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<img alt="Erlang logo" src="../../../../doc/erlang-logo.png"><br><small><a href="users_guide.html">User's Guide</a><br><a href="index.html">Reference Manual</a><br><a href="release_notes.html">Release Notes</a><br><a href="../pdf/stdlib-1.18.3.pdf">PDF</a><br><a href="../../../../doc/index.html">Top</a></small><p><strong>STDLIB</strong><br><strong>Reference Manual</strong><br><small>Version 1.18.3</small></p>
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<li title="default-1"><a href="array.html#default-1">default/1</a></li>
<li title="fix-1"><a href="array.html#fix-1">fix/1</a></li>
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<li title="format_error-1"><a href="beam_lib.html#format_error-1">format_error/1</a></li>
<li title="crypto_key_fun-1"><a href="beam_lib.html#crypto_key_fun-1">crypto_key_fun/1</a></li>
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<li title="copy-1"><a href="binary.html#copy-1">copy/1</a></li>
<li title="copy-2"><a href="binary.html#copy-2">copy/2</a></li>
<li title="decode_unsigned-1"><a href="binary.html#decode_unsigned-1">decode_unsigned/1</a></li>
<li title="decode_unsigned-2"><a href="binary.html#decode_unsigned-2">decode_unsigned/2</a></li>
<li title="encode_unsigned-1"><a href="binary.html#encode_unsigned-1">encode_unsigned/1</a></li>
<li title="encode_unsigned-2"><a href="binary.html#encode_unsigned-2">encode_unsigned/2</a></li>
<li title="first-1"><a href="binary.html#first-1">first/1</a></li>
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<li title="part-2"><a href="binary.html#part-2">part/2</a></li>
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<li title="referenced_byte_size-1"><a href="binary.html#referenced_byte_size-1">referenced_byte_size/1</a></li>
<li title="replace-3"><a href="binary.html#replace-3">replace/3</a></li>
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<li title="nc-1"><a href="c.html#nc-1">nc/1</a></li>
<li title="nc-2"><a href="c.html#nc-2">nc/2</a></li>
<li title="nl-1"><a href="c.html#nl-1">nl/1</a></li>
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<li title="datetime_to_gregorian_seconds-1"><a href="calendar.html#datetime_to_gregorian_seconds-1">datetime_to_gregorian_seconds/1</a></li>
<li title="day_of_the_week-1"><a href="calendar.html#day_of_the_week-1">day_of_the_week/1</a></li>
<li title="day_of_the_week-3"><a href="calendar.html#day_of_the_week-3">day_of_the_week/3</a></li>
<li title="gregorian_days_to_date-1"><a href="calendar.html#gregorian_days_to_date-1">gregorian_days_to_date/1</a></li>
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<li title="iso_week_number-0"><a href="calendar.html#iso_week_number-0">iso_week_number/0</a></li>
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<li title="last_day_of_the_month-2"><a href="calendar.html#last_day_of_the_month-2">last_day_of_the_month/2</a></li>
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<li title="local_time_to_universal_time-1"><a href="calendar.html#local_time_to_universal_time-1">local_time_to_universal_time/1</a></li>
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<!-- refpage --><center><h1>shell</h1></center>
<h3>MODULE</h3>
<div class="REFBODY">shell</div>
<h3>MODULE SUMMARY</h3>
<div class="REFBODY">The Erlang Shell</div>
<h3>DESCRIPTION</h3>
<div class="REFBODY"><p>
<p>The module <span class="code">shell</span> implements an Erlang shell.
</p>
<p>The shell is a user interface program
for entering expression sequences. The expressions are
evaluated and a value is returned.
A history mechanism saves previous commands and their
values, which can then be incorporated in later commands.
How many commands and results to save can be determined by the user,
either interactively, by calling <span class="code">shell:history/1</span> and
<span class="code">shell:results/1</span>, or by setting the application configuration
parameters <span class="code">shell_history_length</span> and
<span class="code">shell_saved_results</span> for the application STDLIB.
