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<h1><a href="../../index.html">Django 1.4.5 documentation</a></h1>
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<div class="yui-g" id="topics-http-sessions">
<div class="section" id="s-module-django.contrib.sessions">
<span id="s-how-to-use-sessions"></span><span id="module-django.contrib.sessions"></span><span id="how-to-use-sessions"></span><h1>How to use sessions<a class="headerlink" href="#module-django.contrib.sessions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>Django provides full support for anonymous sessions. The session framework
lets you store and retrieve arbitrary data on a per-site-visitor basis. It
stores data on the server side and abstracts the sending and receiving of
cookies. Cookies contain a session ID – not the data itself (unless you’re
using the <a class="reference internal" href="#cookie-session-backend"><em>cookie based backend</em></a>).</p>
<div class="section" id="s-enabling-sessions">
<span id="enabling-sessions"></span><h2>Enabling sessions<a class="headerlink" href="#enabling-sessions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Sessions are implemented via a piece of <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/middleware.html"><em>middleware</em></a>.</p>
<p>To enable session functionality, do the following:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Edit the <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/settings.html#std:setting-MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES</span></tt></a> setting and make sure
it contains <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware'</span></tt>.
The default <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">settings.py</span></tt> created by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django-admin.py</span> <span class="pre">startproject</span></tt>
has <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SessionMiddleware</span></tt> activated.</li>
</ul>
<p>If you don’t want to use sessions, you might as well remove the
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SessionMiddleware</span></tt> line from <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/settings.html#std:setting-MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES</span></tt></a> and
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'django.contrib.sessions'</span></tt> from your <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/settings.html#std:setting-INSTALLED_APPS"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">INSTALLED_APPS</span></tt></a>.
It’ll save you a small bit of overhead.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-configuring-the-session-engine">
<span id="configuring-the-session-engine"></span><h2>Configuring the session engine<a class="headerlink" href="#configuring-the-session-engine" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>By default, Django stores sessions in your database (using the model
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.contrib.sessions.models.Session</span></tt>). Though this is convenient, in
some setups it’s faster to store session data elsewhere, so Django can be
configured to store session data on your filesystem or in your cache.</p>
<div class="section" id="s-using-database-backed-sessions">
<span id="using-database-backed-sessions"></span><h3>Using database-backed sessions<a class="headerlink" href="#using-database-backed-sessions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>If you want to use a database-backed session, you need to add
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'django.contrib.sessions'</span></tt> to your <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/settings.html#std:setting-INSTALLED_APPS"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">INSTALLED_APPS</span></tt></a> setting.</p>
<p>Once you have configured your installation, run <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">manage.py</span> <span class="pre">syncdb</span></tt>
to install the single database table that stores session data.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-using-cached-sessions">
<span id="using-cached-sessions"></span><h3>Using cached sessions<a class="headerlink" href="#using-cached-sessions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>For better performance, you may want to use a cache-based session backend.</p>
<p>To store session data using Django’s cache system, you’ll first need to make
sure you’ve configured your cache; see the <a class="reference internal" href="../cache.html"><em>cache documentation</em></a> for details.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p class="last">You should only use cache-based sessions if you’re using the Memcached
cache backend. The local-memory cache backend doesn’t retain data long
enough to be a good choice, and it’ll be faster to use file or database
sessions directly instead of sending everything through the file or
database cache backends.</p>
</div>
<p>Once your cache is configured, you’ve got two choices for how to store data in
the cache:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Set <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/settings.html#std:setting-SESSION_ENGINE"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">SESSION_ENGINE</span></tt></a> to
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"django.contrib.sessions.backends.cache"</span></tt> for a simple caching session
store. Session data will be stored directly your cache. However, session
data may not be persistent: cached data can be evicted if the cache fills
up or if the cache server is restarted.</li>
<li>For persistent, cached data, set <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/settings.html#std:setting-SESSION_ENGINE"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">SESSION_ENGINE</span></tt></a> to
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"django.contrib.sessions.backends.cached_db"</span></tt>. This uses a
write-through cache – every write to the cache will also be written to
the database. Session reads only use the database if the data is not
