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<h1>Network XML format</h1>
<ul><li>
<a href="#elements">Element and attribute overview</a>
<ul><li>
<a href="#elementsMetadata">General metadata</a>
</li><li>
<a href="#elementsConnect">Connectivity</a>
</li><li>
<a href="#elementsAddress">Addressing</a>
</li></ul>
</li><li>
<a href="#examples">Example configuration</a>
<ul><li>
<a href="#examplesNAT">NAT based network</a>
</li><li>
<a href="#examplesRoute">Routed network config</a>
</li><li>
<a href="#examplesPrivate">Isolated network config</a>
</li><li>
<a href="#examplesBridge">Using an existing host bridge</a>
</li><li>
<a href="#examplesDirect">Using a macvtap "direct" connection</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
<p>
This page provides an introduction to the network XML format. For background
information on the concepts referred to here, consult the <a href="archnetwork.html">network driver architecture</a>
page.
</p>
<h2>
<a name="elements" id="elements">Element and attribute overview</a>
</h2>
<p>
The root element required for all virtual networks is
named <code>network</code> and has no attributes.
The network XML format is available <span class="since">since 0.3.0</span>
</p>
<h3>
<a name="elementsMetadata" id="elementsMetadata">General metadata</a>
</h3>
<p>
The first elements provide basic metadata about the virtual
network.
</p>
<pre>
<network>
<name>default</name>
<uuid>3e3fce45-4f53-4fa7-bb32-11f34168b82b</uuid>
...</pre>
<dl><dt><code>name</code></dt><dd>The content of the <code>name</code> element provides
a short name for the virtual network. This name should
consist only of alpha-numeric characters and is required
to be unique within the scope of a single host. It is
used to form the filename for storing the persistent
configuration file. <span class="since">Since 0.3.0</span></dd><dt><code>uuid</code></dt><dd>The content of the <code>uuid</code> element provides
a globally unique identifier for the virtual network.
The format must be RFC 4122 compliant, eg <code>3e3fce45-4f53-4fa7-bb32-11f34168b82b</code>.
If omitted when defining/creating a new network, a random
UUID is generated. <span class="since">Since 0.3.0</span></dd></dl>
<h3>
<a name="elementsConnect" id="elementsConnect">Connectivity</a>
</h3>
<p>
The next set of elements control how a virtual network is
provided connectivity to the physical LAN (if at all).
</p>
<pre>
...
<bridge name="virbr0" stp="on" delay="5"/>
<domain name="example.com"/>
<forward mode="nat" dev="eth0"/>
...</pre>
<dl><dt><code>bridge</code></dt><dd>The <code>name</code> attribute on the <code>bridge</code> element
defines the name of a bridge device which will be used to construct
the virtual network. The virtual machines will be connected to this
bridge device allowing them to talk to each other. The bridge device
may also be connected to the LAN. It is recommended that bridge
device names started with the prefix <code>vir</code>, but the name
<code>virbr0</code> is reserved for the "default" virtual
network. This element should always be provided when defining
a new network with a <code><forward></code> mode of
"nat" or "route" (or an isolated network with
no <code><forward></code> element).
Attribute <code>stp</code> specifies if Spanning Tree Protocol
is 'on' or 'off' (default is
'on'). Attribute <code>delay</code> sets the bridge's forward
delay value in seconds (default is 0).
