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<img alt="Erlang logo" src="../../../doc/erlang-logo.png"><br><small><a href="users_guide.html">User's Guide</a><br><a href="index.html">Reference Manual</a><br><a href="release_notes.html">Release Notes</a><br><a href="../pdf/erts-5.9.3.1.pdf">PDF</a><br><a href="../../../doc/index.html">Top</a></small><p><strong>Erlang Run-Time System Application (ERTS)</strong><br><strong>Reference Manual</strong><br><small>Version 5.9.3.1</small></p>
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<li title="is_process_alive-1"><a href="erlang.html#is_process_alive-1">is_process_alive/1</a></li>
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<li title="is_reference-1"><a href="erlang.html#is_reference-1">is_reference/1</a></li>
<li title="is_tuple-1"><a href="erlang.html#is_tuple-1">is_tuple/1</a></li>
<li title="length-1"><a href="erlang.html#length-1">length/1</a></li>
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<li title="list_to_pid-1"><a href="erlang.html#list_to_pid-1">list_to_pid/1</a></li>
<li title="list_to_tuple-1"><a href="erlang.html#list_to_tuple-1">list_to_tuple/1</a></li>
<li title="load_module-2"><a href="erlang.html#load_module-2">load_module/2</a></li>
<li title="load_nif-2"><a href="erlang.html#load_nif-2">load_nif/2</a></li>
<li title="loaded-0"><a href="erlang.html#loaded-0">loaded/0</a></li>
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<li title="localtime_to_universaltime-1"><a href="erlang.html#localtime_to_universaltime-1">localtime_to_universaltime/1</a></li>
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<li title="make_ref-0"><a href="erlang.html#make_ref-0">make_ref/0</a></li>
<li title="make_tuple-2"><a href="erlang.html#make_tuple-2">make_tuple/2</a></li>
<li title="make_tuple-3"><a href="erlang.html#make_tuple-3">make_tuple/3</a></li>
<li title="max-2"><a href="erlang.html#max-2">max/2</a></li>
<li title="md5-1"><a href="erlang.html#md5-1">md5/1</a></li>
<li title="md5_final-1"><a href="erlang.html#md5_final-1">md5_final/1</a></li>
<li title="md5_init-0"><a href="erlang.html#md5_init-0">md5_init/0</a></li>
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<li title="memory-0"><a href="erlang.html#memory-0">memory/0</a></li>
<li title="memory-1"><a href="erlang.html#memory-1">memory/1</a></li>
<li title="min-2"><a href="erlang.html#min-2">min/2</a></li>
<li title="module_loaded-1"><a href="erlang.html#module_loaded-1">module_loaded/1</a></li>
<li title="monitor-2"><a href="erlang.html#monitor-2">monitor/2</a></li>
<li title="monitor_node-2"><a href="erlang.html#monitor_node-2">monitor_node/2</a></li>
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<li title="process_info-2"><a href="erlang.html#process_info-2">process_info/2</a></li>
<li title="processes-0"><a href="erlang.html#processes-0">processes/0</a></li>
<li title="purge_module-1"><a href="erlang.html#purge_module-1">purge_module/1</a></li>
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<li title="resume_process-1"><a href="erlang.html#resume_process-1">resume_process/1</a></li>
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<li title="size-1"><a href="erlang.html#size-1">size/1</a></li>
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<li title="spawn-2"><a href="erlang.html#spawn-2">spawn/2</a></li>
<li title="spawn-3"><a href="erlang.html#spawn-3">spawn/3</a></li>
<li title="spawn-4"><a href="erlang.html#spawn-4">spawn/4</a></li>
<li title="spawn_link-1"><a href="erlang.html#spawn_link-1">spawn_link/1</a></li>
<li title="spawn_link-2"><a href="erlang.html#spawn_link-2">spawn_link/2</a></li>
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<li title="system_profile-2"><a href="erlang.html#system_profile-2">system_profile/2</a></li>
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<div id="content">
<div class="innertube">
<!-- refpage --><center><h1>init</h1></center>
<h3>MODULE</h3>
<div class="REFBODY">init</div>
<h3>MODULE SUMMARY</h3>
<div class="REFBODY">Coordination of System Startup</div>
<h3>DESCRIPTION</h3>
<div class="REFBODY"><p>
<p>The <span class="code">init</span> module is pre-loaded and contains the code for
the <span class="code">init</span> system process which coordinates the start-up of
the system. The first function evaluated at start-up is
<span class="code">boot(BootArgs)</span>, where <span class="code">BootArgs</span> is a list of command
line arguments supplied to the Erlang runtime system from
the local operating system. See
<span class="bold_code"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../doc/../','erts','erl.html');">erl(1)</a></span>.</p>
<p><span class="code">init</span> reads the boot script which contains instructions on
how to initiate the system. See
<span class="bold_code"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../doc/../','sasl','script.html');">script(4)</a></span> for more
information about boot scripts.</p>
<p><span class="code">init</span> also contains functions to restart, reboot, and stop
the system.</p>
</p></div>
<h3>EXPORTS</h3>
<p><a name="boot-1"></a><span class="bold_code">boot(BootArgs) -> no_return()</span><br><div class="REFBODY">
<p>Types:</p>
<div class="REFTYPES"><span class="bold_code">BootArgs = [binary()]</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY"><p>
<p>Starts the Erlang runtime system. This function is called
when the emulator is started and coordinates system start-up.</p>
<p><span class="code">BootArgs</span> are all command line arguments except
