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<img alt="Erlang logo" src="../../../doc/erlang-logo.png"><br><small><a href="users_guide.html">User's Guide</a><br><a href="index.html">Reference Manual</a><br><a href="release_notes.html">Release Notes</a><br><a href="../pdf/erts-5.9.3.1.pdf">PDF</a><br><a href="../../../doc/index.html">Top</a></small><p><strong>Erlang Run-Time System Application (ERTS)</strong><br><strong>Reference Manual</strong><br><small>Version 5.9.3.1</small></p>
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<li title="list_to_tuple-1"><a href="erlang.html#list_to_tuple-1">list_to_tuple/1</a></li>
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<li title="make_ref-0"><a href="erlang.html#make_ref-0">make_ref/0</a></li>
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<li title="max-2"><a href="erlang.html#max-2">max/2</a></li>
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<li title="memory-0"><a href="erlang.html#memory-0">memory/0</a></li>
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<li title="min-2"><a href="erlang.html#min-2">min/2</a></li>
<li title="module_loaded-1"><a href="erlang.html#module_loaded-1">module_loaded/1</a></li>
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<li title="processes-0"><a href="erlang.html#processes-0">processes/0</a></li>
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<li title="spawn-2"><a href="erlang.html#spawn-2">spawn/2</a></li>
<li title="spawn-3"><a href="erlang.html#spawn-3">spawn/3</a></li>
<li title="spawn-4"><a href="erlang.html#spawn-4">spawn/4</a></li>
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<div id="content">
<div class="innertube">
<!-- refpage --><center><h1>driver_entry</h1></center>
<h3>C LIBRARY</h3>
<div class="REFBODY">driver_entry</div>
<h3>LIBRARY SUMMARY</h3>
<div class="REFBODY">The driver-entry structure used by erlang drivers.</div>
<h3>DESCRIPTION</h3>
<div class="REFBODY"><p>
<a name="WARNING"></a>
<div class="warning">
<div class="label">Warning</div>
<div class="content"><p><p><strong>Use this functionality with extreme care!</strong></p>
<p>A driver callback is executed as a direct extension of the
native code of the VM. Execution is not made in a safe environment.
The VM can <strong>not</strong> provide the same services as provided when
executing Erlang code, such as preemptive scheduling or memory
protection. If the driver callback function doesn't behave well,
the whole VM will misbehave.</p>
<ul>
<li><p>A driver callback that crash will crash the whole VM.</p></li>
<li><p>An erroneously implemented driver callback might cause
a VM internal state inconsistency which may cause a crash of the VM,
or miscellaneous misbehaviors of the VM at any point after the call
to the driver callback.</p></li>
<li><p>A driver callback that do
<span class="bold_code"><a href="erl_driver.html#lengthy_work">lengthy work</a></span>
before returning will degrade responsiveness of the VM,
and may cause miscellaneous strange behaviors. Such strange behaviors
include, but are not limited to, extreme memory usage, and bad load
balancing between schedulers. Strange behaviors that might occur due
to lengthy work may also vary between OTP releases.</p></li>
</ul>
</p></div>
</div>
<p>
As of erts version 5.9 (OTP release R15B) the driver interface
has been changed with larger types for the callbacks
<span class="bold_code"><a href="#output">output</a></span>,
<span class="bold_code"><a href="#control">control</a></span> and
<span class="bold_code"><a href="#call">call</a></span>.
See driver <span class="bold_code"><a href="erl_driver.html#version_management">
version management</a></span> in
<span class="bold_code"><a href="erl_driver.html">erl_driver</a></span>.
