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<img alt="Erlang logo" src="../../../../doc/erlang-logo.png"><br><small><a href="index.html">Reference Manual</a><br><a href="release_notes.html">Release Notes</a><br><a href="../pdf/kernel-2.15.3.pdf">PDF</a><br><a href="../../../../doc/index.html">Top</a></small><p><strong>Kernel</strong><br><strong>Reference Manual</strong><br><small>Version 2.15.3</small></p>
<br><a href="javascript:openAllFlips()">Expand All</a><br><a href="javascript:closeAllFlips()">Contract All</a><p><small><strong>Table of Contents</strong></small></p>
<ul class="flipMenu">
<li title="kernel (App)"><a href="kernel_app.html">kernel (App)
</a></li>
<li id="no" title="application " expanded="false">application<ul>
<li><a href="application.html">
Top of manual page
</a></li>
<li title="get_all_env-0"><a href="application.html#get_all_env-0">get_all_env/0</a></li>
<li title="get_all_env-1"><a href="application.html#get_all_env-1">get_all_env/1</a></li>
<li title="get_all_key-0"><a href="application.html#get_all_key-0">get_all_key/0</a></li>
<li title="get_all_key-1"><a href="application.html#get_all_key-1">get_all_key/1</a></li>
<li title="get_application-0"><a href="application.html#get_application-0">get_application/0</a></li>
<li title="get_application-1"><a href="application.html#get_application-1">get_application/1</a></li>
<li title="get_env-1"><a href="application.html#get_env-1">get_env/1</a></li>
<li title="get_env-2"><a href="application.html#get_env-2">get_env/2</a></li>
<li title="get_key-1"><a href="application.html#get_key-1">get_key/1</a></li>
<li title="get_key-2"><a href="application.html#get_key-2">get_key/2</a></li>
<li title="load-1"><a href="application.html#load-1">load/1</a></li>
<li title="load-2"><a href="application.html#load-2">load/2</a></li>
<li title="loaded_applications-0"><a href="application.html#loaded_applications-0">loaded_applications/0</a></li>
<li title="permit-2"><a href="application.html#permit-2">permit/2</a></li>
<li title="set_env-3"><a href="application.html#set_env-3">set_env/3</a></li>
<li title="set_env-4"><a href="application.html#set_env-4">set_env/4</a></li>
<li title="start-1"><a href="application.html#start-1">start/1</a></li>
<li title="start-2"><a href="application.html#start-2">start/2</a></li>
<li title="start_type-0"><a href="application.html#start_type-0">start_type/0</a></li>
<li title="stop-1"><a href="application.html#stop-1">stop/1</a></li>
<li title="takeover-2"><a href="application.html#takeover-2">takeover/2</a></li>
<li title="unload-1"><a href="application.html#unload-1">unload/1</a></li>
<li title="unset_env-2"><a href="application.html#unset_env-2">unset_env/2</a></li>
<li title="unset_env-3"><a href="application.html#unset_env-3">unset_env/3</a></li>
<li title="which_applications-0"><a href="application.html#which_applications-0">which_applications/0</a></li>
<li title="which_applications-1"><a href="application.html#which_applications-1">which_applications/1</a></li>
<li title="Module:start-2"><a href="application.html#Module:start-2">Module:start/2</a></li>
<li title="Module:start_phase-3"><a href="application.html#Module:start_phase-3">Module:start_phase/3</a></li>
<li title="Module:prep_stop-1"><a href="application.html#Module:prep_stop-1">Module:prep_stop/1</a></li>
<li title="Module:stop-1"><a href="application.html#Module:stop-1">Module:stop/1</a></li>
<li title="Module:config_change-3"><a href="application.html#Module:config_change-3">Module:config_change/3</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="no" title="auth " expanded="false">auth<ul>