</p>
<p>The shell uses a helper process for evaluating commands in
order to protect the history mechanism from exceptions. By
default the evaluator process is killed when an exception
occurs, but by calling <span class="code">shell:catch_exception/1</span> or by
setting the application configuration parameter
<span class="code">shell_catch_exception</span> for the application STDLIB
this behavior can be changed. See also the example below.
</p>
<p>Variable bindings, and local process dictionary changes
which are generated in user expressions are preserved, and the variables
can be used in later commands to access their values. The
bindings can also be forgotten so the variables can be re-used.
</p>
<p>The special shell commands all have the syntax of (local)
function calls. They are evaluated as
normal function calls and many commands can be used in one
expression sequence.
</p>
<p>If a command (local function call) is not recognized by the
shell, an attempt is first made to find the function in the
module <span class="code">user_default</span>, where customized local commands
can be placed. If found, then the function is evaluated.
Otherwise, an attempt is made to evaluate the function in the
module <span class="code">shell_default</span>. The module
<span class="code">user_default</span> must be explicitly loaded.
</p>
<p>The shell also permits the user to start multiple concurrent
jobs. A job can be regarded as a set of processes which can
communicate with the shell.
</p>
<p>There is some support for reading and printing records in
the shell. During compilation record expressions are translated
to tuple expressions. In runtime it is not known whether a tuple
actually represents a record. Nor are the record definitions
used by compiler available at runtime. So in order to read the
record syntax and print tuples as records when possible, record
definitions have to be maintained by the shell itself. The shell
commands for reading, defining, forgetting, listing, and
printing records are described below. Note that each job has its
own set of record definitions. To facilitate matters record
definitions in the modules <span class="code">shell_default</span> and
<span class="code">user_default</span> (if loaded) are read each time a new job is
started. For instance, adding the line</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
-include_lib("kernel/include/file.hrl").</pre></div>
<p>to <span class="code">user_default</span> makes the definition of <span class="code">file_info</span>
readily available in the shell.
</p>
<p>The shell runs in two modes: </p>
<ul>
<li>
<span class="code">Normal (possibly restricted)</span> mode, in which
commands can be edited and expressions evaluated.
</li>
<li>Job Control Mode <span class="code">JCL</span>, in which jobs can be
started, killed, detached and connected.
</li>
</ul>
<p>Only the currently connected job can 'talk' to the shell.</p>
</p></div>
<h3><a name="id213455">Shell Commands</a></h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<dl>
<dt><strong><span class="code">b()</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Prints the current variable bindings.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">f()</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Removes all variable bindings.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">f(X)</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Removes the binding of variable <span class="code">X</span>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">h()</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Prints the history list.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">history(N)</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Sets the number of previous commands to keep in the
history list to <span class="code">N</span>. The previous number is returned.
The default number is 20.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">results(N)</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Sets the number of results from previous commands to keep in
the history list to <span class="code">N</span>. The previous number is returned.
The default number is 20.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">e(N)</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Repeats the command <span class="code">N</span>, if <span class="code">N</span> is positive. If
it is negative, the <span class="code">N</span>th previous command is repeated
(i.e., <span class="code">e(-1)</span> repeats the previous command).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">v(N)</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Uses the return value of the command <span class="code">N</span> in the
current command, if <span class="code">N</span> is positive. If it is negative,
the return value of the <span class="code">N</span>th previous command is used
(i.e., <span class="code">v(-1)</span> uses the value of the previous command).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">help()</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Evaluates <span class="code">shell_default:help()</span>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">c(File)</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Evaluates <span class="code">shell_default:c(File)</span>. This compiles
and loads code in <span class="code">File</span> and purges old versions of
code, if necessary. Assumes that the file and module names
are the same.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">catch_exception(Bool)</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Sets the exception handling of the evaluator process. The
previous exception handling is returned. The default
(<span class="code">false</span>) is to kill the evaluator process when an
exception occurs, which causes the shell to create a new
evaluator process. When the exception handling is set to
<span class="code">true</span> the evaluator process lives on which means that
for instance ports and ETS tables as well as processes
linked to the evaluator process survive the exception.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">rd(RecordName, RecordDefinition)</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Defines a record in the shell. <span class="code">RecordName</span> is
an atom and <span class="code">RecordDefinition</span> lists the field names
and the default values. Usually record definitions are made
known to the shell by use of the <span class="code">rr</span> commands
described below, but sometimes it is handy to define records
on the fly.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">rf()</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Removes all record definitions, then reads record
definitions from the modules <span class="code">shell_default</span> and
<span class="code">user_default</span> (if loaded). Returns the names of the
records defined.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">rf(RecordNames)</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Removes selected record definitions.
