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<img alt="Erlang logo" src="../../../doc/erlang-logo.png"><br><small><a href="users_guide.html">User's Guide</a><br><a href="index.html">Reference Manual</a><br><a href="release_notes.html">Release Notes</a><br><a href="../pdf/erts-5.9.3.1.pdf">PDF</a><br><a href="../../../doc/index.html">Top</a></small><p><strong>Erlang Run-Time System Application (ERTS)</strong><br><strong>Reference Manual</strong><br><small>Version 5.9.3.1</small></p>
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<li title="list_to_tuple-1"><a href="erlang.html#list_to_tuple-1">list_to_tuple/1</a></li>
<li title="load_module-2"><a href="erlang.html#load_module-2">load_module/2</a></li>
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<li title="make_ref-0"><a href="erlang.html#make_ref-0">make_ref/0</a></li>
<li title="make_tuple-2"><a href="erlang.html#make_tuple-2">make_tuple/2</a></li>
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<li title="max-2"><a href="erlang.html#max-2">max/2</a></li>
<li title="md5-1"><a href="erlang.html#md5-1">md5/1</a></li>
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<li title="memory-0"><a href="erlang.html#memory-0">memory/0</a></li>
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<li title="min-2"><a href="erlang.html#min-2">min/2</a></li>
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<div id="content">
<div class="innertube">
<!-- refpage --><center><h1>epmd</h1></center>
<h3>COMMAND</h3>
<div class="REFBODY">epmd</div>
<h3>COMMAND SUMMARY</h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<p>Erlang Port Mapper Daemon</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong><span class="code">epmd [-d|-debug] [DbgExtra...] [-port No] [-daemon] [-relaxed_command_check]</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Starts the port mapper daemon</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">epmd [-d|-debug] [-port No] [-names|-kill|-stop Name]</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Communicates with a running port mapper daemon</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h3>DESCRIPTION</h3>
<div class="REFBODY"><p>
<p>This daemon acts as a name server on all hosts involved in
distributed Erlang computations. When an Erlang node
starts, the node has a name and it obtains an address from the host
OS kernel.
The name and the address are sent to the
<span class="code">epmd</span> daemon running on the local host.
In a TCP/IP environment, the address consists
of the IP address and a port number. The name of the node is
an atom on the form of <span class="code">Name@Node</span>.
The job of the <span class="code">epmd</span> daemon is to keep track of which
node name listens on which address. Hence, <span class="code">epmd</span> map
symbolic node names to machine addresses.</p>
<p>The TCP/IP <span class="code">epmd</span> daemon actually only keeps track of
the <span class="code">Name</span> (first) part of an Erlang node name, the <span class="code">Host</span>
part (whatever is after the <span class="code">@</span> is implicit in the
node name where the <span class="code">epmd</span> daemon was actually contacted,
as is the IP address where the Erlang node can be
reached. Consistent and correct TCP naming services are
therefore required for an Erlang network to function
correctly.</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong>Starting the port mapper daemon</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The daemon is started automatically by the <span class="code">erl</span>
command if the node is to be distributed and there is no
running instance present. If automatically launched,
environment variables has to be used to alter the behavior of
the daemon. See the <span class="bold_code"><a href="#environment_variables">Environment
variables</a></span> section below.</p>
<p>If the -daemon argument is not given, the
<span class="code">epmd</span> runs as a normal program with the
controlling terminal of the shell in which it is
started. Normally, it should run as a daemon.</p>
<p>Regular start-up options are described in the
<span class="bold_code"><a href="#daemon_flags">Regular options</a></span>
section below.</p>
<p>The <span class="code">DbgExtra</span> options are described in the
<span class="bold_code"><a href="#debug_flags">DbgExtra options</a></span>
section below.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>Communicating with a running port mapper daemon</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Communicating with the running epmd daemon by means of the
<span class="code">epmd</span> program is done primarily for debugging
purposes.</p>
<p>The different queries are described in the <span class="bold_code"><a href="#interactive_flags">Interactive options</a></span>
section below.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</p></div>
<h3><a name="id152495">Regular options</a></h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<a name="daemon_flags"></a>
<p>These options are available when starting the actual name server. The name server is normally started automatically by the <span class="code">erl</span> command (if not already available), but it can also be started at i.e. system start-up.</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong><span class="code">-address List</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Let this instance of <span class="code">epmd</span> listen only on the
comma-separated list of IP addresses and on the loopback address
(which is implicitly added to the list if it has not been
specified). This can also be set using the
<span class="code">ERL_EPMD_ADDRESS</span> environment variable, see the
section <span class="bold_code"><a href="#environment_variables">Environment
variables</a></span> below.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">-port No</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Let this instance of epmd listen to another TCP port than
default 4369. This can also be set using the
<span class="code">ERL_EPMD_PORT</span> environment variable, see the
section <span class="bold_code"><a href="#environment_variables">Environment
variables</a></span> below</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">-d | -debug</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Enable debug output. The more <span class="code">-d</span> flags given, the more
debug output you will get (to a certain limit). This option is
most useful when the epmd daemon is not started as a daemon.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">-daemon</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Start epmd detached from the controlling terminal. Logging will end up in syslog when available and correctly configured. If the epmd daemon is started at boot, this option should definitely be used. It is also used when the <span class="code">erl</span> command automatically starts <span class="code">epmd</span>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">-relaxed_command_check</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Start the epmd program with relaxed command checking (mostly for backward compatibility). This affects the following:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>With relaxed command checking, the <span class="code">epmd</span> daemon can be killed from the localhost with i.e. <span class="code">epmd -kill</span> even if there are active nodes registered. Normally only daemons with an empty node database can be killed with the <span class="code">epmd -kill</span> command.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <span class="code">epmd -stop</span> command (and the corresponding messages to epmd, as can be given using <span class="code">erl_interface/ei</span>) is normally always ignored, as it opens up for strange situation when two nodes of the same name can be alive at the same time. A node unregisters itself by just closing the connection to epmd, why the <span class="code">stop</span> command was only intended for use in debugging situations.</p>