already in the cache.</li>
</ul>
<p>Both session stores are quite fast, but the simple cache is faster because it
disregards persistence. In most cases, the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cached_db</span></tt> backend will be fast
enough, but if you need that last bit of performance, and are willing to let
session data be expunged from time to time, the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cache</span></tt> backend is for you.</p>
<p>If you use the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cached_db</span></tt> session backend, you also need to follow the
configuration instructions for the <a class="reference internal" href="#using-database-backed-sessions">using database-backed sessions</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-using-file-based-sessions">
<span id="using-file-based-sessions"></span><h3>Using file-based sessions<a class="headerlink" href="#using-file-based-sessions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>To use file-based sessions, set the <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/settings.html#std:setting-SESSION_ENGINE"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">SESSION_ENGINE</span></tt></a> setting to
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"django.contrib.sessions.backends.file"</span></tt>.</p>
<p>You might also want to set the <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/settings.html#std:setting-SESSION_FILE_PATH"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">SESSION_FILE_PATH</span></tt></a> setting (which
defaults to output from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tempfile.gettempdir()</span></tt>, most likely <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/tmp</span></tt>) to
control where Django stores session files. Be sure to check that your Web
server has permissions to read and write to this location.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-using-cookie-based-sessions">
<span id="s-cookie-session-backend"></span><span id="using-cookie-based-sessions"></span><span id="cookie-session-backend"></span><h3>Using cookie-based sessions<a class="headerlink" href="#using-cookie-based-sessions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<div class="versionadded">
<span class="title">New in Django 1.4:</span> <a class="reference internal" href="../../releases/1.4.html"><em>Please see the release notes</em></a></div>
<p>To use cookies-based sessions, set the <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/settings.html#std:setting-SESSION_ENGINE"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">SESSION_ENGINE</span></tt></a> setting to
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"django.contrib.sessions.backends.signed_cookies"</span></tt>. The session data will be
stored using Django’s tools for <a class="reference internal" href="../signing.html"><em>cryptographic signing</em></a>
and the <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/settings.html#std:setting-SECRET_KEY"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">SECRET_KEY</span></tt></a> setting.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">It’s recommended to leave the <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/settings.html#std:setting-SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY</span></tt></a> setting
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> to prevent tampering of the stored data from JavaScript.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p><strong>The session data is signed but not encrypted</strong></p>
<p>When using the cookies backend the session data can be read by the client.</p>
<p>A MAC (Message Authentication Code) is used to protect the data against
changes by the client, so that the session data will be invalidated when being
tampered with. The same invalidation happens if the client storing the
cookie (e.g. your user’s browser) can’t store all of the session cookie and
drops data. Even though Django compresses the data, it’s still entirely
possible to exceed the <a class="reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965#section-5.3">common limit of 4096 bytes</a> per cookie.</p>
<p><strong>No freshness guarantee</strong></p>
<p>Note also that while the MAC can guarantee the authenticity of the data
(that it was generated by your site, and not someone else), and the
integrity of the data (that it is all there and correct), it cannot
guarantee freshness i.e. that you are being sent back the last thing you
sent to the client. This means that for some uses of session data, the
cookie backend might open you up to <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replay_attack">replay attacks</a>. Cookies will only be
detected as ‘stale’ if they are older than your
<a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/settings.html#std:setting-SESSION_COOKIE_AGE"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">SESSION_COOKIE_AGE</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p><strong>Performance</strong></p>
<p class="last">Finally, the size of a cookie can have an impact on the <a class="reference external" href="http://yuiblog.com/blog/2007/03/01/performance-research-part-3/">speed of your site</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-using-sessions-in-views">
<span id="using-sessions-in-views"></span><h2>Using sessions in views<a class="headerlink" href="#using-sessions-in-views" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>When <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SessionMiddleware</span></tt> is activated, each <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/request-response.html#django.http.HttpRequest" title="django.http.HttpRequest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">HttpRequest</span></tt></a>
object – the first argument to any Django view function – will have a
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session</span></tt> attribute, which is a dictionary-like object.</p>
<p>You can read it and write to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">request.session</span></tt> at any point in your view.