</p>
<div class="note">
<div class="label">Note</div>
<div class="content"><p>
<p>Old drivers (compiled with an <span class="code">erl_driver.h</span> from an
earlier erts version than 5.9) have to be updated and have
to use the extended interface (with
<span class="bold_code"><a href="erl_driver.html#version_management">version management
</a></span>).</p>
</p></div>
</div>
<p>The <span class="code">driver_entry</span> structure is a C struct that all erlang
drivers define. It contains entry points for the erlang driver
that are called by the erlang emulator when erlang code accesses
the driver.</p>
<p>
<a name="emulator"></a>
The <span class="bold_code"><a href="erl_driver.html">erl_driver</a></span> driver
API functions need a port handle
that identifies the driver instance (and the port in the
emulator). This is only passed to the <span class="code">start</span> function, but
not to the other functions. The <span class="code">start</span> function returns a
driver-defined handle that is passed to the other functions. A
common practice is to have the <span class="code">start</span> function allocate
some application-defined structure and stash the <span class="code">port</span>
handle in it, to use it later with the driver API functions.</p>
<p>The driver call-back functions are called synchronously from the
erlang emulator. If they take too long before completing, they
can cause timeouts in the emulator. Use the queue or
asynchronous calls if necessary, since the emulator must be
responsive.</p>
<p>The driver structure contains the name of the driver and some
15 function pointers. These pointers are called at different
times by the emulator.</p>
<p>The only exported function from the driver is
<span class="code">driver_init</span>. This function returns the <span class="code">driver_entry</span>
structure that points to the other functions in the driver. The
<span class="code">driver_init</span> function is declared with a macro
<span class="code">DRIVER_INIT(drivername)</span>. (This is because different OS's
have different names for it.)</p>
<p>When writing a driver in C++, the driver entry should be of
<span class="code">"C"</span> linkage. One way to do this is to put this line
somewhere before the driver entry:
<span class="code">extern "C" DRIVER_INIT(drivername);</span>.</p>
<p>When the driver has passed the <span class="code">driver_entry</span> over to
the emulator, the driver is <strong>not</strong> allowed to modify the
<span class="code">driver_entry</span>.</p>
<div class="note">
<div class="label">Note</div>
<div class="content"><p>
<p>Do <strong>not</strong> declare the <span class="code">driver_entry</span> <span class="code">const</span>. This since the emulator needs to
modify the <span class="code">handle</span>, and the <span class="code">handle2</span>
fields. A statically allocated, and <span class="code">const</span>
declared <span class="code">driver_entry</span> may be located in
read only memory which will cause the emulator
to crash.</p>
</p></div>
</div>
</p></div>
<h3><a name="id168935">DATA TYPES</a></h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<dl>
<dt><strong><strong>ErlDrvEntry</strong></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p></p>
<div class="example"><pre>
typedef struct erl_drv_entry {
int (*init)(void); /* called at system start up for statically
linked drivers, and after loading for
dynamically loaded drivers */
#ifndef ERL_SYS_DRV
ErlDrvData (*start)(ErlDrvPort port, char *command);
/* called when open_port/2 is invoked.
return value -1 means failure. */
#else
ErlDrvData (*start)(ErlDrvPort port, char *command, SysDriverOpts* opts);
/* special options, only for system driver */
#endif
void (*stop)(ErlDrvData drv_data);
/* called when port is closed, and when the
emulator is halted. */
void (*output)(ErlDrvData drv_data, char *buf, ErlDrvSizeT len);
/* called when we have output from erlang to
the port */
void (*ready_input)(ErlDrvData drv_data, ErlDrvEvent event);
/* called when we have input from one of
the driver's handles */
void (*ready_output)(ErlDrvData drv_data, ErlDrvEvent event);
/* called when output is possible to one of
the driver's handles */
char *driver_name; /* name supplied as command
in open_port XXX ? */
void (*finish)(void); /* called before unloading the driver -
DYNAMIC DRIVERS ONLY */
void *handle; /* Reserved -- Used by emulator internally */
ErlDrvSSizeT (*control)(ErlDrvData drv_data, unsigned int command,