the emulator flags, that is, flags and plain arguments. See
<span class="bold_code"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../doc/../','erts','erl.html');">erl(1)</a></span>.</p>
<p><span class="code">init</span> itself interprets some of the flags, see
<span class="bold_code"><a href="#flags">Command Line Flags</a></span> below.
The remaining flags ("user flags") and plain arguments are
passed to the <span class="code">init</span> loop and can be retrieved by calling
<span class="code">get_arguments/0</span> and <span class="code">get_plain_arguments/0</span>,
respectively.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="get_argument-1"></a><span class="bold_code">get_argument(Flag) -> {ok, Arg} | error</span><br><div class="REFBODY">
<p>Types:</p>
<div class="REFTYPES"><span class="bold_code">Flag = atom()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES"><span class="bold_code">Arg = [Values :: [string()]]</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY"><p>
<p>Returns all values associated with the command line user flag
<span class="code">Flag</span>. If <span class="code">Flag</span> is provided several times, each
<span class="code">Values</span> is returned in preserved order.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
% <span class="bold_code">erl -a b c -a d</span>
...
1> <span class="bold_code">init:get_argument(a).</span>
{ok,[["b","c"],["d"]]}</pre></div>
<p>There are also a number of flags, which are defined
automatically and can be retrieved using this function:</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong><span class="code">root</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The installation directory of Erlang/OTP, <span class="code">$ROOT</span>.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
2> <span class="bold_code">init:get_argument(root).</span>
{ok,[["/usr/local/otp/releases/otp_beam_solaris8_r10b_patched"]]}</pre></div>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">progname</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The name of the program which started Erlang.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
3> <span class="bold_code">init:get_argument(progname).</span>
{ok,[["erl"]]}</pre></div>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">home</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The home directory.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
4> <span class="bold_code">init:get_argument(home).</span>
{ok,[["/home/harry"]]}</pre></div>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>Returns <span class="code">error</span> if there is no value associated with
<span class="code">Flag</span>.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="get_arguments-0"></a><span class="bold_code">get_arguments() -> Flags</span><br><div class="REFBODY">
<p>Types:</p>
<div class="REFTYPES"><span class="bold_code">Flags = [{Flag :: atom(), Values :: [string()]}]</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY"><p>
<p>Returns all command line flags, as well as the system
defined flags, see <span class="code">get_argument/1</span>.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="get_plain_arguments-0"></a><span class="bold_code">get_plain_arguments() -> [Arg]</span><br><div class="REFBODY">
<p>Types:</p>
<div class="REFTYPES"><span class="bold_code">Arg = string()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY"><p>
<p>Returns any plain command line arguments as a list of strings
(possibly empty).</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="get_status-0"></a><span class="bold_code">get_status() -> {InternalStatus, ProvidedStatus}</span><br><div class="REFBODY">
<p>Types:</p>
<div class="REFTYPES"><span class="bold_code">InternalStatus = internal_status()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES"><span class="bold_code">ProvidedStatus = term()</span></div>
<div class="REFTYPES">
<span class="bold_code">internal_status() = starting | started | stopping</span><br>
</div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY"><p>
<p>The current status of the <span class="code">init</span> process can be
inspected. During system startup (initialization),
<span class="code">InternalStatus</span> is <span class="code">starting</span>, and
<span class="code">ProvidedStatus</span> indicates how far the boot script has
been interpreted. Each <span class="code">{progress, Info}</span> term
interpreted in the boot script affects <span class="code">ProvidedStatus</span>,
that is, <span class="code">ProvidedStatus</span> gets the value of <span class="code">Info</span>.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="reboot-0"></a><span class="bold_code">reboot() -> ok</span><br></p>
<div class="REFBODY"><p>
<p>All applications are taken down smoothly, all code is
unloaded, and all ports are closed before the system
terminates. If the <span class="code">-heart</span> command line flag was given,
the <span class="code">heart</span> program will try to reboot the system. Refer
to <span class="code">heart(3)</span> for more information.</p>
<p>To limit the shutdown time, the time <span class="code">init</span> is allowed
to spend taking down applications, the <span class="code">-shutdown_time</span>
command line flag should be used.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="restart-0"></a><span class="bold_code">restart() -> ok</span><br></p>
<div class="REFBODY"><p>
<p>The system is restarted <strong>inside</strong> the running Erlang
node, which means that the emulator is not restarted. All