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<li title="is_auth-1"><a href="auth.html#is_auth-1">is_auth/1</a></li>
<li title="cookie-0"><a href="auth.html#cookie-0">cookie/0</a></li>
<li title="cookie-1"><a href="auth.html#cookie-1">cookie/1</a></li>
<li title="node_cookie-1"><a href="auth.html#node_cookie-1">node_cookie/1</a></li>
<li title="node_cookie-2"><a href="auth.html#node_cookie-2">node_cookie/2</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="no" title="code " expanded="false">code<ul>
<li><a href="code.html">
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</a></li>
<li title="set_path-1"><a href="code.html#set_path-1">set_path/1</a></li>
<li title="get_path-0"><a href="code.html#get_path-0">get_path/0</a></li>
<li title="add_path-1"><a href="code.html#add_path-1">add_path/1</a></li>
<li title="add_pathz-1"><a href="code.html#add_pathz-1">add_pathz/1</a></li>
<li title="add_patha-1"><a href="code.html#add_patha-1">add_patha/1</a></li>
<li title="add_paths-1"><a href="code.html#add_paths-1">add_paths/1</a></li>
<li title="add_pathsz-1"><a href="code.html#add_pathsz-1">add_pathsz/1</a></li>
<li title="add_pathsa-1"><a href="code.html#add_pathsa-1">add_pathsa/1</a></li>
<li title="del_path-1"><a href="code.html#del_path-1">del_path/1</a></li>
<li title="replace_path-2"><a href="code.html#replace_path-2">replace_path/2</a></li>
<li title="load_file-1"><a href="code.html#load_file-1">load_file/1</a></li>
<li title="load_abs-1"><a href="code.html#load_abs-1">load_abs/1</a></li>
<li title="ensure_loaded-1"><a href="code.html#ensure_loaded-1">ensure_loaded/1</a></li>
<li title="load_binary-3"><a href="code.html#load_binary-3">load_binary/3</a></li>
<li title="delete-1"><a href="code.html#delete-1">delete/1</a></li>
<li title="purge-1"><a href="code.html#purge-1">purge/1</a></li>
<li title="soft_purge-1"><a href="code.html#soft_purge-1">soft_purge/1</a></li>
<li title="is_loaded-1"><a href="code.html#is_loaded-1">is_loaded/1</a></li>
<li title="all_loaded-0"><a href="code.html#all_loaded-0">all_loaded/0</a></li>
<li title="which-1"><a href="code.html#which-1">which/1</a></li>
<li title="get_object_code-1"><a href="code.html#get_object_code-1">get_object_code/1</a></li>
<li title="root_dir-0"><a href="code.html#root_dir-0">root_dir/0</a></li>
<li title="lib_dir-0"><a href="code.html#lib_dir-0">lib_dir/0</a></li>
<li title="lib_dir-1"><a href="code.html#lib_dir-1">lib_dir/1</a></li>
<li title="lib_dir-2"><a href="code.html#lib_dir-2">lib_dir/2</a></li>
<li title="compiler_dir-0"><a href="code.html#compiler_dir-0">compiler_dir/0</a></li>
<li title="priv_dir-1"><a href="code.html#priv_dir-1">priv_dir/1</a></li>
<li title="objfile_extension-0"><a href="code.html#objfile_extension-0">objfile_extension/0</a></li>
<li title="stick_dir-1"><a href="code.html#stick_dir-1">stick_dir/1</a></li>
<li title="unstick_dir-1"><a href="code.html#unstick_dir-1">unstick_dir/1</a></li>
<li title="is_sticky-1"><a href="code.html#is_sticky-1">is_sticky/1</a></li>
<li title="rehash-0"><a href="code.html#rehash-0">rehash/0</a></li>
<li title="where_is_file-1"><a href="code.html#where_is_file-1">where_is_file/1</a></li>
<li title="clash-0"><a href="code.html#clash-0">clash/0</a></li>
<li title="is_module_native-1"><a href="code.html#is_module_native-1">is_module_native/1</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="no" title="disk_log " expanded="false">disk_log<ul>
<li><a href="disk_log.html">
Top of manual page
</a></li>
<li title="accessible_logs-0"><a href="disk_log.html#accessible_logs-0">accessible_logs/0</a></li>
<li title="alog-2"><a href="disk_log.html#alog-2">alog/2</a></li>