char *buf, ErlDrvSizeT len,
char **rbuf, ErlDrvSizeT rlen);
/* "ioctl" for drivers - invoked by
port_control/3 */
void (*timeout)(ErlDrvData drv_data); /* Handling of timeout in driver */
void (*outputv)(ErlDrvData drv_data, ErlIOVec *ev);
/* called when we have output from erlang
to the port */
void (*ready_async)(ErlDrvData drv_data, ErlDrvThreadData thread_data);
void (*flush)(ErlDrvData drv_data);
/* called when the port is about to be
closed, and there is data in the
driver queue that needs to be flushed
before 'stop' can be called */
ErlDrvSSizeT (*call)(ErlDrvData drv_data, unsigned int command,
char *buf, ErlDrvSizeT len,
char **rbuf, ErlDrvSizeT rlen, unsigned int *flags);
/* Works mostly like 'control', a synchronous
call into the driver. */
void (*event)(ErlDrvData drv_data, ErlDrvEvent event,
ErlDrvEventData event_data);
/* Called when an event selected by
driver_event() has occurred */
int extended_marker; /* ERL_DRV_EXTENDED_MARKER */
int major_version; /* ERL_DRV_EXTENDED_MAJOR_VERSION */
int minor_version; /* ERL_DRV_EXTENDED_MINOR_VERSION */
int driver_flags; /* ERL_DRV_FLAGs */
void *handle2; /* Reserved -- Used by emulator internally */
void (*process_exit)(ErlDrvData drv_data, ErlDrvMonitor *monitor);
/* Called when a process monitor fires */
void (*stop_select)(ErlDrvEvent event, void* reserved);
/* Called to close an event object */
} ErlDrvEntry;
</pre></div>
<p></p>
<dl>
<dt><strong><a name="init"></a>int (*init)(void)</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>This is called directly after the driver has been loaded by
<span class="code">erl_ddll:load_driver/2</span>. (Actually when the driver is
added to the driver list.) The driver should return 0, or if
the driver can't initialize, -1.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="start"></a>ErlDrvData (*start)(ErlDrvPort port, char* command)</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>This is called when the driver is instantiated, when
<span class="code">open_port/2</span> is called. The driver should return a
number >= 0 or a pointer, or if the driver can't be started,
one of three error codes should be returned:</p>
<p>ERL_DRV_ERROR_GENERAL - general error, no error code</p>
<p>ERL_DRV_ERROR_ERRNO - error with error code in erl_errno</p>
<p>ERL_DRV_ERROR_BADARG - error, badarg</p>
<p>If an error code is returned, the port isn't started.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="stop"></a>void (*stop)(ErlDrvData drv_data)</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>This is called when the port is closed, with
<span class="code">port_close/1</span> or <span class="code">Port ! {self(), close}</span>. Note
that terminating the port owner process also closes the
port. If <span class="code">drv_data</span> is a pointer to memory allocated in
<span class="code">start</span>, then <span class="code">stop</span> is the place to deallocate that
memory.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="output"></a>void (*output)(ErlDrvData drv_data, char *buf, ErlDrvSizeT len)</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>This is called when an erlang process has sent data to the
port. The data is pointed to by <span class="code">buf</span>, and is
<span class="code">len</span> bytes. Data is sent to the port with <span class="code">Port ! {self(), {command, Data}}</span>, or with
<span class="code">port_command/2</span>. Depending on how the port was opened,
it should be either a list of integers 0...255 or a
binary. See <span class="code">open_port/3</span> and <span class="code">port_command/2</span>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ready_input"></a>void (*ready_input)(ErlDrvData drv_data, ErlDrvEvent event)</strong></dt>
<dt><strong><a name="ready_output"></a>void (*ready_output)(ErlDrvData drv_data, ErlDrvEvent event)</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>This is called when a driver event (given in the
<span class="code">event</span> parameter) is signaled. This is used to help
asynchronous drivers "wake up" when something happens.</p>
<p>On unix the <span class="code">event</span> is a pipe or socket handle (or
something that the <span class="code">select</span> system call understands).</p>
<p>On Windows the <span class="code">event</span> is an Event or Semaphore (or
something that the <span class="code">WaitForMultipleObjects</span> API
