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<img alt="Erlang logo" src="../../../doc/erlang-logo.png"><br><small><a href="users_guide.html">User's Guide</a><br><a href="index.html">Reference Manual</a><br><a href="release_notes.html">Release Notes</a><br><a href="../pdf/erts-5.9.3.1.pdf">PDF</a><br><a href="../../../doc/index.html">Top</a></small><p><strong>Erlang Run-Time System Application (ERTS)</strong><br><strong>Reference Manual</strong><br><small>Version 5.9.3.1</small></p>
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<li title="start-3"><a href="erl_prim_loader.html#start-3">start/3</a></li>
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<li title="adler32_combine-3"><a href="erlang.html#adler32_combine-3">adler32_combine/3</a></li>
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<li title="binary_to_term-2"><a href="erlang.html#binary_to_term-2">binary_to_term/2</a></li>
<li title="bit_size-1"><a href="erlang.html#bit_size-1">bit_size/1</a></li>
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<li title="check_process_code-2"><a href="erlang.html#check_process_code-2">check_process_code/2</a></li>
<li title="crc32-1"><a href="erlang.html#crc32-1">crc32/1</a></li>
<li title="crc32-2"><a href="erlang.html#crc32-2">crc32/2</a></li>
<li title="crc32_combine-3"><a href="erlang.html#crc32_combine-3">crc32_combine/3</a></li>
<li title="date-0"><a href="erlang.html#date-0">date/0</a></li>
<li title="decode_packet-3"><a href="erlang.html#decode_packet-3">decode_packet/3</a></li>
<li title="delete_module-1"><a href="erlang.html#delete_module-1">delete_module/1</a></li>
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<li title="demonitor-2"><a href="erlang.html#demonitor-2">demonitor/2</a></li>
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<li title="external_size-1"><a href="erlang.html#external_size-1">external_size/1</a></li>
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<li title="fun_to_list-1"><a href="erlang.html#fun_to_list-1">fun_to_list/1</a></li>
<li title="function_exported-3"><a href="erlang.html#function_exported-3">function_exported/3</a></li>
<li title="garbage_collect-0"><a href="erlang.html#garbage_collect-0">garbage_collect/0</a></li>
<li title="garbage_collect-1"><a href="erlang.html#garbage_collect-1">garbage_collect/1</a></li>
<li title="get-0"><a href="erlang.html#get-0">get/0</a></li>
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<li title="integer_to_list-2"><a href="erlang.html#integer_to_list-2">integer_to_list/2</a></li>
<li title="iolist_to_binary-1"><a href="erlang.html#iolist_to_binary-1">iolist_to_binary/1</a></li>
<li title="iolist_size-1"><a href="erlang.html#iolist_size-1">iolist_size/1</a></li>
<li title="is_alive-0"><a href="erlang.html#is_alive-0">is_alive/0</a></li>
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<li title="is_builtin-3"><a href="erlang.html#is_builtin-3">is_builtin/3</a></li>
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<li title="is_list-1"><a href="erlang.html#is_list-1">is_list/1</a></li>
<li title="is_number-1"><a href="erlang.html#is_number-1">is_number/1</a></li>
<li title="is_pid-1"><a href="erlang.html#is_pid-1">is_pid/1</a></li>
<li title="is_port-1"><a href="erlang.html#is_port-1">is_port/1</a></li>
<li title="is_process_alive-1"><a href="erlang.html#is_process_alive-1">is_process_alive/1</a></li>
<li title="is_record-2"><a href="erlang.html#is_record-2">is_record/2</a></li>
<li title="is_record-3"><a href="erlang.html#is_record-3">is_record/3</a></li>
<li title="is_reference-1"><a href="erlang.html#is_reference-1">is_reference/1</a></li>
<li title="is_tuple-1"><a href="erlang.html#is_tuple-1">is_tuple/1</a></li>
<li title="length-1"><a href="erlang.html#length-1">length/1</a></li>
<li title="link-1"><a href="erlang.html#link-1">link/1</a></li>
