
+to {A^M123^[}, and {O123^[} is equivalent to {I123^M^[}. The text after the
+{o} or {O} is ended with an escape ^[.
+
+This paragraph contains information that is terminal dependent: you will just
+have to experiment to discover what your terminal does. Once in the insert
+mode, if you make a mistake in the typing, ^H will delete the previous
+character up to the beginning of the current insertion. ^W will delete the
+previous word, and one of ^U, @, or ^X will delete the current line (up to the
+beginning of the current insertion). You will need to experiment with ^U, @,
+and ^X to determine which works for your terminal.
+
+Section 23: {f} {x} {X} {w} {l} {r} {R} {s} {S} {J}
+
+Position the cursor at the beginning of line 5 and {z^M}:
+
+Line 5: The line as it should be.
+Line 6: The line as it shouldn't be.
+
+To make Line 6 like Line 5, we have to delete the 'n', the apostrophe, and the
+'t'. There are several ways to position ourselves at the 'n'. Choose
+whichever one suits your fancy:
+
+{/n't/^M}
+{^M7w6l} or {^M7w6 } (note the space)
+{^M3fn} (finds the 3rd 'n' on the line)
+
+Now {xxx} will delete the three characters, as will {3x}.
+
+Note that {X} deletes the character just BEFORE the cursor, as opposed
+to the character AT the cursor.
+
+Position the cursor at line 7 and {z^M}:
+
+Line 7: The line as it would be.
+Line 8: The line as it could be.
+
+To change line 8 into line 7 we need to change the 'c' in 'could' into a 'w'.
+The 'r' (replace) command was designed for this. Typing {rc} is the same as
+typing {xic^[} (i.e. delete the 'bad' character and insert the correct
+new character). Therefore, assuming that you have positioned the cursor on the
+'c' of 'could', the easiest way to change 'could' into 'would' is {rw}.
+
+If you would like to now change the 'would' into 'should', use the substitute
+command, 's': {ssh^[}. The difference between 'r' and 's' is that 'r'
+(replace) replaces the current character with another character, while 's'
+(substitute) substitutes the current character with a string, ended with an
+escape.
+
+The capital letter version of replace {R} replaces each character by a
+character one at a time until you type an escape, ^[. The 'S' command
+substitutes the whole line.
+
+Position your cursor at the beginning of line 9 and {z^M}.
+
+Line 9: Love is a many splendored thing.
+Line 10: Love is a most splendored thing.
+
+To change line 10 into line 9, position the cursor at the beginning of 'most',
+and type {Rmany^[}.
+
+You may have noticed that, when inserting text, a new line is formed by typing
+{^M}. When changing, replacing, or substituting text you can make a new line
+by typing {^M}. However, neither {x} nor {X} will remove ^M to make two lines
+into one line. To do this, position the cursor on the first of the two lines
+you wish to make into a single line and type {J} (uppercase J for 'Join').
+
+Section 24: {u} {U}
+
+Finally, before we review, let's look at the undo command. Position
+your cursor on line 11 below and {z^M}.
+
+Line 11: The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy hound dog.
+Line 12: the qwick black dog dumped over the laxy poune fox.
+
+Type the following set of commands, and observe carefully the effect of each
+of the commands:
+
+{/^Line 12:/^M} {ft} {rT} {fw} {ru} {w} {Rbrown fox^[} {w} {rj}
+{fx} {rz} {w} {Rhound dog^[}
+
+Line 12 now matches line 11. Now type {U} - capital 'U'. And line 12 now
+looks like it did before you typed in the command strings. Now type:
+
+{ft} {rT} {fw} {ru} {^M} {^M}
+
+and then type {u}: the cursor jumps back to the line containing the second
+change you made and 'undoes' it. That is, {U} 'undoes' all the changes on the
+line, and {u} 'undoes' only the last change. Type {u} several times and
+observe what happens: {u} can undo a previous {u}!
+
+Caveat: {U} only works as long as the cursor is still on the line. Move the
+cursor off the line and {U} will have no effect, except to possibly beep at
+you. However, {u} will undo the last change, no matter where it occurred.
+
+Section 25: review
+
+At this point, you have all the commands you need in order to make use of vi.
+The remainder of this tutorial will discuss variations on these commands as
+well as introduce new commands that make the job of editing more efficient.
+Here is a brief review of the basic commands we have covered. They are listed
+in the order of increasing complexity and/or decreasing necessity (to say that
+a command is less necessary is not to say that it is less useful!). These
+commands allow you to comfortably edit any text file. There are other
+commands that will make life easier but will require extra time to learn,
+obviously. You may want to consider setting this tutorial aside for several
+weeks and returning to it later after gaining experience with vi and getting
+comfortable with it. The convenience of some of the more exotic commands may
+then be apparent and worth the extra investment of time and effort
+required to master them.
+
+to get into the editor from Unix: {vi filename}
+to exit the editor
+ saving all changes {ZZ} or {:wq^M}
+ throwing away all changes {:q!^M}
+ when no changes have been made {:q^M}
+save a file without exiting the editor {:w^M}
+write the file into another file {:w filename^M}
+insert text
+ before the cursor {i ...text... ^[}
+ at the beginning of the line {I ...text... ^[}
+ after the cursor (append) {a ...text... ^[}
+ at the end of the line {A ...text... ^[}
+ after the current line {o ...text... ^[}
+ before the current line {O ...text... ^[}
+delete the character ...
+ under the cursor {x}
+ to the left of the cursor {X}
+delete n characters {nx} or {nX} (for n a number)
+make two lines into one line (Join) {J}
+find a string in the file ...
+ searching forward {/ ...string... /^M}
+ searching backwards {? ...string... ?^M}
+repeat the last search command {n}
+repeat the last search command in the
+ opposite direction {N}
+find the character c on this line ...
+ searching forward {fc}
+ searching backward {Fc}
+repeat the last 'find character' command {;}
+replace a character with character x {rx}
+substitute a single character with text {s ...text... ^[}
+substitute n characters with text {ns ...text... ^[}
+replace characters one-by-one with text {R ...text... ^[}
+undo all changes to the current line {U}
+undo the last single change {u}
+move forward in the file a "screenful" {^F}
+move back in the file a "screenful" {^B}
+move forward in the file one line {^M} or {+}
+move backward in the file one line {-}
+move to the beginning of the line {0}
+move to the end of the line {$}
+move forward one word {w}
+move forward one word, ignoring punctuation {W}
+move forward to the end of the next word {e}
+to the end of the word, ignoring punctuation{E}
+move backward one word {b}
+move back one word, ignoring punctuation {B}
+return to the last line modified {''}
+scroll a line onto the top of the screen {^Y}
+scroll a line onto the bottom of the screen {^E}
+move "up" in the file a half-screen {^U}
+move "down" in the file a half-screen {^D}
+move the cursor to the top screen line {H}
+move the cursor to the bottom screen line {L}
+move the cursor to the middle line {M}
+move LEFT one character position {h} or {^H}
+move RIGHT one character position {l} or { }
+move UP in the same column {k} or {^P}
+move DOWN in the same column {j} or {^N}
+mark the current position, name it x {mx}
+move to the line marked/named x {'x}
+move to the character position named x {`x}
+move to the beginning of the file {1G}
+move to the end of the file {G}
+move to line 23 in the file {23G}
+repaint the screen with the cursor line
+ at the top of the screen {z^M}
+ in the middle of the screen {z.}
+ at the bottom of the screen {z-}
+
+More information on vi can be found in the file vi.advanced, which you can
+peruse at your leisure. From UNIX, type {vi.tut advanced^M}.