<span class="code">RecordNames</span> is a record name or a list of record names.
Use <span class="code">'_'</span> to remove all record definitions.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">rl()</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Prints all record definitions.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">rl(RecordNames)</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Prints selected record definitions.
<span class="code">RecordNames</span> is a record name or a list of record names.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">rp(Term)</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Prints a term using the record definitions known to the
shell. All of <span class="code">Term</span> is printed; the depth is not
limited as is the case when a return value is printed.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">rr(Module)</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Reads record definitions from a module's BEAM file. If
there are no record definitions in the BEAM file, the
source file is located and read instead. Returns the names
of the record definitions read. <span class="code">Module</span> is an atom.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">rr(Wildcard)</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Reads record definitions from files. Existing
definitions of any of the record names read are replaced.
<span class="code">Wildcard</span> is a wildcard string as defined in
<span class="code">filelib(3)</span> but not an atom.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">rr(WildcardOrModule, RecordNames)</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Reads record definitions from files but
discards record names not mentioned in <span class="code">RecordNames</span> (a
record name or a list of record names).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">rr(WildcardOrModule, RecordNames, Options)</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Reads record definitions from files. The compiler
options <span class="code">{i, Dir}</span>, <span class="code">{d, Macro}</span>, and
<span class="code">{d, Macro, Value}</span> are recognized and used
for setting up the include path and macro definitions. Use
<span class="code">'_'</span> as value of <span class="code">RecordNames</span> to read all record
definitions.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h3><a name="id213874">Example</a></h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<p>The following example is a long dialogue with the shell. Commands
starting with <span class="code">></span> are inputs to the shell. All other lines
are output from the shell. All commands in this example are explained at the end of the dialogue.
.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
strider 1> <span class="bold_code">erl</span>
Erlang (BEAM) emulator version 5.3 [hipe] [threads:0]
Eshell V5.3 (abort with ^G)
1><span class="bold_code">Str = "abcd".</span>
"abcd"
2> <span class="bold_code">L = length(Str).</span>
4
3> <span class="bold_code">Descriptor = {L, list_to_atom(Str)}.</span>
{4,abcd}
4> <span class="bold_code">L.</span>
4
5> <span class="bold_code">b().</span>
Descriptor = {4,abcd}
L = 4
Str = "abcd"
ok
6> <span class="bold_code">f(L).</span>
ok
7> <span class="bold_code">b().</span>
Descriptor = {4,abcd}
Str = "abcd"
ok
8> <span class="bold_code">f(L).</span>
ok
9> <span class="bold_code">{L, _} = Descriptor.</span>
{4,abcd}
10> <span class="bold_code">L.</span>
4
11> <span class="bold_code">{P, Q, R} = Descriptor.</span>
** exception error: no match of right hand side value {4,abcd}
12> <span class="bold_code">P.</span>
* 1: variable 'P' is unbound **
13> <span class="bold_code">Descriptor.</span>
{4,abcd}
14><span class="bold_code">{P, Q} = Descriptor.</span>
{4,abcd}
15> <span class="bold_code">P.</span>
4
16> <span class="bold_code">f().</span>
ok
17> <span class="bold_code">put(aa, hello).</span>
undefined
18> <span class="bold_code">get(aa).</span>
hello
19> <span class="bold_code">Y = test1:demo(1).</span>
11
20> <span class="bold_code">get().</span>
[{aa,worked}]
21> <span class="bold_code">put(aa, hello).</span>
worked
22> <span class="bold_code">Z = test1:demo(2).</span>
** exception error: no match of right hand side value 1
in function test1:demo/1
23> <span class="bold_code">Z.</span>
* 1: variable 'Z' is unbound **
24> <span class="bold_code">get(aa).</span>
hello
25> <span class="bold_code">erase(), put(aa, hello).</span>
undefined
26> <span class="bold_code">spawn(test1, demo, [1]).</span>
<0.57.0>
27> <span class="bold_code">get(aa).</span>
hello
28> <span class="bold_code">io:format("hello hello\n").</span>
hello hello
ok
29> <span class="bold_code">e(28).</span>
hello hello
ok
30> <span class="bold_code">v(28).</span>
ok
31> <span class="bold_code">c(ex).</span>
{ok,ex}
32> <span class="bold_code">rr(ex).</span>
[rec]
33> <span class="bold_code">rl(rec).</span>
-record(rec,{a,b = val()}).