applications are taken down smoothly, all code is unloaded,
and all ports are closed before the system is booted again in
the same way as initially started. The same <span class="code">BootArgs</span>
are used again.</p>
<p>To limit the shutdown time, the time <span class="code">init</span> is allowed
to spend taking down applications, the <span class="code">-shutdown_time</span>
command line flag should be used.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="script_id-0"></a><span class="bold_code">script_id() -> Id</span><br><div class="REFBODY">
<p>Types:</p>
<div class="REFTYPES"><span class="bold_code">Id = term()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY"><p>
<p>Get the identity of the boot script used to boot the system.
<span class="code">Id</span> can be any Erlang term. In the delivered boot
scripts, <span class="code">Id</span> is <span class="code">{Name, Vsn}</span>. <span class="code">Name</span> and
<span class="code">Vsn</span> are strings.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="stop-0"></a><span class="bold_code">stop() -> ok</span><br></p>
<div class="REFBODY"><p>
<p>All applications are taken down smoothly, all code is
unloaded, and all ports are closed before the system
terminates. If the <span class="code">-heart</span> command line flag was given,
the <span class="code">heart</span> program is terminated before the Erlang node
terminates. Refer to <span class="code">heart(3)</span> for more information.</p>
<p>To limit the shutdown time, the time <span class="code">init</span> is allowed
to spend taking down applications, the <span class="code">-shutdown_time</span>
command line flag should be used.</p>
</p></div>
<p><a name="stop-1"></a><span class="bold_code">stop(Status) -> ok</span><br><div class="REFBODY">
<p>Types:</p>
<div class="REFTYPES"><span class="bold_code">Status = integer() >= 0 | string()</span></div>
</div></p>
<div class="REFBODY"><p>
<p>All applications are taken down smoothly, all code is
unloaded, and all ports are closed before the system
terminates by calling <span class="code">halt(Status)</span>. If the
<span class="code">-heart</span> command line flag was given, the <span class="code">heart</span>
program is terminated before the Erlang node
terminates. Refer to <span class="code">heart(3)</span> for more
information.</p>
<p>To limit the shutdown time, the time <span class="code">init</span> is allowed
to spend taking down applications, the <span class="code">-shutdown_time</span>
command line flag should be used.</p>
</p></div>
<h3><a name="id150378">Command Line Flags</a></h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<a name="flags"></a>
<div class="warning">
<div class="label">Warning</div>
<div class="content"><p><p>The support for loading of code from archive files is
experimental. The sole purpose of releasing it before it is ready
is to obtain early feedback. The file format, semantics,
interfaces etc. may be changed in a future release. The
<span class="code">-code_path_choice</span> flag is also experimental.</p></p></div>
</div>
<p>The <span class="code">init</span> module interprets the following command line
flags:</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong><span class="code">--</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Everything following <span class="code">--</span> up to the next flag is
considered plain arguments and can be retrieved using
<span class="code">get_plain_arguments/0</span>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">-code_path_choice Choice</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>This flag can be set to <span class="code">strict</span> or <span class="code">relaxed</span>. It
controls whether each directory in the code path should be
interpreted strictly as it appears in the <span class="code">boot script</span> or if
<span class="code">init</span> should be more relaxed and try to find a suitable
directory if it can choose from a regular ebin directory and
an ebin directory in an archive file. This flag is particular
useful when you want to elaborate with code loading from
archives without editing the <span class="code">boot script</span>. See <span class="bold_code"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../doc/../','sasl','script.html');">script(4)</a></span> for more information
about interpretation of boot scripts. The flag does also have
a similar affect on how the code server works. See <span class="bold_code"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../doc/../','kernel','code.html');">code(3)</a></span>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">-eval Expr</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Scans, parses and evaluates an arbitrary expression
<span class="code">Expr</span> during system initialization. If any of these
steps fail (syntax error, parse error or exception during
evaluation), Erlang stops with an error message. Here is an
example that seeds the random number generator:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
% <span class="bold_code">erl -eval '{X,Y,Z}' = now(), random:seed(X,Y,Z).'</span></pre></div>
<p>This example uses Erlang as a hexadecimal calculator:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
% <span class="bold_code">erl -noshell -eval 'R = 16#1F+16#A0, io:format("~.16B~n", [R])' \\</span>
<span class="bold_code">-s erlang halt</span>
BF</pre></div>
<p>If multiple <span class="code">-eval</span> expressions are specified, they
are evaluated sequentially in the order specified.