<span class="since">Since 0.3.0</span>
</dd><dt><code>domain</code></dt><dd>
The <code>name</code> attribute on the <code>domain</code>
element defines the DNS domain of the DHCP server. This
element is optional, and is only used for those networks with
a <code><forward></code> mode of "nat" or "route" (or an
isolated network with no <code><forward></code>
element). <span class="since">Since 0.4.5</span>
</dd><dt><code>forward</code></dt><dd>Inclusion of the <code>forward</code> element indicates that
the virtual network is to be connected to the physical
LAN.<span class="since">Since 0.3.0.</span>
The <code>mode</code> attribute determines the method of
forwarding. If there is no <code>forward</code> element, the
network will be isolated from any other network (unless a
guest connected to that network is acting as a router, of
course). The following are valid settings
for <code>mode</code> (if there is a <code>forward</code>
element but mode is not specified, <code>mode='nat'</code> is
assumed):
<dl><dt><code>nat</code></dt><dd>
All traffic between guests connected to this network and
the physical network will be forwarded to the physical
network via the host's IP routing stack, after the guest's
IP address is translated to appear as the host machine's
public IP address (a.k.a. Network Address Translation, or
"NAT"). This allows multiple guests, all having access to
the physical network, on a host that is only allowed a
single public IP address. If a network has any IPv6
addresses defined, the IPv6 traffic will be forwarded
using plain routing, since IPv6 has no concept of NAT.
Firewall rules will allow outbound connections to any
other network device whether ethernet, wireless, dialup,
or VPN. If the <code>dev</code> attribute is set, the
firewall rules will restrict forwarding to the named
device only. Inbound connections from other networks are
all prohibited; all connections between guests on the same
network, and to/from the host to the guests, are
unrestricted and not NATed.<span class="since">Since
0.4.2</span>
</dd><dt><code>route</code></dt><dd>
Guest network traffic will be forwarded to the physical
network via the host's IP routing stack, but without
having NAT applied. Again, if the <code>dev</code>
attribute is set, firewall rules will restrict forwarding
to the named device only. This presumes that the local LAN
router has suitable routing table entries to return
traffic to this host. All incoming and outgoing sessions
to guest on these networks are unrestricted. (To restrict
incoming traffic to a guest on a routed network, you can
configure <a href="formatnwfilter.html">nwfilter rules</a>
on the guest's interfaces.)
<span class="since">Since 0.4.2</span>
</dd><dt><code>bridge</code></dt><dd>
This network describes either 1) an existing host bridge
that was configured outside of libvirt (if
a <code><bridge name='xyz'/></code> element has been
specified), or 2) an interface or group of interfaces to
be used for a "direct" connection via macvtap using
macvtap's "bridge" mode (if the forward element has one or
more <code><interface></code> subelements)
(see <a href="formatdomain.html#elementsNICSDirect">Direct
attachment to physical interface</a> for descriptions of
the various macvtap modes). libvirt doesn't attempt to
manage the bridge interface at all, thus
the <code><bridge></code> element's <code>stp</code>
and <code>delay</code> attributes are not allowed; no
iptables rules, IP addresses, or DHCP/DNS services are
added; at the IP level, the guest interface appears to be
directly connected to the physical
interface.<span class="since">Since 0.9.4</span>
</dd><dt><code>private</code></dt><dd>
This network uses a macvtap "direct" connection in
"private" mode to connect each guest to the network. The
physical interface to be used will be picked from among
those listed in <code><interface></code> subelements
of the <code><forward></code> element; when using
802.1Qbh mode (as indicated by
the <code><virtualport></code> type attribute - note
that this requires an 802.1Qbh-capable hardware switch),
each physical interface can only be in use by a single
guest interface at a time; in modes other than 802.1Qbh,
multiple guest interfaces can share each physical
interface (libvirt will attempt to balance usage between
all available interfaces).<span class="since">Since
0.9.4</span>
</dd><dt><code>vepa</code></dt><dd>
This network uses a macvtap "direct" connection in "vepa"
mode to connect each guest to the network (this requires
that the physical interfaces used be connected to a
vepa-capable hardware switch. The physical interface to be
used will be picked from among those listed
in <code><interface></code> subelements of
the <code><forward></code> element; multiple guest
interfaces can share each physical interface (libvirt will
attempt to balance usage between all available
interfaces).<span class="since">Since 0.9.4</span>
</dd><dt><code>passthrough</code></dt><dd>
This network uses a macvtap "direct" connection in
"passthrough" mode to connect each guest to the network
(note that this is <i>not</i> the same thing as "PCI
passthrough"). The physical interface to be used will be
picked from among those listed
in <code><interface></code> subelements of
the <code><forward></code> element. Each physical
interface can only be in use by a single guest interface
at a time, so libvirt will keep track of which interfaces
are currently in use, and only assign unused interfaces
(if there are no available physical interfaces when a
domain interface is being attached, an error will be
logged, and the operation causing the attach will fail
(usually either a domain start, or a hotplug interface
attach to a domain).<span class="since">Since 0.9.4</span>
</dd></dl>
As mentioned above, a <code><forward></code> element can
have multiple <code><interface></code> subelements, each
one giving the name of a physical interface that can be used
for this network <span class="since">Since 0.9.4</span>:
<pre>
...