function understands). (Some trickery in the emulator allows
more than the built-in limit of 64 <span class="code">Events</span> to be used.)</p>
<p>To use this with threads and asynchronous routines, create a
pipe on unix and an Event on Windows. When the routine
completes, write to the pipe (use <span class="code">SetEvent</span> on
Windows), this will make the emulator call
<span class="code">ready_input</span> or <span class="code">ready_output</span>.</p>
<p>Spurious events may happen. That is, calls to <span class="code">ready_input</span>
or <span class="code">ready_output</span> even though no real events are signaled. In
reality it should be rare (and OS dependant), but a robust driver
must nevertheless be able to handle such cases.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="driver_name"></a>char *driver_name</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>This is the name of the driver, it must correspond to the
atom used in <span class="code">open_port</span>, and the name of the driver
library file (without the extension).</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="finish"></a>void (*finish)(void)</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>This function is called by the <span class="code">erl_ddll</span> driver when the
driver is unloaded. (It is only called in dynamic drivers.)</p>
<p>The driver is only unloaded as a result of calling
<span class="code">unload_driver/1</span>, or when the emulator halts.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>void *handle</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>This field is reserved for the emulator's internal use. The
emulator will modify this field; therefore, it is important
that the <span class="code">driver_entry</span> isn't declared <span class="code">const</span>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="control"></a>ErlDrvSSizeT (*control)(ErlDrvData drv_data, unsigned int command, char *buf, ErlDrvSizeT len, char **rbuf, ErlDrvSizeT rlen)</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>This is a special routine invoked with the erlang function
<span class="code">port_control/3</span>. It works a little like an "ioctl" for
erlang drivers. The data given to <span class="code">port_control/3</span>
arrives in <span class="code">buf</span> and <span class="code">len</span>. The driver may send
data back, using <span class="code">*rbuf</span> and <span class="code">rlen</span>.</p>
<p>This is the fastest way of calling a driver and get a
response. It won't make any context switch in the erlang
emulator, and requires no message passing. It is suitable
for calling C function to get faster execution, when erlang
is too slow.</p>
<p>If the driver wants to return data, it should return it in
<span class="code">rbuf</span>. When <span class="code">control</span> is called,
<span class="code">*rbuf</span> points to a default buffer of <span class="code">rlen</span> bytes, which
can be used to return data. Data is returned different depending on
the port control flags (those that are set with
<span class="bold_code"><a href="erl_driver.html#set_port_control_flags">set_port_control_flags</a></span>).
</p>
<p>If the flag is set to <span class="code">PORT_CONTROL_FLAG_BINARY</span>,
a binary will be returned. Small binaries can be returned by writing
the raw data into the default buffer. A binary can also be
returned by setting <span class="code">*rbuf</span> to point to a binary allocated with
<span class="bold_code"><a href="erl_driver.html#driver_alloc_binary">driver_alloc_binary</a></span>.
This binary will be freed automatically after <span class="code">control</span> has returned.
The driver can retain the binary for <strong>read only</strong> access with
<span class="bold_code"><a href="erl_driver.html#driver_binary_inc_refc">driver_binary_inc_refc</a></span> to be freed later with
<span class="bold_code"><a href="erl_driver.html#driver_free_binary">driver_free_binary</a></span>.
It is never allowed to alter the binary after <span class="code">control</span> has returned.
If <span class="code">*rbuf</span> is set to NULL, an empty list will be returned.
</p>
<p>If the flag is set to <span class="code">0</span>, data is returned as a
list of integers. Either use the default buffer or set
<span class="code">*rbuf</span> to point to a larger buffer allocated with
<span class="bold_code"><a href="erl_driver.html#driver_alloc">driver_alloc</a></span>.