<li title="balog-2"><a href="disk_log.html#balog-2">balog/2</a></li>
<li title="alog_terms-2"><a href="disk_log.html#alog_terms-2">alog_terms/2</a></li>
<li title="balog_terms-2"><a href="disk_log.html#balog_terms-2">balog_terms/2</a></li>
<li title="block-1"><a href="disk_log.html#block-1">block/1</a></li>
<li title="block-2"><a href="disk_log.html#block-2">block/2</a></li>
<li title="change_header-2"><a href="disk_log.html#change_header-2">change_header/2</a></li>
<li title="change_notify-3"><a href="disk_log.html#change_notify-3">change_notify/3</a></li>
<li title="change_size-2"><a href="disk_log.html#change_size-2">change_size/2</a></li>
<li title="chunk-2"><a href="disk_log.html#chunk-2">chunk/2</a></li>
<li title="chunk-3"><a href="disk_log.html#chunk-3">chunk/3</a></li>
<li title="bchunk-2"><a href="disk_log.html#bchunk-2">bchunk/2</a></li>
<li title="bchunk-3"><a href="disk_log.html#bchunk-3">bchunk/3</a></li>
<li title="chunk_info-1"><a href="disk_log.html#chunk_info-1">chunk_info/1</a></li>
<li title="chunk_step-3"><a href="disk_log.html#chunk_step-3">chunk_step/3</a></li>
<li title="close-1"><a href="disk_log.html#close-1">close/1</a></li>
<li title="format_error-1"><a href="disk_log.html#format_error-1">format_error/1</a></li>
<li title="inc_wrap_file-1"><a href="disk_log.html#inc_wrap_file-1">inc_wrap_file/1</a></li>
<li title="info-1"><a href="disk_log.html#info-1">info/1</a></li>
<li title="lclose-1"><a href="disk_log.html#lclose-1">lclose/1</a></li>
<li title="lclose-2"><a href="disk_log.html#lclose-2">lclose/2</a></li>
<li title="log-2"><a href="disk_log.html#log-2">log/2</a></li>
<li title="blog-2"><a href="disk_log.html#blog-2">blog/2</a></li>
<li title="log_terms-2"><a href="disk_log.html#log_terms-2">log_terms/2</a></li>
<li title="blog_terms-2"><a href="disk_log.html#blog_terms-2">blog_terms/2</a></li>
<li title="open-1"><a href="disk_log.html#open-1">open/1</a></li>
<li title="pid2name-1"><a href="disk_log.html#pid2name-1">pid2name/1</a></li>
<li title="reopen-2"><a href="disk_log.html#reopen-2">reopen/2</a></li>
<li title="reopen-3"><a href="disk_log.html#reopen-3">reopen/3</a></li>
<li title="breopen-3"><a href="disk_log.html#breopen-3">breopen/3</a></li>
<li title="sync-1"><a href="disk_log.html#sync-1">sync/1</a></li>
<li title="truncate-1"><a href="disk_log.html#truncate-1">truncate/1</a></li>
<li title="truncate-2"><a href="disk_log.html#truncate-2">truncate/2</a></li>
<li title="btruncate-2"><a href="disk_log.html#btruncate-2">btruncate/2</a></li>
<li title="unblock-1"><a href="disk_log.html#unblock-1">unblock/1</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="no" title="erl_boot_server " expanded="false">erl_boot_server<ul>
<li><a href="erl_boot_server.html">
Top of manual page
</a></li>
<li title="start-1"><a href="erl_boot_server.html#start-1">start/1</a></li>
<li title="start_link-1"><a href="erl_boot_server.html#start_link-1">start_link/1</a></li>
<li title="add_slave-1"><a href="erl_boot_server.html#add_slave-1">add_slave/1</a></li>
<li title="delete_slave-1"><a href="erl_boot_server.html#delete_slave-1">delete_slave/1</a></li>
<li title="which_slaves-0"><a href="erl_boot_server.html#which_slaves-0">which_slaves/0</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="no" title="erl_ddll " expanded="false">erl_ddll<ul>
<li><a href="erl_ddll.html">
Top of manual page
</a></li>
<li title="demonitor-1"><a href="erl_ddll.html#demonitor-1">demonitor/1</a></li>
<li title="info-0"><a href="erl_ddll.html#info-0">info/0</a></li>
<li title="info-1"><a href="erl_ddll.html#info-1">info/1</a></li>
<li title="info-2"><a href="erl_ddll.html#info-2">info/2</a></li>