You can edit it multiple times.</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">backends.base.</tt><tt class="descname">SessionBase</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is the base class for all session objects. It has the following
standard dictionary methods:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.__getitem__">
<tt class="descname">__getitem__</tt>(<em>key</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.__getitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Example: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fav_color</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">request.session['fav_color']</span></tt></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.__setitem__">
<tt class="descname">__setitem__</tt>(<em>key</em>, <em>value</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.__setitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Example: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">request.session['fav_color']</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">'blue'</span></tt></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.__delitem__">
<tt class="descname">__delitem__</tt>(<em>key</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.__delitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Example: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">request.session['fav_color']</span></tt>. This raises <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></tt>
if the given <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">key</span></tt> isn’t already in the session.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.__contains__">
<tt class="descname">__contains__</tt>(<em>key</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.__contains__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Example: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'fav_color'</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">request.session</span></tt></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.get">
<tt class="descname">get</tt>(<em>key</em>, <em>default=None</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.get" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Example: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fav_color</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">request.session.get('fav_color',</span> <span class="pre">'red')</span></tt></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.pop">
<tt class="descname">pop</tt>(<em>key</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.pop" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Example: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fav_color</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">request.session.pop('fav_color')</span></tt></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.keys">
<tt class="descname">keys</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.keys" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.items">
<tt class="descname">items</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.items" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.setdefault">
<tt class="descname">setdefault</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.setdefault" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.clear">
<tt class="descname">clear</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.clear" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p>It also has these methods:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.flush">
<tt class="descname">flush</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.flush" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Delete the current session data from the session and regenerate the
session key value that is sent back to the user in the cookie. This is
used if you want to ensure that the previous session data can’t be
accessed again from the user’s browser (for example, the
<a class="reference internal" href="../auth.html#django.contrib.auth.logout" title="django.contrib.auth.logout"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.contrib.auth.logout()</span></tt></a> function calls it).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.set_test_cookie">
<tt class="descname">set_test_cookie</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.set_test_cookie" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sets a test cookie to determine whether the user’s browser supports
cookies. Due to the way cookies work, you won’t be able to test this
until the user’s next page request. See <a class="reference internal" href="#setting-test-cookies">Setting test cookies</a> below for
more information.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.test_cookie_worked">
<tt class="descname">test_cookie_worked</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.test_cookie_worked" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns either <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>, depending on whether the user’s
browser accepted the test cookie. Due to the way cookies work, you’ll
have to call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_test_cookie()</span></tt> on a previous, separate page request.
See <a class="reference internal" href="#setting-test-cookies">Setting test cookies</a> below for more information.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.delete_test_cookie">
<tt class="descname">delete_test_cookie</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.delete_test_cookie" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Deletes the test cookie. Use this to clean up after yourself.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.set_expiry">
<tt class="descname">set_expiry</tt>(<em>value</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.set_expiry" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sets the expiration time for the session. You can pass a number of
different values:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>If <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value</span></tt> is an integer, the session will expire after that
many seconds of inactivity. For example, calling
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">request.session.set_expiry(300)</span></tt> would make the session expire
in 5 minutes.</li>
<li>If <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value</span></tt> is a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">timedelta</span></tt> object, the
session will expire at that specific date/time.</li>
<li>If <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value</span></tt> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt>, the user’s session cookie will expire
when the user’s Web browser is closed.</li>
<li>If <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value</span></tt> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, the session reverts to using the global
session expiry policy.</li>
</ul>
<p>Reading a session is not considered activity for expiration
purposes. Session expiration is computed from the last time the
session was <em>modified</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.get_expiry_age">
<tt class="descname">get_expiry_age</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.get_expiry_age" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the number of seconds until this session expires. For sessions
with no custom expiration (or those set to expire at browser close), this
will equal <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/settings.html#std:setting-SESSION_COOKIE_AGE"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">SESSION_COOKIE_AGE</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.get_expiry_date">
<tt class="descname">get_expiry_date</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.get_expiry_date" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the date this session will expire. For sessions with no custom
expiration (or those set to expire at browser close), this will equal the
date <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/settings.html#std:setting-SESSION_COOKIE_AGE"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">SESSION_COOKIE_AGE</span></tt></a> seconds from now.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.get_expire_at_browser_close">
<tt class="descname">get_expire_at_browser_close</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.get_expire_at_browser_close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns either <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>, depending on whether the user’s
session cookie will expire when the user’s Web browser is closed.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<div class="section" id="s-session-object-guidelines">
<span id="session-object-guidelines"></span><h3>Session object guidelines<a class="headerlink" href="#session-object-guidelines" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Use normal Python strings as dictionary keys on <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">request.session</span></tt>. This
is more of a convention than a hard-and-fast rule.</li>
<li>Session dictionary keys that begin with an underscore are reserved for
internal use by Django.</li>
