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<A NAME="Introduction"></A>
<H1> 1. Introduction </H1>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="blitz_1.html#SEC2">1.1 About this document</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="blitz_1.html#SEC3">1.2 Platform/compiler notes</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Supported platforms</TD></TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="blitz_1.html#SEC18">1.3 How to download Blitz++</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Where to download Blitz++?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="blitz_1.html#SEC19">1.4 Installation and porting</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to install Blitz++?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="blitz_1.html#SEC23">1.5 Compiling with Blitz++</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to compile a program that uses Blitz++</TD></TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="blitz_1.html#SEC28">1.6 Licensing terms</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">License considerations</TD></TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="blitz_1.html#SEC29">1.7 Mailing lists and support</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to get help?</TD></TR>
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<H2> 1.1 About this document </H2>
<!--docid::SEC2::-->
<P>
To use the Blitz++ library, you will need a compiler with near-ISO/ANSI C++
syntax support (see the following section for possible compilers).
Information on what platforms are supported is available from
<A HREF="http://oonumerics.org/blitz/platforms/">http://oonumerics.org/blitz/platforms/</A>. To download Blitz++, please
go to the download page at <A HREF="http://oonumerics.org/blitz/download/">http://oonumerics.org/blitz/download/</A>.
</P><P>
If you need to do something that Blitz++ doesn't support, see a possible
improvement, or notice an error in the documentation, please send a note to
one of the Blitz++ mailing lists (described later).
</P><P>
<A NAME="platforms"></A>
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<H2> 1.2 Platform/compiler notes </H2>
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<P>
For up-to-date information on supported platforms, please consult
the platforms area on the Blitz++ home page:
</P><P>
<A HREF="http://oonumerics.org/blitz/platforms/">http://oonumerics.org/blitz/platforms/</A>
</P><P>
The information in this document may be out of date.
</P><P>
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<H3> 1.2.1 KAI C++ for Linux/Unix </H3>
<!--docid::SEC4::-->
<P>
Blitz++ was developed and tested using KAI C++ under AIX. It should (in
theory) port to other KAI C++ platforms (Cray, SGI, HP, Sun, Linux, Compaq)
without difficulty. Since KAI C++ uses an EDG front end, other EDG
front-ended compilers (e.g. Comeau) should be able to compile Blitz++.
</P><P>
Recommended compile flags are:
</P><P>
<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>+K3 -O2 --restrict --abstract_pointer --abstract_float -tused
</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
Note that you cannot compile with <CODE>-tall</CODE> (this will generate lots of
errors).
</P><P>
Under Linux, you may need the flag <CODE>-D__signed__=</CODE>. You should omit
<CODE>-tused</CODE> since this template instantiation model is not supported by
<CODE>gcc</CODE>, which is used as the back-end compiler.
</P><P>
Please note that since the purchase of KAI by Intel several years ago, the
use of this compiler has been gradually phased out, with most of the KAI
compiler technology being transferred into the Intel C/C++ compiler. Thus,
Blitz++ is no longer being routinely tested under <CODE>KCC</CODE>.
</P><P>
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<H3> 1.2.2 Intel C++ for x86 </H3>
<!--docid::SEC5::-->
<P>
Blitz++ compiles under fairly recent versions of the Intel C++ compiler
(version 7.1, 8.x or 9.0) for Linux platforms, as well as the comparable
plug-in compiler for Windows that can be used within the Microsoft
Visual Studio IDE. We recommend use of the <CODE>-ansi</CODE> flag for compiler
adherence to the ANSI C++ standard. The <CODE>-strict_ansi</CODE> flag is not
used, as this can lead to many compiler error messages originating from
code in the GNU C++ standard library header files.
</P><P>
More information:
</P><P>
<A HREF="http://www.intel.com/software/products/compilers/clin">http://www.intel.com/software/products/compilers/clin</A>
</P><P>
<A HREF="http://www.intel.com/software/products/compilers/cwin">http://www.intel.com/software/products/compilers/cwin</A>
</P><P>
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<H3> 1.2.3 Microsoft VS.NET 2003 for Windows </H3>
<!--docid::SEC6::-->
<P>
Blitz++ has been ported to the C++ compiler within the Microsoft VS.NET 2003
compiler and IDE package. We provide a zip archive containing an appropriate
configuration header file and project files for building the Blitz library
and all of the testsuite codes. Previous versions of the Microsoft C++
compiler within Visual Studio do not have the required C++ features needed
by Blitz++ and are not supported. Blitz can be compiled under Visual Studio
by using the Intel plug-in C++ compiler for Windows.