<li title="list_to_atom-1"><a href="erlang.html#list_to_atom-1">list_to_atom/1</a></li>
<li title="list_to_binary-1"><a href="erlang.html#list_to_binary-1">list_to_binary/1</a></li>
<li title="list_to_bitstring-1"><a href="erlang.html#list_to_bitstring-1">list_to_bitstring/1</a></li>
<li title="list_to_existing_atom-1"><a href="erlang.html#list_to_existing_atom-1">list_to_existing_atom/1</a></li>
<li title="list_to_float-1"><a href="erlang.html#list_to_float-1">list_to_float/1</a></li>
<li title="list_to_integer-1"><a href="erlang.html#list_to_integer-1">list_to_integer/1</a></li>
<li title="list_to_integer-2"><a href="erlang.html#list_to_integer-2">list_to_integer/2</a></li>
<li title="list_to_pid-1"><a href="erlang.html#list_to_pid-1">list_to_pid/1</a></li>
<li title="list_to_tuple-1"><a href="erlang.html#list_to_tuple-1">list_to_tuple/1</a></li>
<li title="load_module-2"><a href="erlang.html#load_module-2">load_module/2</a></li>
<li title="load_nif-2"><a href="erlang.html#load_nif-2">load_nif/2</a></li>
<li title="loaded-0"><a href="erlang.html#loaded-0">loaded/0</a></li>
<li title="localtime-0"><a href="erlang.html#localtime-0">localtime/0</a></li>
<li title="localtime_to_universaltime-1"><a href="erlang.html#localtime_to_universaltime-1">localtime_to_universaltime/1</a></li>
<li title="localtime_to_universaltime-2"><a href="erlang.html#localtime_to_universaltime-2">localtime_to_universaltime/2</a></li>
<li title="make_ref-0"><a href="erlang.html#make_ref-0">make_ref/0</a></li>
<li title="make_tuple-2"><a href="erlang.html#make_tuple-2">make_tuple/2</a></li>
<li title="make_tuple-3"><a href="erlang.html#make_tuple-3">make_tuple/3</a></li>
<li title="max-2"><a href="erlang.html#max-2">max/2</a></li>
<li title="md5-1"><a href="erlang.html#md5-1">md5/1</a></li>
<li title="md5_final-1"><a href="erlang.html#md5_final-1">md5_final/1</a></li>
<li title="md5_init-0"><a href="erlang.html#md5_init-0">md5_init/0</a></li>
<li title="md5_update-2"><a href="erlang.html#md5_update-2">md5_update/2</a></li>
<li title="memory-0"><a href="erlang.html#memory-0">memory/0</a></li>
<li title="memory-1"><a href="erlang.html#memory-1">memory/1</a></li>
<li title="min-2"><a href="erlang.html#min-2">min/2</a></li>
<li title="module_loaded-1"><a href="erlang.html#module_loaded-1">module_loaded/1</a></li>
<li title="monitor-2"><a href="erlang.html#monitor-2">monitor/2</a></li>
<li title="monitor_node-2"><a href="erlang.html#monitor_node-2">monitor_node/2</a></li>
<li title="monitor_node-3"><a href="erlang.html#monitor_node-3">monitor_node/3</a></li>
<li title="nif_error-1"><a href="erlang.html#nif_error-1">nif_error/1</a></li>
<li title="nif_error-2"><a href="erlang.html#nif_error-2">nif_error/2</a></li>
<li title="node-0"><a href="erlang.html#node-0">node/0</a></li>
<li title="node-1"><a href="erlang.html#node-1">node/1</a></li>
<li title="nodes-0"><a href="erlang.html#nodes-0">nodes/0</a></li>
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<li title="pid_to_list-1"><a href="erlang.html#pid_to_list-1">pid_to_list/1</a></li>
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<li title="port_command-2"><a href="erlang.html#port_command-2">port_command/2</a></li>
<li title="port_command-3"><a href="erlang.html#port_command-3">port_command/3</a></li>
<li title="port_connect-2"><a href="erlang.html#port_connect-2">port_connect/2</a></li>
<li title="port_control-3"><a href="erlang.html#port_control-3">port_control/3</a></li>
<li title="port_call-3"><a href="erlang.html#port_call-3">port_call/3</a></li>
<li title="port_info-1"><a href="erlang.html#port_info-1">port_info/1</a></li>
<li title="port_info-2"><a href="erlang.html#port_info-2">port_info/2</a></li>
<li title="port_to_list-1"><a href="erlang.html#port_to_list-1">port_to_list/1</a></li>
<li title="ports-0"><a href="erlang.html#ports-0">ports/0</a></li>