<li>Don’t override <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">request.session</span></tt> with a new object, and don’t access or
set its attributes. Use it like a Python dictionary.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-examples">
<span id="examples"></span><h3>Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>This simplistic view sets a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">has_commented</span></tt> variable to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> after a user
posts a comment. It doesn’t let a user post a comment more than once:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">post_comment</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">new_comment</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'has_commented'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HttpResponse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"You've already commented."</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">comments</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Comment</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">comment</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">new_comment</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">session</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'has_commented'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">True</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HttpResponse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Thanks for your comment!'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This simplistic view logs in a “member” of the site:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">login</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Member</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">username</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">POST</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'username'</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">password</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">POST</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'password'</span><span class="p">]:</span>
<span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">session</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'member_id'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">id</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HttpResponse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"You're logged in."</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HttpResponse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Your username and password didn't match."</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>...And this one logs a member out, according to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">login()</span></tt> above:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">logout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">del</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">session</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'member_id'</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HttpResponse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"You're logged out."</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The standard <a class="reference internal" href="../auth.html#django.contrib.auth.logout" title="django.contrib.auth.logout"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.contrib.auth.logout()</span></tt></a> function actually does a bit
more than this to prevent inadvertent data leakage. It calls the
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.flush" title="django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.flush"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">flush()</span></tt></a> method of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">request.session</span></tt>.
We are using this example as a demonstration of how to work with session
objects, not as a full <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">logout()</span></tt> implementation.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-setting-test-cookies">
<span id="setting-test-cookies"></span><h2>Setting test cookies<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-test-cookies" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>As a convenience, Django provides an easy way to test whether the user’s
browser accepts cookies. Just call the
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.set_test_cookie" title="django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.set_test_cookie"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_test_cookie()</span></tt></a> method of
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">request.session</span></tt> in a view, and call
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.test_cookie_worked" title="django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.test_cookie_worked"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">test_cookie_worked()</span></tt></a> in a subsequent view –
not in the same view call.</p>
<p>This awkward split between <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_test_cookie()</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test_cookie_worked()</span></tt>
is necessary due to the way cookies work. When you set a cookie, you can’t
actually tell whether a browser accepted it until the browser’s next request.</p>
<p>It’s good practice to use
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.delete_test_cookie" title="django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.delete_test_cookie"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">delete_test_cookie()</span></tt></a> to clean up after
yourself. Do this after you’ve verified that the test cookie worked.</p>
<p>Here’s a typical usage example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">login</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">'POST'</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test_cookie_worked</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">delete_test_cookie</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HttpResponse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"You're logged in."</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">HttpResponse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Please enable cookies and try again."</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_test_cookie</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">render_to_response</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foo/login_form.html'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-using-sessions-out-of-views">
<span id="using-sessions-out-of-views"></span><h2>Using sessions out of views<a class="headerlink" href="#using-sessions-out-of-views" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>An API is available to manipulate session data outside of a view:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.contrib.sessions.backends.db</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SessionStore</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">datetime</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SessionStore</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">session_key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'2b1189a188b44ad18c35e113ac6ceead'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'last_login'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">datetime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2005</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">13</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">35</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'last_login'</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="go">datetime.datetime(2005, 8, 20, 13, 35, 0)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">session_key</span></tt> isn’t provided, one will be generated automatically:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.contrib.sessions.backends.db</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SessionStore</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SessionStore</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">session_key</span>
<span class="go">'2b1189a188b44ad18c35e113ac6ceead'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you’re using the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.contrib.sessions.backends.db</span></tt> backend, each
session is just a normal Django model. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Session</span></tt> model is defined in
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django/contrib/sessions/models.py</span></tt>. Because it’s a normal model, you can
access sessions using the normal Django database API:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.contrib.sessions.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Session</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'2b1189a188b44ad18c35e113ac6ceead'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expire_date</span>
<span class="go">datetime.datetime(2005, 8, 20, 13, 35, 12)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note that you’ll need to call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_decoded()</span></tt> to get the session dictionary.