<forward mode='passthrough'>
<interface dev='eth10'/>
<interface dev='eth11'/>
<interface dev='eth12'/>
<interface dev='eth13'/>
<interface dev='eth14'/>
</forward>
...
</pre>
Additionally, <span class="since">since 0.9.10</span>, libvirt
allows a shorthand for specifying all virtual interfaces
associated with a single physical function, by using
the <code><pf></code> subelement to call out the
corresponding physical interface associated with multiple
virtual interfaces:
<pre>
...
<forward mode='passthrough'>
<pf dev='eth0'/>
</forward>
...
</pre>
<p>When a guest interface is being constructed, libvirt will pick
an interface from this list to use for the connection. In
modes where physical interfaces can be shared by multiple
guest interfaces, libvirt will choose the interface that
currently has the least number of connections. For those modes
that do not allow sharing of the physical device (in
particular, 'passthrough' mode, and 'private' mode when using
802.1Qbh), libvirt will choose an unused physical interface
or, if it can't find an unused interface, fail the operation.</p>
</dd></dl>
<h5>
<a name="elementQoS" id="elementQoS">Quality of service</a>
</h5>
<pre>
...
<forward mode='nat' dev='eth0'/>
<b><bandwidth>
<inbound average='1000' peak='5000' burst='5120'/>
<outbound average='128' peak='256' burst='256'/>
</bandwidth></b>
...</pre>
<p>
This part of network XML provides setting quality of service. Incoming
and outgoing traffic can be shaped independently. The
<code>bandwidth</code> element can have at most one <code>inbound</code>
and at most one <code>outbound</code> child elements. Leaving any of these
children element out result in no QoS applied on that traffic direction.
So, when you want to shape only network's incoming traffic, use
<code>inbound</code> only, and vice versa. Each of these elements have one
mandatory attribute <code>average</code>. It specifies average bit rate on
interface being shaped. Then there are two optional attributes:
<code>peak</code>, which specifies maximum rate at which bridge can send
data, and <code>burst</code>, amount of bytes that can be burst at
<code>peak</code> speed. Accepted values for attributes are integer
numbers, The units for <code>average</code> and <code>peak</code> attributes
are kilobytes per second, and for the <code>burst</code> just kilobytes.
The rate is shared equally within domains connected to the network.
Moreover, <code>bandwidth</code> element can be included in
<code>portgroup</code> element.
<span class="since">Since 0.9.4</span>
</p>
<h5>
<a name="elementsPortgroup" id="elementsPortgroup">Portgroups</a>
</h5>
<pre>
...
<forward mode='private'/>
<interface dev="eth20"/>
<interface dev="eth21"/>
<interface dev="eth22"/>
<interface dev="eth23"/>
<interface dev="eth24"/>
</forward>
<b><portgroup name='engineering' default='yes'>
<virtualport type='802.1Qbh'>
<parameters profileid='test'/>
</virtualport>
<bandwidth>
<inbound average='1000' peak='5000' burst='5120'/>
<outbound average='1000' peak='5000' burst='5120'/>
</bandwidth>
</portgroup></b>
<b><portgroup name='sales'>
<virtualport type='802.1Qbh'>
<parameters profileid='salestest'/>
</virtualport>
<bandwidth>
<inbound average='500' peak='2000' burst='2560'/>
<outbound average='128' peak='256' burst='256'/>
</bandwidth>
</portgroup></b>
...</pre>
<p>
<span class="since">Since 0.9.4</span>
A portgroup provides a method of easily putting guest
connections to the network into different classes, with each
class potentially having a different level/type of service.