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<li title="process_display-2"><a href="erlang.html#process_display-2">process_display/2</a></li>
<li title="process_flag-2"><a href="erlang.html#process_flag-2">process_flag/2</a></li>
<li title="process_flag-3"><a href="erlang.html#process_flag-3">process_flag/3</a></li>
<li title="process_info-1"><a href="erlang.html#process_info-1">process_info/1</a></li>
<li title="process_info-2"><a href="erlang.html#process_info-2">process_info/2</a></li>
<li title="processes-0"><a href="erlang.html#processes-0">processes/0</a></li>
<li title="purge_module-1"><a href="erlang.html#purge_module-1">purge_module/1</a></li>
<li title="put-2"><a href="erlang.html#put-2">put/2</a></li>
<li title="raise-3"><a href="erlang.html#raise-3">raise/3</a></li>
<li title="read_timer-1"><a href="erlang.html#read_timer-1">read_timer/1</a></li>
<li title="ref_to_list-1"><a href="erlang.html#ref_to_list-1">ref_to_list/1</a></li>
<li title="register-2"><a href="erlang.html#register-2">register/2</a></li>
<li title="registered-0"><a href="erlang.html#registered-0">registered/0</a></li>
<li title="resume_process-1"><a href="erlang.html#resume_process-1">resume_process/1</a></li>
<li title="round-1"><a href="erlang.html#round-1">round/1</a></li>
<li title="self-0"><a href="erlang.html#self-0">self/0</a></li>
<li title="send-2"><a href="erlang.html#send-2">send/2</a></li>
<li title="send-3"><a href="erlang.html#send-3">send/3</a></li>
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<li title="setelement-3"><a href="erlang.html#setelement-3">setelement/3</a></li>
<li title="size-1"><a href="erlang.html#size-1">size/1</a></li>
<li title="spawn-1"><a href="erlang.html#spawn-1">spawn/1</a></li>
<li title="spawn-2"><a href="erlang.html#spawn-2">spawn/2</a></li>
<li title="spawn-3"><a href="erlang.html#spawn-3">spawn/3</a></li>
<li title="spawn-4"><a href="erlang.html#spawn-4">spawn/4</a></li>
<li title="spawn_link-1"><a href="erlang.html#spawn_link-1">spawn_link/1</a></li>
<li title="spawn_link-2"><a href="erlang.html#spawn_link-2">spawn_link/2</a></li>
<li title="spawn_link-3"><a href="erlang.html#spawn_link-3">spawn_link/3</a></li>
<li title="spawn_link-4"><a href="erlang.html#spawn_link-4">spawn_link/4</a></li>
<li title="spawn_monitor-1"><a href="erlang.html#spawn_monitor-1">spawn_monitor/1</a></li>
<li title="spawn_monitor-3"><a href="erlang.html#spawn_monitor-3">spawn_monitor/3</a></li>
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<li title="statistics-1"><a href="erlang.html#statistics-1">statistics/1</a></li>
<li title="suspend_process-2"><a href="erlang.html#suspend_process-2">suspend_process/2</a></li>
<li title="suspend_process-1"><a href="erlang.html#suspend_process-1">suspend_process/1</a></li>
<li title="system_flag-2"><a href="erlang.html#system_flag-2">system_flag/2</a></li>
<li title="system_info-1"><a href="erlang.html#system_info-1">system_info/1</a></li>
<li title="system_monitor-0"><a href="erlang.html#system_monitor-0">system_monitor/0</a></li>
<li title="system_monitor-1"><a href="erlang.html#system_monitor-1">system_monitor/1</a></li>
<li title="system_monitor-2"><a href="erlang.html#system_monitor-2">system_monitor/2</a></li>
<li title="system_profile-0"><a href="erlang.html#system_profile-0">system_profile/0</a></li>
<li title="system_profile-2"><a href="erlang.html#system_profile-2">system_profile/2</a></li>
<li title="term_to_binary-1"><a href="erlang.html#term_to_binary-1">term_to_binary/1</a></li>
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<div id="content">
<div class="innertube">
<!-- refpage --><center><h1>erlc</h1></center>
<h3>COMMAND</h3>
<div class="REFBODY">erlc</div>
<h3>COMMAND SUMMARY</h3>
<div class="REFBODY">Compiler</div>
<h3>DESCRIPTION</h3>
<div class="REFBODY"><p>
<p>The <span class="code">erlc</span> program provides a common way to run
all compilers in the Erlang system.