</P><P>
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<H3> 1.2.4 gcc for Linux/Unix/Darwin </H3>
<!--docid::SEC7::-->
<P>
GCC (<CODE>g++</CODE>) is a free <FONT SIZE="-1">GNU</FONT> C++ compiler. It compiles Blitz++
reliably on almost any platform running Linux or another Unix variant
(including the Darwin OS). In fact, most Blitz++ development work is done
with <CODE>g++</CODE>.
</P><P>
Work has been done in the latest Blitz++ release to ensure compatibility
with the gcc-4.x release, which contains some key changes in enforcement
of the C++ ANSI standard related to the use of anonymous enums.
</P><P>
gcc may be downloaded from <A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/gcc.html">http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/gcc.html</A>.
</P><P>
If you are using gcc under Solaris, SunOS, or OSF/1, please see the
<TT>`README.binutils'</TT> file included in the distribution.
</P><P>
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<H3> 1.2.5 PathScale for x86_64 </H3>
<!--docid::SEC8::-->
<P>
We have just added support for the PathScale pathCC compiler in blitz-0.9.
This compiler is being provided on many of the newer Opteron x86_64 systems.
We welcome feedback on support for this compiler.
</P><P>
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<H3> 1.2.6 PGI for Linux x86 </H3>
<!--docid::SEC9::-->
<P>
The Portland Group PGI compiler is supported on Linux x86 platforms, and
more recent versions of pgCC such as 5.x are capable of compiling blitz.
However, performance is not particularly good and PGI support is not
being actively tested or maintained.
</P><P>
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<H3> 1.2.7 Absoft for Mac OS X </H3>
<!--docid::SEC10::-->
<P>
Absoft markets a variant of the IBM xlC compiler called <CODE>xlc++</CODE> that
has been ported to the Darwin operating system (Mac OS X). We are providing
support for compiling blitz using this compiler. Although we have noted
and reported some bugs with this compiler, it is capable of producing fairly
high quality optimized code for the Darwin platform.
</P><P>
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<H3> 1.2.8 Metrowerks for Mac </H3>
<!--docid::SEC11::-->
<P>
Metrowerks is sort-of supported; see the platforms web page and the mailing
lists for more information. Support for Metrowerks is no longer being
actively maintained.
</P><P>
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<H3> 1.2.9 Compaq Alpha </H3>
<!--docid::SEC12::-->
<P>
The Compaq C++ compiler version 6.x is supported, and we recommend use of
the <CODE>-model ansi</CODE> flag in order to obtain standard C++ compiler behavior
and proper name mangling. We have inserted a workaround for the lack of
standard ostream support for the <CODE>long double</CODE> type. At this point,
performance of blitz code under the cxx compiler is somewhat disappointing.
</P><P>
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<H3> 1.2.10 IBM RS6000/IBM PowerPC </H3>
<!--docid::SEC13::-->
<P>
The IBM Visual Age C++ compiler is supported as of version 6.x. However,
you may run into a variety of annoying compiler bugs that prevent certain
portions of the Blitz++ library code from compiling. Therefore, it is
strongly recommended that you obtain xlC version 7.0.0.3 or later, in order
to get all the necessary patches that IBM has produced in response to our
bug reports. Also note that compile times can be fairly long with full
optimization enabled.
</P><P>
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<H3> 1.2.11 SGI MIPSpro </H3>
<!--docid::SEC14::-->
<P>
The SGI MIPSpro-7.x version CC compiler is supported, although active testing
is no longer being done.
</P><P>
<HR SIZE="6">
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<H3> 1.2.12 Sun SPARC </H3>
<!--docid::SEC15::-->
<P>
As of version Sun Studio 10.x, the Sun CC compiler should be capable of
compiling blitz. However, no active support is being provided.
</P><P>
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<H3> 1.2.13 Cray T3E/Cray T90/Cray C90/Cray J90 </H3>
<!--docid::SEC16::-->
<P>
As of Version 0.2-alpha-02 of Blitz++, Version 3.0.0.0 of the Cray C++
compiler is supported (well, tolerated anyway). It seems to be based on an
older version of the EDG front end, so some kludges are required. It
doesn't support partial ordering of member templates, so slicing arrays
requires the workaround described in Section <A HREF="blitz_2.html#SEC55">2.4.4 Slicing</A>. Portions
of the standard library are missing, such as <CODE><limits></CODE>,
<CODE><complex></CODE>, and <CODE><set></CODE>. This means you won't be able to use
complex numbers (well, not the ISO/ANSI C++ versions anyway), numeric
inquiry functions, or fast traversal orders.