ok
34> <span class="bold_code">#rec{}.</span>
** exception error: undefined shell command val/0
35> <span class="bold_code">#rec{b = 3}.</span>
#rec{a = undefined,b = 3}
36> <span class="bold_code">rp(v(-1)).</span>
#rec{a = undefined,b = 3}
ok
37> <span class="bold_code">rd(rec, {f = orddict:new()}).</span>
rec
38> <span class="bold_code">#rec{}.</span>
#rec{f = []}
ok
39> <span class="bold_code">rd(rec, {c}), A.</span>
* 1: variable 'A' is unbound **
40> <span class="bold_code">#rec{}.</span>
#rec{c = undefined}
ok
41> <span class="bold_code">test1:loop(0).</span>
Hello Number: 0
Hello Number: 1
Hello Number: 2
Hello Number: 3
User switch command
--> i
--> c
.
.
.
Hello Number: 3374
Hello Number: 3375
Hello Number: 3376
Hello Number: 3377
Hello Number: 3378
** exception exit: killed
42> <span class="bold_code">E = ets:new(t, []).</span>
17
43> <span class="bold_code">ets:insert({d,1,2}).</span>
** exception error: undefined function ets:insert/1
44> <span class="bold_code">ets:insert(E, {d,1,2}).</span>
** exception error: argument is of wrong type
in function ets:insert/2
called as ets:insert(16,{d,1,2})
45> <span class="bold_code">f(E).</span>
ok
46> <span class="bold_code">catch_exception(true).</span>
false
47> <span class="bold_code">E = ets:new(t, []).</span>
18
48> <span class="bold_code">ets:insert({d,1,2}).</span>
* exception error: undefined function ets:insert/1
49> <span class="bold_code">ets:insert(E, {d,1,2}).</span>
true
50> <span class="bold_code">halt().</span>
strider 2></pre></div>
</div>
<h3><a name="id214092">Comments</a></h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<p>Command 1 sets the variable <span class="code">Str</span> to the string
<span class="code">"abcd"</span>.
</p>
<p>Command 2 sets <span class="code">L</span> to the length of the string evaluating
the BIF <span class="code">atom_to_list</span>.
</p>
<p>Command 3 builds the tuple <span class="code">Descriptor</span>.
</p>
<p>Command 4 prints the value of the variable <span class="code">L</span>.
</p>
<p>Command 5 evaluates the internal shell command <span class="code">b()</span>, which
is an abbreviation of "bindings". This prints
the current shell variables and their bindings. The <span class="code">ok</span> at
the end is the return value of the <span class="code">b()</span> function.
</p>
<p>Command 6 <span class="code">f(L)</span> evaluates the internal shell command
<span class="code">f(L)</span> (abbreviation of "forget"). The value of the variable
<span class="code">L</span> is removed.
</p>
<p>Command 7 prints the new bindings.
</p>
<p>Command 8 has no effect since <span class="code">L</span> has no value.</p>
<p>Command 9 performs a pattern matching operation on
<span class="code">Descriptor</span>, binding a new value to <span class="code">L</span>.
</p>
<p>Command 10 prints the current value of <span class="code">L</span>.