Depending on the extension of each input file, <span class="code">erlc</span>
will invoke the appropriate compiler.
Regardless of which compiler is used, the same flags are used to provide parameters such as include paths and output directory.</p>
<p>The current working directory, <span class="code">"."</span>, will not be included
in the code path when running the compiler (to avoid loading
Beam files from the current working directory that could potentially
be in conflict with the compiler or Erlang/OTP system used by the
compiler).</p>
</p></div>
<h3>EXPORTS</h3>
<p><span class="bold_code">erlc flags file1.ext file2.ext...</span></p>
<div class="REFBODY"><p>
<p><span class="code">Erlc</span> compiles one or more files.
The files must include the extension, for example <span class="code">.erl</span>
for Erlang source code, or <span class="code">.yrl</span> for Yecc source code.
<span class="code">Erlc</span> uses the extension to invoke the correct compiler.</p>
</p></div>
<h3><a name="id156631">Generally Useful Flags</a></h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<p>The following flags are supported:
</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong>-I <strong>directory</strong></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Instructs the compiler to search for include files in
the specified directory. When encountering an
<span class="code">-include</span> or <span class="code">-include_lib</span> directive, the
compiler searches for header files in the following
directories:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span class="code">"."</span>, the current working directory of the
file server;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>the base name of the compiled file;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>the directories specified using the <span class="code">-I</span> option.
The directory specified last is searched first.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-o <strong>directory</strong></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The directory where the compiler should place the output files.
If not specified, output files will be placed in the current working
directory.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-D<strong>name</strong></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Defines a macro.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-D<strong>name</strong>=<strong>value</strong></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Defines a macro with the given value.
The value can be any Erlang term.
Depending on the platform, the value may need to be
quoted if the shell itself interprets certain characters.
On Unix, terms which contain tuples and list
must be quoted. Terms which contain spaces
must be quoted on all platforms.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-W<strong>error</strong></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Makes all warnings into errors.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-W<strong>number</strong></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Sets warning level to <strong>number</strong>. Default is <span class="code">1</span>.
Use <span class="code">-W0</span> to turn off warnings.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-W</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Same as <span class="code">-W1</span>. Default.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-v</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Enables verbose output.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-b <strong>output-type</strong></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Specifies the type of output file.
Generally, <strong>output-type</strong> is the same as the file extension
of the output file but without the period.
This option will be ignored by compilers that have a
a single output format.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-smp</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Compile using the SMP emulator. This is mainly useful
for compiling native code, which needs to be compiled with the same
run-time system that it should be run on.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-M</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Produces a Makefile rule to track headers dependencies. The
rule is sent to stdout. No object file is produced.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-MF <strong>Makefile</strong></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Like the <span class="code">-M</span> option above, except that the
Makefile is written to <strong>Makefile</strong>. No object
file is produced.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-MD</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Same as <span class="code">-M -MF <File>.Pbeam</span>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-MT <strong>Target</strong></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>In conjunction with <span class="code">-M</span> or
<span class="code">-MF</span>, change the name of the rule emitted
to <strong>Target</strong>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-MQ <strong>Target</strong></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Like the <span class="code">-MT</span> option above, except that
characters special to make(1) are quoted.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-MP</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>In conjunction with <span class="code">-M</span> or
<span class="code">-MF</span>, add a phony target for each dependency.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-MG</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>In conjunction with <span class="code">-M</span> or
<span class="code">-MF</span>, consider missing headers as generated
files and add them to the dependencies.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>--</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Signals that no more options will follow.