<span class="since">Since 0.9.4</span> Each
network can have multiple portgroup elements (and one of those
can optionally be designated as the 'default' portgroup for the
network), and each portgroup has a name, as well as various
subelements associated with it. The currently supported
subelements are <code><bandwidth></code>
(documented <a href="formatdomain.html#elementQoS">here</a>)
and <code><virtualport></code>
(documented <a href="formatdomain.html#elementsNICSDirect">here</a>).
If a domain interface definition specifies a portgroup (by
adding a <code>portgroup</code> attribute to
the <code><source></code> subelement), that portgroup's
info will be merged into the interface's configuration. If no
portgroup is given in the interface definition, and one of the
network's portgroups has <code>default='yes'</code>, that
default portgroup will be used. If no portgroup is given in the
interface definition, and there is no default portgroup, then
none will be used. Any <code><bandwidth></code>
or <code><virtualport></code> specified directly in the
domain XML will take precedence over any setting in the chosen
portgroup.
</p>
<h3>
<a name="elementsAddress" id="elementsAddress">Addressing</a>
</h3>
<p>
The final set of elements define the addresses (IPv4 and/or
IPv6, as well as MAC) to be assigned to the bridge device
associated with the virtual network, and optionally enable DHCP
services. These elements are only valid for isolated networks
(no <code>forward</code> element specified), and for those with
a forward mode of 'route' or 'nat'.
</p>
<pre>
...
<mac address='00:16:3E:5D:C7:9E'/>
<domain name="example.com"/>
<dns>
<txt name="example" value="example value" />
<srv service='name' protocol='tcp' domain='test-domain-name' target='.' port='1024' priority='10' weight='10'/>
<host ip='192.168.122.2'>
<hostname>myhost</hostname>
<hostname>myhostalias</hostname>
</host>
</dns>
<ip address="192.168.122.1" netmask="255.255.255.0">
<dhcp>
<range start="192.168.122.100" end="192.168.122.254" />
<host mac="00:16:3e:77:e2:ed" name="foo.example.com" ip="192.168.122.10" />
<host mac="00:16:3e:3e:a9:1a" name="bar.example.com" ip="192.168.122.11" />
</dhcp>
</ip>
<ip family="ipv6" address="2001:db8:ca2:2::1" prefix="64" />
</network></pre>
<dl><dt><code>mac</code></dt><dd>The <code>address</code> attribute defines a MAC
(hardware) address formatted as 6 groups of 2-digit
hexadecimal numbers, the groups separated by colons
(eg, <code>"52:54:00:1C:DA:2F"</code>). This MAC address is
assigned to the bridge device when it is created. Generally
it is best to not specify a MAC address when creating a
network - in this case, if a defined MAC address is needed for
proper operation, libvirt will automatically generate a random
MAC address and save it in the config. Allowing libvirt to
generate the MAC address will assure that it is compatible
with the idiosyncrasies of the platform where libvirt is
running. <span class="since">Since 0.8.8</span>
</dd><dt><code>dns</code></dt><dd>
The dns element of a network contains configuration information for the
virtual network's DNS server. <span class="since">Since 0.9.3</span>
Currently supported elements are:
<dl><dt><code>txt</code></dt><dd>A <code>dns</code> element can have 0 or more <code>txt</code> elements.
Each txt element defines a DNS TXT record and has two attributes, both
required: a name that can be queried via dns, and a value that will be
returned when that name is queried. names cannot contain embedded spaces
or commas. value is a single string that can contain multiple values
separated by commas. <span class="since">Since 0.9.3</span>
</dd><dt><code>host</code></dt><dd>The <code>host</code> element within <code>dns</code> is the
definition of DNS hosts to be passed to the DNS service. The IP
address is identified by the <code>ip</code> attribute and the names
for that IP address are identified in the <code>hostname</code>
sub-elements of the <code>host</code> element.