<li title="load-2"><a href="erl_ddll.html#load-2">load/2</a></li>
<li title="load_driver-2"><a href="erl_ddll.html#load_driver-2">load_driver/2</a></li>
<li title="monitor-2"><a href="erl_ddll.html#monitor-2">monitor/2</a></li>
<li title="reload-2"><a href="erl_ddll.html#reload-2">reload/2</a></li>
<li title="reload_driver-2"><a href="erl_ddll.html#reload_driver-2">reload_driver/2</a></li>
<li title="try_load-3"><a href="erl_ddll.html#try_load-3">try_load/3</a></li>
<li title="try_unload-2"><a href="erl_ddll.html#try_unload-2">try_unload/2</a></li>
<li title="unload-1"><a href="erl_ddll.html#unload-1">unload/1</a></li>
<li title="unload_driver-1"><a href="erl_ddll.html#unload_driver-1">unload_driver/1</a></li>
<li title="loaded_drivers-0"><a href="erl_ddll.html#loaded_drivers-0">loaded_drivers/0</a></li>
<li title="format_error-1"><a href="erl_ddll.html#format_error-1">format_error/1</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li title="erl_prim_loader"><a href="erl_prim_loader.html">erl_prim_loader</a></li>
<li title="erlang"><a href="erlang.html">erlang</a></li>
<li id="no" title="error_handler " expanded="false">error_handler<ul>
<li><a href="error_handler.html">
Top of manual page
</a></li>
<li title="undefined_function-3"><a href="error_handler.html#undefined_function-3">undefined_function/3</a></li>
<li title="undefined_lambda-3"><a href="error_handler.html#undefined_lambda-3">undefined_lambda/3</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="no" title="error_logger " expanded="false">error_logger<ul>
<li><a href="error_logger.html">
Top of manual page
</a></li>
<li title="error_msg-1"><a href="error_logger.html#error_msg-1">error_msg/1</a></li>
<li title="error_msg-2"><a href="error_logger.html#error_msg-2">error_msg/2</a></li>
<li title="format-2"><a href="error_logger.html#format-2">format/2</a></li>
<li title="error_report-1"><a href="error_logger.html#error_report-1">error_report/1</a></li>
<li title="error_report-2"><a href="error_logger.html#error_report-2">error_report/2</a></li>
<li title="warning_map-0"><a href="error_logger.html#warning_map-0">warning_map/0</a></li>
<li title="warning_msg-1"><a href="error_logger.html#warning_msg-1">warning_msg/1</a></li>
<li title="warning_msg-2"><a href="error_logger.html#warning_msg-2">warning_msg/2</a></li>
<li title="warning_report-1"><a href="error_logger.html#warning_report-1">warning_report/1</a></li>
<li title="warning_report-2"><a href="error_logger.html#warning_report-2">warning_report/2</a></li>
<li title="info_msg-1"><a href="error_logger.html#info_msg-1">info_msg/1</a></li>
<li title="info_msg-2"><a href="error_logger.html#info_msg-2">info_msg/2</a></li>
<li title="info_report-1"><a href="error_logger.html#info_report-1">info_report/1</a></li>
<li title="info_report-2"><a href="error_logger.html#info_report-2">info_report/2</a></li>
<li title="add_report_handler-1"><a href="error_logger.html#add_report_handler-1">add_report_handler/1</a></li>
<li title="add_report_handler-2"><a href="error_logger.html#add_report_handler-2">add_report_handler/2</a></li>
<li title="delete_report_handler-1"><a href="error_logger.html#delete_report_handler-1">delete_report_handler/1</a></li>
<li title="tty-1"><a href="error_logger.html#tty-1">tty/1</a></li>
<li title="logfile-1"><a href="error_logger.html#logfile-1">logfile/1</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="no" title="file " expanded="false">file<ul>
<li><a href="file.html">
Top of manual page
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<li title="advise-4"><a href="file.html#advise-4">advise/4</a></li>
