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<img alt="Erlang logo" src="../../../../doc/erlang-logo.png"><br><small><a href="users_guide.html">User's Guide</a><br><a href="index.html">Reference Manual</a><br><a href="release_notes.html">Release Notes</a><br><a href="../pdf/megaco-3.16.0.2.pdf">PDF</a><br><a href="../../../../doc/index.html">Top</a></small><p><strong>Megaco/H.248</strong><br><strong>User's Guide</strong><br><small>Version 3.16.0.2</small></p>
<br><a href="javascript:openAllFlips()">Expand All</a><br><a href="javascript:closeAllFlips()">Contract All</a><p><small><strong>Chapters</strong></small></p>
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<li id="no" title="Introduction" expanded="false">Introduction<ul>
<li><a href="megaco_intro.html">
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<li title="Scope and Purpose"><a href="megaco_intro.html#id56570">Scope and Purpose</a></li>
<li title="Prerequisites"><a href="megaco_intro.html#id65628">Prerequisites</a></li>
<li title="About This Manual"><a href="megaco_intro.html#id61790">About This Manual</a></li>
<li title="Where to Find More Information"><a href="megaco_intro.html#id62066">Where to Find More Information</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="loadscrollpos" title="Architecture" expanded="true">Architecture<ul>
<li><a href="megaco_architecture.html">
Top of chapter
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<li title="Network view"><a href="megaco_architecture.html#id58224">Network view</a></li>
<li title="General"><a href="megaco_architecture.html#id65139">General</a></li>
<li title="Single node config"><a href="megaco_architecture.html#id60119">Single node config</a></li>
<li title="Distributed config"><a href="megaco_architecture.html#id58176">Distributed config</a></li>
<li title="Message round-trip call flow"><a href="megaco_architecture.html#id61141">Message round-trip call flow</a></li>
</ul>
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<li id="no" title="Running the stack" expanded="false">Running the stack<ul>
<li><a href="megaco_run.html">
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<li title="Starting"><a href="megaco_run.html#id64614">Starting</a></li>
<li title="MGC startup call flow"><a href="megaco_run.html#id65587">MGC startup call flow</a></li>
<li title="MG startup call flow"><a href="megaco_run.html#id64564">MG startup call flow</a></li>
<li title="Configuring the Megaco stack"><a href="megaco_run.html#id65484">Configuring the Megaco stack</a></li>
<li title="Initial configuration"><a href="megaco_run.html#id65269">Initial configuration</a></li>
<li title="Changing the configuration"><a href="megaco_run.html#id65365">Changing the configuration</a></li>
<li title="The transaction sender"><a href="megaco_run.html#id64741">The transaction sender</a></li>
<li title="Segmentation of transaction replies"><a href="megaco_run.html#id64873">Segmentation of transaction replies</a></li>
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<li id="no" title="Internal form and its encodings" expanded="false">Internal form and its encodings<ul>
<li><a href="megaco_encode.html">
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<li title="Internal form of messages"><a href="megaco_encode.html#id64187">Internal form of messages</a></li>
<li title="The different encodings"><a href="megaco_encode.html#id64304">The different encodings</a></li>
<li title="Configuration of Erlang distribution encoding module"><a href="megaco_encode.html#id64461">Configuration of Erlang distribution encoding module</a></li>
<li title="Configuration of text encoding module(s)"><a href="megaco_encode.html#id65758">Configuration of text encoding module(s)</a></li>
<li title="Configuration of binary encoding module(s)"><a href="megaco_encode.html#id65967">Configuration of binary encoding module(s)</a></li>
<li title="Handling megaco versions"><a href="megaco_encode.html#id66078">Handling megaco versions</a></li>
<li title="Encoder callback functions"><a href="megaco_encode.html#id66326">Encoder callback functions</a></li>
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</li>
<li id="no" title="Transport mechanisms" expanded="false">Transport mechanisms<ul>
<li><a href="megaco_transport_mechanisms.html">
Top of chapter
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<li title="Callback interface"><a href="megaco_transport_mechanisms.html#id66413">Callback interface</a></li>
<li title="Examples"><a href="megaco_transport_mechanisms.html#id66482">Examples</a></li>
</ul>
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<li id="no" title="Implementation examples" expanded="false">Implementation examples<ul>
<li><a href="megaco_examples.html">
Top of chapter
</a></li>
<li title="A simple Media Gateway Controller"><a href="megaco_examples.html#id66572">A simple Media Gateway Controller</a></li>
<li title="A simple Media Gateway"><a href="megaco_examples.html#id66620">A simple Media Gateway</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="no" title="Megaco mib" expanded="false">Megaco mib<ul>
<li><a href="megaco_mib.html">
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<li title="Intro"><a href="megaco_mib.html#id66738">Intro</a></li>
<li title="Statistics counters"><a href="megaco_mib.html#id66763">Statistics counters</a></li>
<li title="Distribution"><a href="megaco_mib.html#id66799">Distribution</a></li>
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</li>
<li id="no" title="Performance comparison" expanded="false">Performance comparison<ul>
<li><a href="megaco_performance.html">
Top of chapter
</a></li>
<li title="Comparison of encoder/decoders"><a href="megaco_performance.html#id66878">Comparison of encoder/decoders</a></li>
<li title="System performance characteristics"><a href="megaco_performance.html#id67709">System performance characteristics</a></li>
<li title="Description of encoders/decoders"><a href="megaco_performance.html#id67746">Description of encoders/decoders</a></li>
<li title="Setup"><a href="megaco_performance.html#id67856">Setup</a></li>
<li title="Summary"><a href="megaco_performance.html#id67869">Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="no" title="Testing and tools" expanded="false">Testing and tools<ul>
<li><a href="megaco_debug.html">
Top of chapter
</a></li>
<li title="Tracing"><a href="megaco_debug.html#id67998">Tracing</a></li>
<li title="Measurement and transformation"><a href="megaco_debug.html#id68043">Measurement and transformation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<h1>2 Architecture</h1>