<span class="since">Since 0.9.3</span>
</dd></dl><dl><dt><code>srv</code></dt><dd>The <code>dns</code> element can have also 0 or more <code>srv</code>
record elements. Each <code>srv</code> record element defines a DNS SRV record
and has 2 mandatory and 5 optional attributes. The mandatory attributes
are service name and protocol (tcp, udp) and the optional attributes are
target, port, priority, weight and domain as defined in DNS server SRV
RFC (RFC 2782).
<span class="since">Since 0.9.9</span>
</dd></dl></dd><dt><code>ip</code></dt><dd>The <code>address</code> attribute defines an IPv4 address in
dotted-decimal format, or an IPv6 address in standard
colon-separated hexadecimal format, that will be configured on
the bridge
device associated with the virtual network. To the guests this
address will be their default route. For IPv4 addresses, the <code>netmask</code>
attribute defines the significant bits of the network address,
again specified in dotted-decimal format. For IPv6 addresses,
and as an alternate method for IPv4 addresses, you can specify
the significant bits of the network address with the <code>prefix</code>
attribute, which is an integer (for example, <code>netmask='255.255.255.0'</code>
could also be given as <code>prefix='24'</code>. The <code>family</code>
attribute is used to specify the type of address - 'ipv4' or 'ipv6'; if no
<code>family</code> is given, 'ipv4' is assumed. A network can have more than
one of each family of address defined, but only a single address can have a
<code>dhcp</code> or <code>tftp</code> element. <span class="since">Since 0.3.0;
IPv6, multiple addresses on a single network, <code>family</code>, and
<code>prefix</code> since 0.8.7</span>
<dl><dt><code>tftp</code></dt><dd>Immediately within
the <code>ip</code> element there is an optional <code>tftp</code>
element. The presence of this element and of its attribute
<code>root</code> enables TFTP services. The attribute specifies
the path to the root directory served via TFTP. <code>tftp</code> is not
supported for IPv6 addresses, and can only be specified on a single IPv4 address
per network.
<span class="since">Since 0.7.1</span>
</dd><dt><code>dhcp</code></dt><dd>Also within the <code>ip</code> element there is an
optional <code>dhcp</code> element. The presence of this element
enables DHCP services on the virtual network. It will further
contain one or more <code>range</code> elements. The
<code>dhcp</code> element is not supported for IPv6, and
is only supported on a single IP address per network for IPv4.
<span class="since">Since 0.3.0</span>
<dl><dt><code>range</code></dt><dd>The <code>start</code> and <code>end</code> attributes on the
<code>range</code> element specify the boundaries of a pool of
IPv4 addresses to be provided to DHCP clients. These two addresses
must lie within the scope of the network defined on the parent
<code>ip</code> element. <span class="since">Since 0.3.0</span>
</dd><dt><code>host</code></dt><dd>Within the <code>dhcp</code> element there may be zero or more
<code>host</code> elements; these specify hosts which will be given
names and predefined IP addresses by the built-in DHCP server. Any
such element must specify the MAC address of the host to be assigned
a given name (via the <code>mac</code> attribute), the IP to be
assigned to that host (via the <code>ip</code> attribute), and the
name to be given that host by the DHCP server (via the
<code>name</code> attribute). <span class="since">Since 0.4.5</span>
</dd><dt><code>bootp</code></dt><dd>The optional <code>bootp</code>
element specifies BOOTP options to be provided by the DHCP server.
Two attributes are supported: <code>file</code> is mandatory and
gives the file to be used for the boot image; <code>server</code> is
optional and gives the address of the TFTP server from which the boot
image will be fetched. <code>server</code> defaults to the same host
that runs the DHCP server, as is the case when the <code>tftp</code>
element is used. The BOOTP options currently have to be the same
for all address ranges and statically assigned addresses.<span class="since">Since 0.7.1 (<code>server</code> since 0.7.3).</span>
</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<h2>
<a name="examples" id="examples">Example configuration</a>
</h2>
<h3>
<a name="examplesNAT" id="examplesNAT">NAT based network</a>
</h3>
<p>
This example is the so called "default" virtual network. It is
provided and enabled out-of-the-box for all libvirt installations.