The rest of the arguments will be treated as file names,
even if they start with hyphens.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>+<strong>term</strong></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>A flag starting with a plus ('<strong>+</strong>') rather than a hyphen
will be converted to an Erlang term and passed unchanged to
the compiler.
For instance, the <span class="code">export_all</span> option for the Erlang
compiler can be specified as follows:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
erlc +export_all file.erl</pre></div>
<p>Depending on the platform, the value may need to be
quoted if the shell itself interprets certain characters.
On Unix, terms which contain tuples and list
must be quoted. Terms which contain spaces
must be quoted on all platforms.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h3><a name="id157024">Special Flags</a></h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<p>The flags in this section are useful in special situations
such as re-building the OTP system.</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong>-pa <strong>directory</strong></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Appends <strong>directory</strong> to the front of the code path in
the invoked Erlang emulator.
This can be used to invoke another
compiler than the default one.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-pz <strong>directory</strong></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Appends <strong>directory</strong> to the code path in
the invoked Erlang emulator.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h3><a name="id157076">Supported Compilers</a></h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<dl>
<dt><strong>.erl</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Erlang source code. It generates a <span class="code">.beam</span> file.</p>
<p>The options -P, -E, and -S are equivalent to +'P',
+'E', and +'S', except that it is not necessary to include the single quotes to protect them
from the shell.</p>
<p>Supported options: -I, -o, -D, -v, -W, -b.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>.yrl</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Yecc source code. It generates an <span class="code">.erl</span> file.</p>
<p>Use the -I option with the name of a file to use that file
as a customized prologue file (the <span class="code">includefile</span> option).</p>
<p>Supported options: -o, -v, -I, -W (see above).</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>.mib</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>MIB for SNMP. It generates a <span class="code">.bin</span> file.</p>
<p>Supported options: -I, -o, -W.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>.bin</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>A compiled MIB for SNMP. It generates a <span class="code">.hrl</span> file.</p>
<p>Supported options: -o, -v.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>.rel</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Script file. It generates a boot file.</p>
<p>Use the -I to name directories to be searched for application
files (equivalent to the <span class="code">path</span> in the option list for
<span class="code">systools:make_script/2</span>).</p>
<p>Supported options: -o.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>.asn1</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>ASN1 file.</p>
<p>Creates an <span class="code">.erl</span>, <span class="code">.hrl</span>, and <span class="code">.asn1db</span> file from
an <span class="code">.asn1</span> file. Also compiles the <span class="code">.erl</span> using the Erlang
compiler unless the <span class="code">+noobj</span> options is given.</p>
<p>Supported options: -I, -o, -b, -W.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>.idl</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>IC file.</p>
<p>Runs the IDL compiler.</p>
<p>Supported options: -I, -o.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h3><a name="id157264">Environment Variables</a></h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<dl>
<dt><strong>ERLC_EMULATOR</strong></dt>
<dd>The command for starting the emulator.
Default is <strong>erl</strong> in the same directory as the <strong>erlc</strong> program
itself, or if it doesn't exist, <strong>erl</strong> in any of the directories
given in the <strong>PATH</strong> environment variable.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h3><a name="id157299">SEE ALSO</a></h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<p><span class="bold_code"><a href="erl.html">erl(1)</a></span>,
<span class="bold_code"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../doc/../','compiler','compile.html');">compile(3)</a></span>,
<span class="bold_code"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../doc/../','parsetools','yecc.html');">yecc(3)</a></span>,
<span class="bold_code"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../doc/../','snmp','snmp.html');">snmp(3)</a></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="footer">
<hr>
<p>Copyright © 1997-2012 Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div></body>
</html>
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