</p>
<p>Command 11 tries to match <span class="code">{P, Q, R}</span> against
<span class="code">Descriptor</span> which is <span class="code">{4, abc}</span>. The match fails and
none of the new variables become bound. The printout starting
with "<span class="code">** exception error:</span>" is not the value of the
expression (the expression had no value because its evaluation
failed), but rather a warning printed by the system to inform
the user that an error has occurred. The values of the other
variables (<span class="code">L</span>, <span class="code">Str</span>, etc.) are unchanged.
</p>
<p>Commands 12 and 13 show that <span class="code">P</span> is unbound because the
previous command failed, and that <span class="code">Descriptor</span> has not
changed.
</p>
<p>Commands 14 and 15 show a correct match where <span class="code">P</span> and
<span class="code">Q</span> are bound.
</p>
<p>Command 16 clears all bindings.
</p>
<p>The next few commands assume that <span class="code">test1:demo(X)</span> is
defined in the following way:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
demo(X) ->
put(aa, worked),
X = 1,
X + 10. </pre></div>
<p>Commands 17 and 18 set and inspect the value of the item
<span class="code">aa</span> in the process dictionary.
</p>
<p>Command 19 evaluates <span class="code">test1:demo(1)</span>. The evaluation
succeeds and the changes made in the process dictionary become
visible to the shell. The new value of the dictionary item
<span class="code">aa</span> can be seen in command 20.
</p>
<p>Commands 21 and 22 change the value of the dictionary item
<span class="code">aa</span> to <span class="code">hello</span> and call <span class="code">test1:demo(2)</span>. Evaluation
fails and the changes made to the dictionary in
<span class="code">test1:demo(2)</span>, before the error occurred, are discarded.
</p>
<p>Commands 23 and 24 show that <span class="code">Z</span> was not bound and that the
dictionary item <span class="code">aa</span> has retained its original value.
</p>
<p>Commands 25, 26 and 27 show the effect of evaluating
<span class="code">test1:demo(1)</span> in the background. In this case, the
expression is evaluated in a newly spawned process. Any
changes made in the process dictionary are local to the newly
spawned process and therefore not visible to the shell.
</p>
<p>Commands 28, 29 and 30 use the history facilities of the shell.
</p>
<p>Command 29 is <span class="code">e(28)</span>. This re-evaluates command
28. Command 30 is <span class="code">v(28)</span>. This uses the value (result) of
command 28. In the cases of a pure function (a function
with no side effects), the result is the same. For a function
with side effects, the result can be different.
</p>
<p>The next few commands show some record manipulation. It is
assumed that <span class="code">ex.erl</span> defines a record like this:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
-record(rec, {a, b = val()}).
val() ->
3. </pre></div>
<p>Commands 31 and 32 compiles the file <span class="code">ex.erl</span> and reads
the record definitions in <span class="code">ex.beam</span>. If the compiler did not
output any record definitions on the BEAM file, <span class="code">rr(ex)</span>
tries to read record definitions from the source file instead.
</p>
<p>Command 33 prints the definition of the record named
<span class="code">rec</span>.
</p>
<p>Command 34 tries to create a <span class="code">rec</span> record, but fails
since the function <span class="code">val/0</span> is undefined. Command 35 shows
the workaround: explicitly assign values to record fields that
cannot otherwise be initialized.
</p>
<p>Command 36 prints the newly created record using record
definitions maintained by the shell.
</p>
<p>Command 37 defines a record directly in the shell. The
definition replaces the one read from the file <span class="code">ex.beam</span>.
</p>
<p>Command 38 creates a record using the new definition, and
prints the result.
</p>
<p>Command 39 and 40 show that record definitions are updated
as side effects. The evaluation of the command fails but
the definition of <span class="code">rec</span> has been carried out.
</p>
<p>For the next command, it is assumed that <span class="code">test1:loop(N)</span> is
defined in the following way:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
loop(N) ->
io:format("Hello Number: ~w~n", [N]),
loop(N+1).</pre></div>
<p>Command 41 evaluates <span class="code">test1:loop(0)</span>, which puts the
system into an infinite loop. At this point the user types
<span class="code">Control G</span>, which suspends output from the current process,
which is stuck in a loop, and activates <span class="code">JCL</span> mode. In <span class="code">JCL</span>
mode the user can start and stop jobs.