This is a configuration that allows guest OS to get outbound
connectivity regardless of whether the host uses ethernet, wireless,
dialup, or VPN networking without requiring any specific admin
configuration. In the absence of host networking, it at least allows
guests to talk directly to each other.
</p>
<pre>
<network>
<name>default</name>
<bridge name="virbr0" />
<forward mode="nat"/>
<ip address="192.168.122.1" netmask="255.255.255.0">
<dhcp>
<range start="192.168.122.2" end="192.168.122.254" />
</dhcp>
</ip>
<ip family="ipv6" address="2001:db8:ca2:2::1" prefix="64" />
</network></pre>
<h3>
<a name="examplesRoute" id="examplesRoute">Routed network config</a>
</h3>
<p>
This is a variant on the default network which routes traffic
from the virtual network to the LAN without applying any NAT.
It requires that the IP address range be pre-configured in the
routing tables of the router on the host network. This example
further specifies that guest traffic may only go out via the
<code>eth1</code> host network device.
</p>
<pre>
<network>
<name>local</name>
<bridge name="virbr1" />
<forward mode="route" dev="eth1"/>
<ip address="192.168.122.1" netmask="255.255.255.0">
<dhcp>
<range start="192.168.122.2" end="192.168.122.254" />
</dhcp>
</ip>
<ip family="ipv6" address="2001:db8:ca2:2::1" prefix="64" />
</network></pre>
<h3>
<a name="examplesPrivate" id="examplesPrivate">Isolated network config</a>
</h3>
<p>
This variant provides a completely isolated private network
for guests. The guests can talk to each other, and the host
OS, but cannot reach any other machines on the LAN, due to
the omission of the <code>forward</code> element in the XML
description.
</p>
<pre>
<network>
<name>private</name>
<bridge name="virbr2" />
<ip address="192.168.152.1" netmask="255.255.255.0">
<dhcp>
<range start="192.168.152.2" end="192.168.152.254" />
</dhcp>
</ip>
<ip family="ipv6" address="2001:db8:ca2:3::1" prefix="64" />
</network></pre>
<h3>
<a name="examplesBridge" id="examplesBridge">Using an existing host bridge</a>
</h3>
<p>
<span class="since">Since 0.9.4</span>
This shows how to use a pre-existing host bridge "br0". The
guests will effectively be directly connected to the physical
network (i.e. their IP addresses will all be on the subnet of
the physical network, and there will be no restrictions on
inbound or outbound connections).
</p>
<pre>
<network>
<name>host-bridge</name>
<forward mode="bridge"/>
<bridge name="br0"/>
</network></pre>
<h3>
<a name="examplesDirect" id="examplesDirect">Using a macvtap "direct" connection</a>
</h3>
<p>
<span class="since">Since 0.9.4, QEMU and KVM only, requires
Linux kernel 2.6.34 or newer</span>
This shows how to use macvtap to connect to the physical network
directly through one of a group of physical devices (without
using a host bridge device). As with the host bridge network,
the guests will effectively be directly connected to the
physical network so their IP addresses will all be on the subnet
of the physical network, and there will be no restrictions on
inbound or outbound connections. Note that, due to a limitation
in the implementation of macvtap, these connections do not allow
communication directly between the host and the guests - if you
require this you will either need the attached physical switch
to be operating in a mirroring mode (so that all traffic coming
to the switch is reflected back to the host's interface), or
provide alternate means for this communication (e.g. a second
interface on each guest that is connected to an isolated
network). The other forward modes that use macvtap (private,
vepa, and passthrough) would be used in a similar fashion.
</p>
<pre>
<network>
<name>direct-macvtap</name>
<forward mode="bridge">
<interface dev="eth20"/>
<interface dev="eth21"/>
<interface dev="eth22"/>
<interface dev="eth23"/>
<interface dev="eth24"/>
</forward>
</network></pre>
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