</P><P>
These compilation flags are recommended:
</P><P>
<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>-h instantiate=used
</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
For optimization, you'll want:
</P><P>
<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>-O3 -h aggress
</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
The ability of the Cray C++ compiler to optimize away temporary objects is
disappointing. It's not able to optimize away expression templates overhead
or comma-delimited array initializers. Please note that support for compiling
Blitz++ under the Cray C++ compiler is no longer being actively maintained.
</P><P>
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<H3> 1.2.14 Fujitsu </H3>
<!--docid::SEC17::-->
<P>
This platform and compiler are no longer being actively supported.
</P><P>
<A NAME="download"></A>
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<H2> 1.3 How to download Blitz++ </H2>
<!--docid::SEC18::-->
<P>
The Blitz++ project is now being served via SourceForge.
To download the Blitz++ library, go to the blitz project web page, at
<A HREF="http://sourceforge.net/projects/blitz">http://sourceforge.net/projects/blitz</A>.
</P><P>
More information about supported platforms and C++ compilers is available
in this document or on the official Blitz++ home page, at
<A HREF="http://oonumerics.org/blitz">http://oonumerics.org/blitz</A>.
</P><P>
<A NAME="install"></A>
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<H2> 1.4 Installation and porting </H2>
<!--docid::SEC19::-->
<P>
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<H3> 1.4.1 Installation </H3>
<!--docid::SEC20::-->
<P>
<A NAME="IDX1"></A>
<A NAME="IDX2"></A>
<A NAME="IDX3"></A>
</P><P>
Blitz++ uses <FONT SIZE="-1">GNU</FONT> Autoconf, which handles rewriting Makefiles for
various platforms and compilers. It has greatly simplified installation and
porting. Many thanks to John W. Eaton and Brendan Kehoe for their help
with this.
</P><P>
To install blitz, unpack the <TT>`blitz-VERSION.tar.gz'</TT> file (it will
install into a subdirectory <TT>`blitz-VERSION'</TT>). For example:
</P><P>
<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>[tveldhui@n2001:~] 32: ls -l blitz*.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 tveldhui users 480953 Jun 23 15:20 blitz-0.5.tar.gz
[tveldhui@n2001:~] 33: gunzip blitz-0.5.tar.gz
[tveldhui@n2001:~] 34: tar xvf blitz-0.5.tar
blitz-0.5/CHANGELOG
blitz-0.5/COPYING
blitz-0.5/INSTALL
blitz-0.5/Makefile.in
blitz-0.5/README
blitz-0.5/THANKS
.
.
</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
Then go into the <TT>`blitz-VERSION'</TT> directory, and type:
</P><P>
<A NAME="IDX4"></A>
<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>./configure CXX=[compiler]
</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
where [compiler] is one of <CODE>xlc++</CODE>, <CODE>icpc</CODE>, <CODE>pathCC</CODE>,
<CODE>xlC</CODE>, <CODE>cxx</CODE>, <CODE>aCC</CODE>, <CODE>CC</CODE>, <CODE>g++</CODE>, <CODE>KCC</CODE>,
<CODE>pgCC</CODE> or <CODE>FCC</CODE>. (If you do not choose a C++ compiler, the
configure script will attempt to find an appropriate compiler for the
current platform.)
</P><P>
By default, the configure script will use a particular set of options
with each C++ compiler. You can disable these default settings and then
substitute your own preferred compiler options with the CXXFLAGS variable,
using this syntax:
</P><P>
<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>./configure CXX=g++ --disable-cxx-flags-preset CXXFLAGS="-ftemplate-depth-50"
</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
If you are interested in benchmarking, you may want to use the option
<CODE>--with-blas=...</CODE> to specify the path where the blas library is found.
Run the configure script with the option <CODE>--help</CODE> to see all the
available options.
</P><P>
Once the configure script is done, you can do any of these things:
</P><P>
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><CODE>make lib</CODE>
<DD>Check the compiler and create <TT>`libblitz.a'</TT>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>make check-testsuite</CODE>
<DD>Make the blitz library plus build and run the testsuite.
<P>
<DT><CODE>make check-examples</CODE>
<DD>Make the blitz library plus build and run the examples.
<P>
<DT><CODE>make check-benchmarks</CODE>
<DD>Make the blitz library plus build and run the benchmarks.
<P>
<DT><CODE>make all</CODE>
<DD>Do all of the above. This may take a <STRONG>long</STRONG> time.
<P>
<DT><CODE>make install</CODE>
<DD>Build the blitz library and documentation and install, along with the
blitz header files, in prefix directory.
</DL>
<P>
Building the benchmark programs requires both a Fortran 77 and Fortran 90
compiler.