<li title="change_group-2"><a href="file.html#change_group-2">change_group/2</a></li>
<li title="change_mode-2"><a href="file.html#change_mode-2">change_mode/2</a></li>
<li title="change_owner-2"><a href="file.html#change_owner-2">change_owner/2</a></li>
<li title="change_owner-3"><a href="file.html#change_owner-3">change_owner/3</a></li>
<li title="change_time-2"><a href="file.html#change_time-2">change_time/2</a></li>
<li title="change_time-3"><a href="file.html#change_time-3">change_time/3</a></li>
<li title="close-1"><a href="file.html#close-1">close/1</a></li>
<li title="consult-1"><a href="file.html#consult-1">consult/1</a></li>
<li title="copy-2"><a href="file.html#copy-2">copy/2</a></li>
<li title="copy-3"><a href="file.html#copy-3">copy/3</a></li>
<li title="del_dir-1"><a href="file.html#del_dir-1">del_dir/1</a></li>
<li title="delete-1"><a href="file.html#delete-1">delete/1</a></li>
<li title="eval-1"><a href="file.html#eval-1">eval/1</a></li>
<li title="eval-2"><a href="file.html#eval-2">eval/2</a></li>
<li title="file_info-1"><a href="file.html#file_info-1">file_info/1</a></li>
<li title="format_error-1"><a href="file.html#format_error-1">format_error/1</a></li>
<li title="get_cwd-0"><a href="file.html#get_cwd-0">get_cwd/0</a></li>
<li title="get_cwd-1"><a href="file.html#get_cwd-1">get_cwd/1</a></li>
<li title="list_dir-1"><a href="file.html#list_dir-1">list_dir/1</a></li>
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<li title="make_link-2"><a href="file.html#make_link-2">make_link/2</a></li>
<li title="make_symlink-2"><a href="file.html#make_symlink-2">make_symlink/2</a></li>
<li title="native_name_encoding-0"><a href="file.html#native_name_encoding-0">native_name_encoding/0</a></li>
<li title="open-2"><a href="file.html#open-2">open/2</a></li>
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<li title="position-2"><a href="file.html#position-2">position/2</a></li>
<li title="pread-2"><a href="file.html#pread-2">pread/2</a></li>
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<div id="content">
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<!-- refpage --><center><h1>app</h1></center>
<h3>FILE</h3>
<div class="REFBODY">app</div>
<h3>FILE SUMMARY</h3>
<div class="REFBODY">Application resource file.</div>
<h3>DESCRIPTION</h3>
<div class="REFBODY"><p>
<p>The <strong>application resource file</strong> specifies the resources an
application uses, and how the application is started. There must
always be one application resource file called
<span class="code">Application.app</span> for each application <span class="code">Application</span> in
the system.</p>
<p>The file is read by the application controller when an
application is loaded/started. It is also used by the functions in
<span class="code">systools</span>, for example when generating start scripts.</p>
</p></div>
<h3><a name="id136588">FILE SYNTAX</a></h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<p>The application resource file should be called
<span class="code">Application.app</span> where <span class="code">Application</span> is the name of
the application. The file should be located in the <span class="code">ebin</span>
directory for the application.</p>
<p>It must contain one single Erlang term, which is called an
<strong>application specification</strong>:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
{application, Application,
[{description, Description},
{id, Id},
{vsn, Vsn},
{modules, Modules},
{maxP, MaxP},
{maxT, MaxT},
{registered, Names},
{included_applications, Apps},
{applications, Apps},
{env, Env},
{mod, Start},
{start_phases, Phases}]}.