The buffer will be freed automatically after <span class="code">control</span> has returned.</p>
<p>Using binaries is faster if more than a few bytes are returned.</p>
<p>The return value is the number of bytes returned in
<span class="code">*rbuf</span>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="timeout"></a>void (*timeout)(ErlDrvData drv_data)</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>This function is called any time after the driver's timer
reaches 0. The timer is activated with
<span class="code">driver_set_timer</span>. There are no priorities or ordering
among drivers, so if several drivers time out at the same
time, any one of them is called first.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="outputv"></a>void (*outputv)(ErlDrvData drv_data, ErlIOVec *ev)</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>This function is called whenever the port is written to. If
it is <span class="code">NULL</span>, the <span class="code">output</span> function is called
instead. This function is faster than <span class="code">output</span>, because
it takes an <span class="code">ErlIOVec</span> directly, which requires no
copying of the data. The port should be in binary mode, see
<span class="code">open_port/2</span>.</p>
<p>The <span class="code">ErlIOVec</span> contains both a <span class="code">SysIOVec</span>,
suitable for <span class="code">writev</span>, and one or more binaries. If
these binaries should be retained, when the driver returns
from <span class="code">outputv</span>, they can be queued (using <span class="bold_code"><a href="erl_driver.html#driver_enq_bin">driver_enq_bin</a></span>
for instance), or if they are kept in a static or global
variable, the reference counter can be incremented.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ready_async"></a>void (*ready_async)(ErlDrvData drv_data, ErlDrvThreadData thread_data)</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>This function is called after an asynchronous call has
completed. The asynchronous call is started with <span class="bold_code"><a href="erl_driver.html#driver_async">driver_async</a></span>.
This function is called from the erlang emulator thread, as
opposed to the asynchronous function, which is called in
some thread (if multithreading is enabled).</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="call"></a>ErlDrvSSizeT (*call)(ErlDrvData drv_data, unsigned int command, char *buf, ErlDrvSizeT len, char **rbuf, ErlDrvSizeT rlen, unsigned int *flags)</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>This function is called from <span class="code">erlang:port_call/3</span>. It
works a lot like the <span class="code">control</span> call-back, but uses the
external term format for input and output.</p>
<p><span class="code">command</span> is an integer, obtained from the call from
erlang (the second argument to <span class="code">erlang:port_call/3</span>).</p>
<p><span class="code">buf</span> and <span class="code">len</span> provide the arguments to the call
(the third argument to <span class="code">erlang:port_call/3</span>). They can
be decoded using <span class="code">ei</span> functions.</p>
<p><span class="code">rbuf</span> points to a return buffer, <span class="code">rlen</span> bytes
long. The return data should be a valid erlang term in the
external (binary) format. This is converted to an erlang
term and returned by <span class="code">erlang:port_call/3</span> to the
caller. If more space than <span class="code">rlen</span> bytes is needed to
return data, <span class="code">*rbuf</span> can be set to memory allocated with
<span class="code">driver_alloc</span>. This memory will be freed automatically
after <span class="code">call</span> has returned.</p>
<p>The return value is the number of bytes returned in
<span class="code">*rbuf</span>. If <span class="code">ERL_DRV_ERROR_GENERAL</span> is returned
(or in fact, anything < 0), <span class="code">erlang:port_call/3</span> will
throw a <span class="code">BAD_ARG</span>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>void (*event)(ErlDrvData drv_data, ErlDrvEvent event, ErlDrvEventData event_data)</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Intentionally left undocumented.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="extended_marker"></a>int extended_marker</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>
This field should either be equal to <span class="code">ERL_DRV_EXTENDED_MARKER</span>
or <span class="code">0</span>. An old driver (not aware of the extended driver
interface) should set this field to <span class="code">0</span>. If this field is
equal to <span class="code">0</span>, all the fields following this field also
<strong>have</strong> to be <span class="code">0</span>, or <span class="code">NULL</span> in case it is a
pointer field.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>int major_version</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>This field should equal <span class="code">ERL_DRV_EXTENDED_MAJOR_VERSION</span> if
the <span class="code">extended_marker</span> field equals
<span class="code">ERL_DRV_EXTENDED_MARKER</span>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>int minor_version</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>
This field should equal <span class="code">ERL_DRV_EXTENDED_MINOR_VERSION</span> if
the <span class="code">extended_marker</span> field equals
<span class="code">ERL_DRV_EXTENDED_MARKER</span>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="driver_flags"></a>int driver_flags</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>This field is used to pass driver capability information to the
runtime system. If the <span class="code">extended_marker</span> field equals
<span class="code">ERL_DRV_EXTENDED_MARKER</span>, it should contain <span class="code">0</span> or
driver flags (<span class="code">ERL_DRV_FLAG_*</span>) ored bitwise. Currently
the following driver flags exist:
</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong><span class="code">ERL_DRV_FLAG_USE_PORT_LOCKING</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
The runtime system will use port level locking on
all ports executing this driver instead of driver
level locking when the driver is run in a runtime
system with SMP support. For more information see the
<span class="bold_code"><a href="erl_driver.html#smp_support">erl_driver</a></span>
documentation.