</P><P>
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<H3> 1.4.2 The Blitz++ directory tree </H3>
<!--docid::SEC21::-->
<P>
The main Blitz++ directory contains these subdirectories:
</P><P>
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><CODE>blitz</CODE>
<DD>Blitz++ headers and source code files
<P>
<DT><CODE>random</CODE>
<DD>Random number generators
<P>
<DT><CODE>src</CODE>
<DD>Source code for <TT>`libblitz.a'</TT>
<P>
<DT><CODE>lib</CODE>
<DD>Location of <TT>`libblitz.a'</TT>
<P>
<DT><CODE>doc</CODE>
<DD>Documentation in HTML and PostScript
<P>
<DT><CODE>testsuite</CODE>
<DD>Testsuite programs
<P>
<DT><CODE>examples</CODE>
<DD>Example programs
<P>
<DT><CODE>benchmarks</CODE>
<DD>Benchmark programs
</DL>
<P>
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<H3> 1.4.3 Porting Blitz++ </H3>
<!--docid::SEC22::-->
<P>
If you want to try porting Blitz++ to a new compiler or platform, I suggest
the following approach:
</P><P>
<UL>
<LI>First check the Blitz++ web page to make sure you have the latest
snapshot, and that someone hasn't already ported blitz to your platform.
<P>
<LI>Install autoconf (from e.g. <A HREF="ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu">ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu</A>) if
you don't have it already.
<P>
<LI>Run the configure script with CXX=[compiler]. This
will exercise your compiler to see what language features it supports. If
it doesn't have member templates and enum computations, just give up. You
may need to set CXXFLAGS to use compiler options that enable some language
features.
<P>
<LI>Once you know what compiler options are needed, you can make these
the default settings for your C++ compiler. Make a backup of
<TT>`m4/ac_cxx_flags_preset.m4'</TT>, and then edit the file to add an
appropriate case for your compiler. Invoke autoconf to regenerate the
configure script. Then try configure with your new preset flags.
<P>
</UL>
<P>
<A NAME="compiling"></A>
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<H2> 1.5 Compiling with Blitz++ </H2>
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<P>
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<H3> 1.5.1 Header files </H3>
<!--docid::SEC24::-->
<P>
Blitz++ follows an X-windows style convention for header files. All headers
are referred to with a prefix of <TT>`blitz'</TT>. For example, to use the
<CODE>Array<T,N></CODE> class, one needs to include <CODE><blitz/array.h></CODE> instead
of just <CODE><array.h></CODE>. To make this work, the main Blitz++ directory
must be in your include path. For example, if Blitz++ was installed in
<TT>`/software/Blitz++'</TT>, you will need to compile with <CODE>-I
/software/Blitz++</CODE>.
</P><P>
If you have root privileges, you may want to put in a symbolic link from the
standard include path (e.g. <TT>`/usr/include/blitz/'</TT>) to the <CODE>blitz</CODE>
directory of the distribution. This will allow you to omit the <CODE>-I
...</CODE> option when compiling.
</P><P>
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</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 1.5.2 Linking to the Blitz++ library </H3>
<!--docid::SEC25::-->
<P>
The Blitz++ library file <TT>`libblitz.a'</TT> contains a few pieces of global
data. You should ensure that the <TT>`lib'</TT> subdirectory of the Blitz++
distribution is in your library path (e.g.
<CODE>-L/usr/local/blitz-0.5/lib</CODE>) and include <CODE>-lblitz</CODE> on your
command line. If you use math functions, you should also compile with
<CODE>-lm</CODE>.
</P><P>
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<H3> 1.5.3 An example Makefile </H3>
<!--docid::SEC26::-->
<P>
Here is a typical skeletal Makefile for compiling with Blitz++ under gcc:
</P><P>
<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=smallexample><FONT SIZE=-1><pre># Path where Blitz++ is installed
BZDIR = /usr/local/blitz
CXX = g++
# Flags for optimized executables
# CXXFLAGS = -O2 -I$(BZDIR) -ftemplate-depth-30
# Flags for debugging
CXXFLAGS = -ftemplate-depth-30 -g -DBZ_DEBUG -I$(BZDIR)
LDFLAGS =
LIBS = -L$(BZDIR)/lib -lblitz -lm
TARGETS = myprogram1 myprogram2
.SUFFIXES: .o .cpp
.cpp.o:
$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -c $*.cpp
$(TARGETS):
$(CXX) $(LDFLAGS) $@.o -o $@ $(LIBS)
all:
$(TARGETS)
myprogram1: myprogram1.o
myprogram2: myprogram2.o
clean:
-rm -f *.o $(TARGETS)
</FONT></pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
There are more example makefiles in the examples, testsuite, and benchmarks
directories of the distribution.