</p>
<p>In this particular case, the <span class="code">i</span> command ("interrupt") is
used to terminate the looping program, and the <span class="code">c</span> command
is used to connect to the shell again. Since the process was
running in the background before we killed it, there will be
more printouts before the "<span class="code">** exception exit: killed</span>"
message is shown.
</p>
<p>Command 42 creates an ETS table.</p>
<p>Command 43 tries to insert a tuple into the ETS table but the
first argument (the table) is missing. The exception kills the
evaluator process.</p>
<p>Command 44 corrects the mistake, but the ETS table has been
destroyed since it was owned by the killed evaluator process.</p>
<p>Command 46 sets the exception handling of the evaluator process
to <span class="code">true</span>. The exception handling can also be set when
starting Erlang, like this: <span class="code">erl -stdlib shell_catch_exception
true</span>.</p>
<p>Command 48 makes the same mistake as in command 43, but this time
the evaluator process lives on. The single star at the beginning
of the printout signals that the exception has been caught.</p>
<p>Command 49 successfully inserts the tuple into the ETS table.</p>
<p>The <span class="code">halt()</span> command exits the Erlang runtime system.
</p>
</div>
<h3><a name="id214515">JCL Mode</a></h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<p>When the shell starts, it starts a single evaluator
process. This process, together with any local processes which
it spawns, is referred to as a <span class="code">job</span>. Only the current job,
which is said to be <span class="code">connected</span>, can perform operations
with standard IO. All other jobs, which are said to be <span class="code">detached</span>, are
<span class="code">blocked</span> if they attempt to use standard IO.
</p>
<p>All jobs which do not use standard IO run in the normal way.
</p>
<p>The shell escape key <strong><span class="code">^G</span></strong> (Control G) detaches the current job
and activates <span class="code">JCL</span> mode. The <span class="code">JCL</span> mode prompt is <span class="code">"-->"</span>. If <span class="code">"?"</span> is entered at the prompt, the following help message is
displayed:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
--> ?
c [nn] - connect to job
i [nn] - interrupt job
k [nn] - kill job
j - list all jobs
s [shell] - start local shell
r [node [shell]] - start remote shell
q - quit erlang
? | h - this message </pre></div>
<p>The <span class="code">JCL</span> commands have the following meaning:</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong><span class="code">c [nn]</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Connects to job number <span class="code"><nn></span> or the current
job. The standard shell is resumed. Operations which use
standard IO by the current job will be interleaved with
user inputs to the shell.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">i [nn]</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Stops the current evaluator process for job number
<span class="code">nn</span> or the current job, but does not kill the shell
process. Accordingly, any variable bindings and the process dictionary
will be preserved and the job can be connected again.
This command can be used to interrupt an endless loop.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">k [nn]</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Kills job number <span class="code">nn</span> or the current
job. All spawned processes in the job are
killed, provided they have not evaluated the
<span class="code">group_leader/1</span> BIF and are located on
the local machine. Processes spawned on remote nodes will
not be killed.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">j</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Lists all jobs. A list of all known jobs is
printed. The current job name is prefixed with '*'.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">s</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Starts a new job. This will be assigned the new index
<span class="code">[nn]</span> which can be used in references.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">s [shell]</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Starts a new job. This will be assigned the new index
<span class="code">[nn]</span> which can be used in references.
If the optional argument <span class="code">shell</span> is given, it is assumed
to be a module that implements an alternative shell.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">r [node]</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Starts a remote job on <span class="code">node</span>. This is used in
distributed Erlang to allow a shell running on one node to
control a number of applications running on a network of
nodes.