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">ERL_DRV_FLAG_SOFT_BUSY</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
Marks that driver instances can handle being called
in the <span class="bold_code"><a href="#output">output</a></span> and/or
<span class="bold_code"><a href="#outputv">outputv</a></span> callbacks even
though a driver instance has marked itself as busy (see
<span class="bold_code"><a href="erl_driver.html#set_busy_port">set_busy_port()</a></span>).
Since erts version 5.7.4 this flag is required for drivers used
by the Erlang distribution (the behaviour has always been
required by drivers used by the distribution).
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><strong>void *handle2</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>
This field is reserved for the emulator's internal use. The
emulator will modify this field; therefore, it is important
that the <span class="code">driver_entry</span> isn't declared <span class="code">const</span>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="process_exit"></a>void (*process_exit)(ErlDrvData drv_data, ErlDrvMonitor *monitor)</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>This callback is called when a monitored process exits. The
<span class="code">drv_data</span> is the data associated with the port for which
the process is monitored (using <span class="bold_code"><a href="erl_driver.html#driver_monitor_process">driver_monitor_process</a></span>)
and the <span class="code">monitor</span> corresponds to the <span class="code">ErlDrvMonitor</span>
structure filled
in when creating the monitor. The driver interface function
<span class="bold_code"><a href="erl_driver.html#driver_get_monitored_process">driver_get_monitored_process</a></span>
can be used to retrieve the process id of the exiting process as
an <span class="code">ErlDrvTermData</span>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="stop_select"></a>void (*stop_select)(ErlDrvEvent event, void* reserved)</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>This function is called on behalf of
<span class="bold_code"><a href="erl_driver.html#driver_select">driver_select</a></span>
when it is safe to close an event object.</p>
<p>A typical implementation on Unix is to do
<span class="code">close((int)event)</span>.</p>
<p>Argument <span class="code">reserved</span> is intended for future use and should be ignored.</p>
<p>In contrast to most of the other call-back functions,
<span class="code">stop_select</span> is called independent of any port. No
<span class="code">ErlDrvData</span> argument is passed to the function. No
driver lock or port lock is guaranteed to be held. The port that
called <span class="code">driver_select</span> might even be closed at the
time <span class="code">stop_select</span> is called. But it could also be
the case that <span class="code">stop_select</span> is called directly by
<span class="code">driver_select</span>.</p>
<p>It is not allowed to call any functions in the
<span class="bold_code"><a href="erl_driver.html">driver API</a></span> from
<span class="code">stop_select</span>. This strict limitation is due to the
volatile context that <span class="code">stop_select</span> may be called.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h3><a name="id169974">SEE ALSO</a></h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<p><span class="bold_code"><a href="erl_driver.html">erl_driver(3)</a></span>,
<span class="bold_code"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../doc/../','kernel','erl_ddll.html');">erl_ddll(3)</a></span>,
<span class="bold_code"><a href="erlang.html">erlang(3)</a></span>,
kernel(3)</p>
</div>
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