<h3><a name="id58224">2.1
Network view</a></h3>
<p>Megaco is a (master/slave) protocol for control of gateway functions at
the edge of the packet network. Examples of this is IP-PSTN trunking
gateways and analog line gateways. The main function of Megaco is to
allow gateway decomposition into a call agent (call control) part (known
as Media Gateway Controller, MGC) - master, and an gateway interface
part (known as Media Gateway, MG) - slave. The MG has no call control
knowledge and only handle making the connections and simple
configurations.</p>
<p>SIP and H.323 are peer-to-peer protocols for call control (valid only
for some of the protocols within H.323), or more generally multi-media
session protocols. They both operate at a different level (call control)
from Megaco in a decomposed network, and are therefor not aware of
whether or not Megaco is being used underneath.</p>
<img alt="IMAGE MISSING" src="megaco_sys_arch.gif"><br>
<em>Figure
2.1:
Network architecture</em>
<p>Megaco and peer protocols are complementary in nature and entirely
compatible within the same system. At a system level, Megaco allows
for</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>overall network cost and performance optimization</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>protection of investment by isolation of changes at the call
control layer</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>freedom to geographically distribute both call function and
gateway function</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>adaption of legacy equipment</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3><a name="id65139">2.2
General</a></h3>
<p>This Erlang/OTP application supplies a framework for building
applications that needs to utilize the Megaco/H.248 protocol.</p>
<p>We have introduced the term "user" as a generic term for either
an MG or an MGC, since most of the functionality we support, is
common for both MG's and MGC's. A (local) user may be configured
in various ways and it may establish any number of connections
to its counterpart, the remote user. Once a connection has been
established, the connection is supervised and it may be used for
the purpose of sending messages. N.B. according to the standard
an MG is connected to at most one MGC, while an MGC may be
connected to any number of MG's.</p>
<p>For the purpose of managing "virtual MG's", one Erlang node may
host any number of MG's. In fact it may host a mix of MG's and
MGC's. You may say that an Erlang node may host any number of
"users".</p>
<p>The protocol engine uses callback modules to handle various
things:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>encoding callback modules - handles the encoding and
decoding of messages. Several modules for handling different
encodings are included, such as ASN.1 BER, pretty well
indented text, compact text and some others. Others may be
written by you.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>transport callback modules - handles sending and receiving
of messages. Transport modules for TCP/IP and UDP/IP are
included and others may be written by you.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>user callback modules - the actual implementation of an MG
or MGC. Most of the functions are intended for handling of a
decoded transaction (request, reply, acknowledgement), but
there are others that handles connect, disconnect and
errors cases.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Each connection may have its own configuration of callback
modules, re-send timers, transaction id ranges etc. and they may
be re-configured on-the-fly.</p>
<p>In the API of Megaco, a user may explicitly send action
requests, but generation of transaction identifiers, the
encoding and actual transport of the message to the remote user
is handled automatically by the protocol engine according to the
actual connection configuration. Megaco messages are not exposed
in the API.</p>
<p>On the receiving side the transport module receives the message
and forwards it to the protocol engine, which decodes it and
invokes user callback functions for each transaction. When a
user has handled its action requests, it simply returns a list
of action replies (or a message error) and the protocol engine
uses the encoding module and transport module to compose and
forward the message to the originating user.</p>
<p>The protocol stack does also handle things like automatic
sending of acknowledgements, pending transactions, re-send of
messages, supervision of connections etc.</p>
<p>In order to provide a solution for scalable implementations of
MG's and MGC's, a user may be distributed over several Erlang
nodes. One of the Erlang nodes is connected to the physical
network interface, but messages may be sent from other nodes and
the replies are automatically forwarded back to the originating
node.</p>
<h3><a name="id60119">2.3
Single node config</a></h3>
<p>Here a system configuration with an MG and MGC residing
in one Erlang node each is outlined:</p>
<img alt="IMAGE MISSING" src="single_node_config.gif"><br>
<em>Figure
2.2:
Single node config</em>
<h3><a name="id58176">2.4
Distributed config</a></h3>
<p>In a larger system with a user (in this case an MGC)
distributed over several Erlang nodes, it looks a little bit
different. Here the encoding is performed on the originating
Erlang node (1) and the binary is forwarded to the node (2) with
the physical network interface. When the potential message reply
is received on the interface on node (2), it is decoded there
and then different actions will be taken for each transaction in
the message. The transaction reply will be forwarded in its
decoded form to the originating node (1) while the other types
of transactions will be handled locally on node (2).</p>
<p>Timers and re-send of messages will be handled on locally on
one node, that is node(1), in order to avoid unnecessary
transfer of data between the Erlang nodes.
</p>
<p></p>
<img alt="IMAGE MISSING" src="distr_node_config.gif"><br>
<em>Figure
2.3:
Distributes node config</em>
<h3><a name="id61141">2.5
Message round-trip call flow</a></h3>
<p>The typical round-trip of a message can be viewed as
follows. Firstly we view the call flow on the originating
side:</p>
<img alt="IMAGE MISSING" src="call_flow.gif"><br>
<em>Figure
2.4:
Message Call Flow (originating side)</em>
<p>Then we continue with the call flow on the destination
side:</p>
<img alt="IMAGE MISSING" src="call_flow_cont.gif"><br>
<em>Figure
2.5:
Message Call Flow (destination side)</em>
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