If the optional argument <span class="code">shell</span> is given, it is assumed
to be a module that implements an alternative shell.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">q</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Quits Erlang. Note that this option is disabled if
Erlang is started with the ignore break, <span class="code">+Bi</span>,
system flag (which may be useful e.g. when running
a restricted shell, see below).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">?</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Displays this message.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>It is possible to alter the behavior of shell escape by means
of the STDLIB application variable <span class="code">shell_esc</span>. The value of
the variable can be either <span class="code">jcl</span> (<span class="code">erl -stdlib shell_esc jcl</span>)
or <span class="code">abort</span> (<span class="code">erl -stdlib shell_esc abort</span>). The
first option sets ^G to activate <span class="code">JCL</span> mode (which is also
default behavior). The latter sets ^G to terminate the current
shell and start a new one. <span class="code">JCL</span> mode cannot be invoked when
<span class="code">shell_esc</span> is set to <span class="code">abort</span>. </p>
<p>If you want an Erlang node to have a remote job active from the start
(rather than the default local job), you start Erlang with the
<span class="code">-remsh</span> flag. Example: <span class="code">erl -sname this_node -remsh other_node@other_host</span></p>
</div>
<h3><a name="id214801">Restricted Shell</a></h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<p>The shell may be started in a
restricted mode. In this mode, the shell evaluates a function call
only if allowed. This feature makes it possible to, for example,
prevent a user from accidentally calling a function from the
prompt that could harm a running system (useful in combination
with the the system flag <strong><span class="code">+Bi</span></strong>).</p>
<p>When the restricted shell evaluates an expression and
encounters a function call or an operator application,
it calls a callback function (with
information about the function call in question). This callback
function returns <span class="code">true</span> to let the shell go ahead with the
evaluation, or <span class="code">false</span> to abort it. There are two possible
callback functions for the user to implement:</p>
<p><strong><span class="code">local_allowed(Func, ArgList, State) -> {true,NewState} | {false,NewState}</span></strong></p>
<p>to determine if the call to the local function <span class="code">Func</span>
with arguments <span class="code">ArgList</span> should be allowed.</p>
<p><strong><span class="code">non_local_allowed(FuncSpec, ArgList, State) -> {true,NewState} | {false,NewState} | {{redirect,NewFuncSpec,NewArgList},NewState}</span></strong></p>
<p>to determine if the call to non-local function
<span class="code">FuncSpec</span> (<span class="code">{Module,Func}</span> or a fun) with arguments
<span class="code">ArgList</span> should be allowed. The return value
<span class="code">{redirect,NewFuncSpec,NewArgList}</span> can be used to let
the shell evaluate some other function than the one specified by
<span class="code">FuncSpec</span> and <span class="code">ArgList</span>.</p>
<p>These callback functions are in fact called from local and
non-local evaluation function handlers, described in the
<span class="bold_code"><a href="erl_eval.html">erl_eval</a></span>
manual page. (Arguments in <span class="code">ArgList</span> are evaluated before the
callback functions are called.)</p>
<p>The <span class="code">State</span> argument is a tuple
<span class="code">{ShellState,ExprState}</span>. The return value <span class="code">NewState</span>
has the same form. This may be used to carry a state between calls
to the callback functions. Data saved in <span class="code">ShellState</span> lives
through an entire shell session. Data saved in <span class="code">ExprState</span>
lives only through the evaluation of the current expression.</p>
<p>There are two ways to start a restricted shell session:</p>
<ul>
<li>Use the STDLIB application variable <span class="code">restricted_shell</span>
and specify, as its value, the name of the callback
module. Example (with callback functions implemented in
callback_mod.erl): <span class="code">$ erl -stdlib restricted_shell callback_mod</span>
</li>
<li>From a normal shell session, call function
<span class="code">shell:start_restricted/1</span>. This exits the current evaluator
and starts a new one in restricted mode.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Notes:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>When restricted shell mode is activated or
deactivated, new jobs started on the node will run in restricted
or normal mode respectively.</li>
<li>If restricted mode has been enabled on a
particular node, remote shells connecting to this node will also
run in restricted mode.</li>
<li>The callback functions cannot be used to allow or disallow
execution of functions called from compiled code (only functions
called from expressions entered at the shell prompt).</li>
</ul>
<p>Errors when loading the callback module is handled in different