Value Default
----- -------
Application atom() -
Description string() ""
Id string() ""
Vsn string() ""
Modules [Module] []
MaxP int() infinity
MaxT int() infinity
Names [Name] []
Apps [App] []
Env [{Par,Val}] []
Start {Module,StartArgs} []
Phases [{Phase,PhaseArgs}] undefined
Module = Name = App = Par = Phase = atom()
Val = StartArgs = PhaseArgs = term()</pre></div>
<p><span class="code">Application</span> is the name of the application.</p>
<p>For the application controller, all keys are optional.
The respective default values are used for any omitted keys.</p>
<p>The functions in <span class="code">systools</span> require more information. If
they are used, the following keys are mandatory:
<span class="code">description</span>, <span class="code">vsn</span>, <span class="code">modules</span>, <span class="code">registered</span>
and <span class="code">applications</span>. The other keys are ignored by
<span class="code">systools</span>.</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong><span class="code">description</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>A one-line description of the application.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">id</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Product identification, or similar.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">vsn</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The version of the application.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">modules</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>All modules introduced by this application. <span class="code">systools</span>
uses this list when generating start scripts and tar files. A
module can only be defined in one application.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">maxP</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p><strong>Deprecated - will be ignored</strong> <br>
The maximum number of processes allowed in the application.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">maxT</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The maximum time in milliseconds that the application is
allowed to run. After the specified time the application will
automatically terminate.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">registered</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>All names of registered processes started in this
application. <span class="code">systools</span> uses this list to detect name
clashes between different applications.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">included_applications</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>All applications which are included by this application.
When this application is started, all included application
will automatically be loaded, but not started, by
the application controller. It is assumed that the topmost
supervisor of the included application is started by a
supervisor of this application.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">applications</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>All applications which must be started before this
application is allowed to be started. <span class="code">systools</span> uses
this list to generate correct start scripts. Defaults to
the empty list, but note that all applications have
dependencies to (at least) <span class="code">kernel</span> and <span class="code">stdlib</span>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">env</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Configuration parameters used by the application. The value
of a configuration parameter is retrieved by calling
<span class="code">application:get_env/1,2</span>. The values in the application
resource file can be overridden by values in a configuration
file (see <span class="code">config(4)</span>) or by command line flags (see
<span class="code">erl(1)</span>).</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">mod</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Specifies the application callback module and a start
argument, see <span class="code">application(3)</span>.</p>
<p>The <span class="code">mod</span> key is necessary for an application
implemented as a supervision tree, or the application
controller will not know how to start it. The <span class="code">mod</span> key
can be omitted for applications without processes, typically
code libraries such as the application STDLIB.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><span class="code">start_phases</span></strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>A list of start phases and corresponding start arguments for
the application. If this key is present, the application
master will - in addition to the usual call to
<span class="code">Module:start/2</span> - also call
<span class="code">Module:start_phase(Phase,Type,PhaseArgs)</span> for each
start phase defined by the <span class="code">start_phases</span> key, and only
after this extended start procedure will
<span class="code">application:start(Application)</span> return.</p>
<p>Start phases may be used to synchronize startup of an
application and its included applications. In this case,
the <span class="code">mod</span> key must be specified as:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
{mod, {application_starter,[Module,StartArgs]}}</pre></div>
<p>The application master will then call <span class="code">Module:start/2</span>
for the primary application, followed by calls to
<span class="code">Module:start_phase/3</span> for each start phase (as defined
for the primary application) both for the primary application
and for each of its included application, for which the start
phase is defined.</p>
<p>This implies that for an included application, the set of
start phases must be a subset of the set of phases defined
for the primary application. Refer to <strong>OTP Design Principles</strong> for more information.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h3><a name="id136944">SEE ALSO</a></h3>
<div class="REFBODY">
<p><span class="bold_code"><a href="application.html">application(3)</a></span>,
systools(3)</p>
</div>
</div>
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