<span class="code">-eval</span> expressions are evaluated sequentially with
<span class="code">-s</span> and <span class="code">-run</span> function calls (this also in
the order specified). As with <span class="code">-s</span> and <span class="code">-run</span>, an
evaluation that does not terminate, blocks the system
initialization process.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">-extra</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Everything following <span class="code">-extra</span> is considered plain
arguments and can be retrieved using
<span class="code">get_plain_arguments/0</span>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">-run Mod [Func [Arg1, Arg2, ...]]</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Evaluates the specified function call during system
initialization. <span class="code">Func</span> defaults to <span class="code">start</span>. If no
arguments are provided, the function is assumed to be of arity
0. Otherwise it is assumed to be of arity 1, taking the list
<span class="code">[Arg1,Arg2,...]</span> as argument. All arguments are passed
as strings. If an exception is raised, Erlang stops with an
error message.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
% <span class="bold_code">erl -run foo -run foo bar -run foo bar baz 1 2</span></pre></div>
<p>This starts the Erlang runtime system and evaluates
the following functions:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
foo:start()
foo:bar()
foo:bar(["baz", "1", "2"]).</pre></div>
<p>The functions are executed sequentially in an initialization
process, which then terminates normally and passes control to
the user. This means that a <span class="code">-run</span> call which does not
return will block further processing; to avoid this, use
some variant of <span class="code">spawn</span> in such cases.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">-s Mod [Func [Arg1, Arg2, ...]]</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Evaluates the specified function call during system
initialization. <span class="code">Func</span> defaults to <span class="code">start</span>. If no
arguments are provided, the function is assumed to be of arity
0. Otherwise it is assumed to be of arity 1, taking the list
<span class="code">[Arg1,Arg2,...]</span> as argument. All arguments are passed
as atoms. If an exception is raised, Erlang stops with an
error message.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
% <span class="bold_code">erl -s foo -s foo bar -s foo bar baz 1 2</span></pre></div>
<p>This starts the Erlang runtime system and evaluates
the following functions:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
foo:start()
foo:bar()
foo:bar([baz, '1', '2']).</pre></div>
<p>The functions are executed sequentially in an initialization
process, which then terminates normally and passes control to
the user. This means that a <span class="code">-s</span> call which does not
return will block further processing; to avoid this, use
some variant of <span class="code">spawn</span> in such cases.</p>
<p>Due to the limited length of atoms, it is recommended that
<span class="code">-run</span> be used instead.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h3><a name="id150693">Example</a></h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<div class="example"><pre>
% <span class="bold_code">erl -- a b -children thomas claire -ages 7 3 -- x y</span>
...
1> <span class="bold_code">init:get_plain_arguments().</span>
["a","b","x","y"]
2> <span class="bold_code">init:get_argument(children).</span>
{ok,[["thomas","claire"]]}
3> <span class="bold_code">init:get_argument(ages).</span>
{ok, [["7","3"]]}
4> <span class="bold_code">init:get_argument(silly).</span>
error</pre></div>
</div>
<h3><a name="id150724">SEE ALSO</a></h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<p><span class="bold_code"><a href="erl_prim_loader.html">erl_prim_loader(3)</a></span>,
<span class="bold_code"><a href="javascript:erlhref('../../../doc/../','kernel','heart.html');">heart(3)</a></span></p>
</div>
</div>
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