ways depending on how the restricted shell is activated:</p>
<ul>
<li>If the restricted shell is activated by setting the kernel
variable during emulator startup and the callback module cannot be
loaded, a default restricted shell allowing only the commands
<span class="code">q()</span> and <span class="code">init:stop()</span> is used as fallback.</li>
<li>If the restricted shell is activated using
<span class="code">shell:start_restricted/1</span> and the callback module cannot be
loaded, an error report is sent to the error logger and the call
returns <span class="code">{error,Reason}</span>.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3><a name="id215017">Prompting</a></h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<p>The default shell prompt function displays the name of the node
(if the node can be part of a distributed system) and the
current command number. The user can customize the prompt
function by calling
<span class="code">shell:prompt_func/1</span> or by setting the application
configuration parameter <span class="code">shell_prompt_func</span> for the
application STDLIB.</p>
<p>A customized prompt function is stated as a tuple
<span class="code">{Mod, Func}</span>. The function is called as
<span class="code">Mod:Func(L)</span>, where <span class="code">L</span> is a list of key-value pairs
created by the shell. Currently there is only one pair:
<span class="code">{history, N}</span>, where N is the current command number. The
function should return a list of characters or an atom. This
constraint is due to the Erlang I/O-protocol. Unicode characters
beyond codepoint 255 are allowed in the list. Note
that in restricted mode the call <span class="code">Mod:Func(L)</span> must be
allowed or the default shell prompt function will be called.</p>
</div>
<h3>EXPORTS</h3>
<p><a name="history-1"></a><span class="bold_code">history(N) -> integer() >= 0</span><br><div class="REFBODY">
<p>Types:</p>
<div class="REFTYPES"><span class="bold_code">N = integer() >= 0</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY"><p>
<p>Sets the number of previous commands to keep in the
history list to <span class="code">N</span>. The previous number is returned.
The default number is 20.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="results-1"></a><span class="bold_code">results(N) -> integer() >= 0</span><br><div class="REFBODY">
<p>Types:</p>
<div class="REFTYPES"><span class="bold_code">N = integer() >= 0</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY"><p>
<p>Sets the number of results from previous commands to keep in
the history list to <span class="code">N</span>. The previous number is returned.
The default number is 20.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="catch_exception-1"><span class="bold_code">catch_exception(Bool) -> Bool</span></a><br></p>
<div class="REFBODY">
<p>Types:</p>
<div class="REFTYPES">
<span class="bold_code">Bool = boolean()</span><br>
</div>
</div>
<div class="REFBODY"><p>
<p>Sets the exception handling of the evaluator process. The
previous exception handling is returned. The default
(<span class="code">false</span>) is to kill the evaluator process when an
exception occurs, which causes the shell to create a new
evaluator process. When the exception handling is set to
<span class="code">true</span> the evaluator process lives on which means that
for instance ports and ETS tables as well as processes
linked to the evaluator process survive the exception.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="prompt_func-1"></a><span class="bold_code">prompt_func(PromptFunc) -> PromptFunc</span><br><div class="REFBODY">
<p>Types:</p>
<div class="REFTYPES"><span class="bold_code">PromptFunc = default | {module(), atom()}</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY"><p>
<p>Sets the shell prompt function to <span class="code">PromptFunc</span>. The
previous prompt function is returned.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="start_restricted-1"></a><span class="bold_code">start_restricted(Module) -> {error, Reason}</span><br><div class="REFBODY">
<p>Types:</p>
<div class="REFTYPES"><span class="bold_code">Module = module()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES"><span class="bold_code">Reason = <span class="bold_code"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../../doc/../','kernel','code.html#type-load_error_rsn');">code:load_error_rsn()</a></span></span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY"><p>
<p>Exits a normal shell and starts a restricted
shell. <span class="code">Module</span> specifies the callback module for the
functions <span class="code">local_allowed/3</span> and <span class="code">non_local_allowed/3</span>.
The function is meant to be called from the shell.</p>
<p>If the callback module cannot be loaded, an error tuple is
returned. The <span class="code">Reason</span> in the error tuple is the one
returned by the code loader when trying to load the code of the callback
module.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="stop_restricted-0"></a><span class="bold_code">stop_restricted() -> no_return()</span><br></p>
<div class="REFBODY"><p>
<p>Exits a restricted shell and starts a normal shell. The function
is meant to be called from the shell.</p>
</p></div>
</div>
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