<p>With relaxed command checking enabled, you can forcibly unregister live nodes.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Relaxed command checking can also be enabled by setting the environment variable <span class="code">ERL_EPMD_RELAXED_COMMAND_CHECK</span> prior to starting <span class="code">epmd</span>.</p>
<p>Only use relaxed command checking on systems with very limited interactive usage.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h3><a name="id152690">DbgExtra options</a></h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<a name="debug_flags"></a>
<p>These options are purely for debugging and testing epmd clients, they should not be used in normal operation.</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong><span class="code">-packet_timeout Seconds</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Set the number of seconds a connection can be
inactive before epmd times out and closes the
connection (default 60).</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">-delay_accept Seconds</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>To simulate a busy server you can insert a delay between epmd
gets notified about that a new connection is requested and
when the connections gets accepted.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">-delay_write Seconds</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Also a simulation of a busy server. Inserts
a delay before a reply is sent.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h3><a name="id152750">Interactive options</a></h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<a name="interactive_flags"></a>
<p>These options make <span class="code">epmd</span> run as an interactive command displaying the results of sending queries ta an already running instance of <span class="code">epmd</span>. The epmd contacted is always on the local node, but the <span class="code">-port</span> option can be used to select between instances if several are running using different port on the host.</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong><span class="code">-port No</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Contacts the <span class="code">epmd</span> listening on the given TCP port number
(default 4369). This can also be set using the
<span class="code">ERL_EPMD_PORT</span> environment variable, see the
section <span class="bold_code"><a href="#environment_variables">Environment
variables</a></span> below</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">-names</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>List names registered with the currently running epmd</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">-kill</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Kill the currently running <span class="code">epmd</span>.</p>
<p>Killing the running <span class="code">epmd</span> is only allowed if <span class="code">epmd
-names</span> show an empty database or
<span class="code">-relaxed_command_check</span> was given when the running
instance of <span class="code">epmd</span> was started. Note that
<span class="code">-relaxed_command_check</span> is given when starting the
daemon that is to accept killing when it has live nodes
registered. When running epmd interactively,
<span class="code">-relaxed_command_check</span> has no effect. A daemon that is
started without relaxed command checking has to be killed
using i.e. signals or some other OS specific method if it has
active clients registered.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">-stop Name</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Forcibly unregister a live node from <span class="code">epmd</span>'s database</p>
<p>This command can only be used when contacting <span class="code">epmd</span>
instances started with the <span class="code">-relaxed_command_check</span>
flag. Note that relaxed command checking has to be enabled for
the <span class="code">epmd</span> daemon contacted, When running epmd
interactively,
<span class="code">-relaxed_command_check</span> has no effect.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h3><a name="id152904">Environment variables</a></h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<a name="environment_variables"></a>
<dl>
<dt><strong><span class="code">ERL_EPMD_ADDRESS</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>This environment variable may be set to a comma-separated
list of IP addresses, in which case the <span class="code">epmd</span> daemon
will listen only on the specified address(es) and on the
loopback address (which is implicitly added to the list if it
has not been specified). The default behaviour is to listen on
all available IP addresses.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">ERL_EPMD_PORT</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>This environment variable can contain the port number epmd will use.
The default port will work fine in most cases. A different port can
be specified to allow several instances of epmd, representing
independent clusters of nodes, to co-exist on the same host.
All nodes in a cluster must use the same epmd port number.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">ERL_EPMD_RELAXED_COMMAND_CHECK</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>If set prior to start, the <span class="code">epmd</span> daemon will behave
as if the <span class="code">-relaxed_command_check</span> option was given at
start-up. If consequently setting this option before starting
the Erlang virtual machine, the automatically started
<span class="code">epmd</span> will accept the <span class="code">-kill</span> and <span class="code">-stop</span>
commands without restrictions.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h3><a name="id152982">Logging</a></h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<p>On some operating systems <strong>syslog</strong> will be used for
error reporting when epmd runs as an daemon. To enable
the error logging you have to edit /etc/syslog.conf
file and add an entry</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
!epmd
*.*<TABs>/var/log/epmd.log
</pre></div>
<p>where <TABs> are at least one real tab character. Spaces will
silently be ignored.
</p>
</div>
<h3><a name="id153017">Access restrictions</a></h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<p>The <span class="code">epmd</span> daemon accepts messages from both localhost and
remote hosts. However, only the query commands are answered (and
acted upon) if the query comes from a remote host. It is always an
error to try to register a nodename if the client is not a process
located on the same host as the <span class="code">epmd</span> instance is running on,
why such requests are considered hostile and the connection is
immediately closed.</p>
<p>The queries accepted from remote nodes are:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Port queries - i.e. on which port does the node with a given
name listen</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Name listing - i.e. give a list of all names registered on
the host</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>To restrict access further, firewall software has to be used.</p>
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