</P><P>
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<H3> 1.5.4 Explicit instantiation </H3>
<!--docid::SEC27::-->
<P>
It is not possible to do explicit instantiation of Blitz++ arrays. If you
aren't familiar with explicit instantiation of templates, then this fact
will never bother you.
</P><P>
The reason is that explicit instantiation results in all members of a class
template being instantiated. This is <STRONG>not</STRONG> the case for implicit
instantiation, in which only required members are instantiated. The
<CODE>Array<T,N></CODE> class contains members which are not valid for all types
<CODE>T</CODE>: for example, the binary AND operation <CODE>&=</CODE> is nonsensical if
<CODE>T=float</CODE>. If you attempt to explicitly instantiate an array class,
e.g.
</P><P>
<CODE>template class Array<float,3>;</CODE>
</P><P>
then you will be rewarded with many compile errors, due to methods such as
<CODE>&=</CODE> which are nonsensical for <CODE>float</CODE>.
</P><P>
As some consolation, explicit instantiation would not be much help with
Blitz++ arrays. The typical use for explicit instantiation is to
instantiate all the templates you need in one compilation unit, and turn off
implicit instantiation in the others -- to avoid duplicate instantiations
and reduce compile times. This is only possible if you can predict ahead of
time what needs instantiation. Easy for simple templates, but impossible
for classes like <CODE>Array</CODE>. Almost every line of code you write using
<CODE>Array</CODE> will cause a different set of things to be implicitly
instantiated.
</P><P>
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<H2> 1.6 Licensing terms </H2>
<!--docid::SEC28::-->
<P>
The Blitz++ library is licensed under both the GPL and the more permissive
"Blitz++ Artistic License". Take your pick. They are detailed in GPL
and LICENSE, respectively. The artistic license is more appropriate for
commercial use, since it lacks the "viral" properties of the GPL.
</P><P>
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
</P><P>
Copyright (C) 1996--2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</P><P>
<A NAME="help"></A>
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<H2> 1.7 Mailing lists and support </H2>
<!--docid::SEC29::-->
<P>
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="blitz_abt.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 1.7.1 How to get help </H3>
<!--docid::SEC30::-->
<P>
The starting point for all bug reports, feature requests and support
questions is the SourceForge Blitz++ project web page, at
<A HREF="http://sourceforge.net/projects/blitz">http://sourceforge.net/projects/blitz</A>. From this page, you can
click on the Support link to browse previous Blitz++ support requests
or make your own request.
</P><P>
There is also a Lists link that provides access to and lets you search
the blitz mailing list archives. This will often turn up answers to your
question if it has been asked before. Finally, if you continue to experience
a problem with using Blitz++, there is a Bugs link that allows you to file
a bug report and check the status of existing bug reports.
</P><P>
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</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 1.7.2 How to subscribe to a mailing list </H3>
<!--docid::SEC31::-->
<P>
The main mailing list for Blitz++ support questions and information is
<A HREF="mailto:blitz-support@lists.sourceforge.net">blitz-support@lists.sourceforge.net</A>. Anyone is free to post a
question to this list, although the list is moderated. You can subscribe
to the list via the Lists link on the SourceForge Blitz++ project page,
<A HREF="http://sourceforge.net/projects/blitz">http://sourceforge.net/projects/blitz</A>. Besides the main support list,
there is also a <CODE>blitz-devel</CODE> list for comments or questions about future
development of Blitz++ and a <CODE>blitz-cvs</CODE> list that sends notification of
changes to the Blitz++ cvs repository. These lists generally have far less
traffic than the <CODE>blitz-support</CODE> list.
</P><P>
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</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 1.7.3 blitz-devel </H3>
<!--docid::SEC32::-->
<P>
Blitz++ is in open development: anyone can contribute features and code to
the library. If you are interested in helping out with coding or porting,
you should start by subscribing to the <CODE>blitz-devel</CODE> mailing list.
</P><P>
This list is also an appropriate place to send suggestions for features;
just send email to <A HREF="mailto:blitz-devel@lists.sourceforge.net">blitz-devel@lists.sourceforge.net</A>. We can't
implement it if you don't suggest it.
</P><P>
Archives of this list are available from the Blitz++ web site.
</P><P>
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</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 1.7.4 blitz-support </H3>
<!--docid::SEC33::-->
<P>
This mailing list is for posting and answering questions about using the
Blitz++ library. Anyone can post questions; anyone can answer.
</P><P>
<A NAME="Arrays"></A>
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