This is necessary because the dictionary is stored in an encoded format:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">session_data</span>
<span class="go">'KGRwMQpTJ19hdXRoX3VzZXJfaWQnCnAyCkkxCnMuMTExY2ZjODI2Yj...'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_decoded</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">{'user_id': 42}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-when-sessions-are-saved">
<span id="when-sessions-are-saved"></span><h2>When sessions are saved<a class="headerlink" href="#when-sessions-are-saved" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>By default, Django only saves to the session database when the session has been
modified – that is if any of its dictionary values have been assigned or
deleted:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Session is modified.</span>
<span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">session</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'bar'</span>
<span class="c"># Session is modified.</span>
<span class="k">del</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">session</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="c"># Session is modified.</span>
<span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">session</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
<span class="c"># Gotcha: Session is NOT modified, because this alters</span>
<span class="c"># request.session['foo'] instead of request.session.</span>
<span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">session</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'foo'</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s">'bar'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'baz'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In the last case of the above example, we can tell the session object
explicitly that it has been modified by setting the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">modified</span></tt> attribute on
the session object:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modified</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">True</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To change this default behavior, set the <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/settings.html#std:setting-SESSION_SAVE_EVERY_REQUEST"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">SESSION_SAVE_EVERY_REQUEST</span></tt></a>
setting to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>. When set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>, Django will save the session to the
database on every single request.</p>
<p>Note that the session cookie is only sent when a session has been created or
modified. If <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/settings.html#std:setting-SESSION_SAVE_EVERY_REQUEST"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">SESSION_SAVE_EVERY_REQUEST</span></tt></a> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>, the session
cookie will be sent on every request.</p>
<p>Similarly, the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">expires</span></tt> part of a session cookie is updated each time the
session cookie is sent.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-browser-length-sessions-vs-persistent-sessions">
<span id="browser-length-sessions-vs-persistent-sessions"></span><h2>Browser-length sessions vs. persistent sessions<a class="headerlink" href="#browser-length-sessions-vs-persistent-sessions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>You can control whether the session framework uses browser-length sessions vs.
persistent sessions with the <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/settings.html#std:setting-SESSION_EXPIRE_AT_BROWSER_CLOSE"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">SESSION_EXPIRE_AT_BROWSER_CLOSE</span></tt></a>
setting.</p>
<p>By default, <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/settings.html#std:setting-SESSION_EXPIRE_AT_BROWSER_CLOSE"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">SESSION_EXPIRE_AT_BROWSER_CLOSE</span></tt></a> is set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>,
which means session cookies will be stored in users’ browsers for as long as
<a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/settings.html#std:setting-SESSION_COOKIE_AGE"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">SESSION_COOKIE_AGE</span></tt></a>. Use this if you don’t want people to have to
log in every time they open a browser.</p>
<p>If <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/settings.html#std:setting-SESSION_EXPIRE_AT_BROWSER_CLOSE"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">SESSION_EXPIRE_AT_BROWSER_CLOSE</span></tt></a> is set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>, Django will
use browser-length cookies – cookies that expire as soon as the user closes
his or her browser. Use this if you want people to have to log in every time
they open a browser.</p>
<p>This setting is a global default and can be overwritten at a per-session level
by explicitly calling the <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.set_expiry" title="django.contrib.sessions.backends.base.SessionBase.set_expiry"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_expiry()</span></tt></a> method
of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">request.session</span></tt> as described above in <a class="reference internal" href="#using-sessions-in-views">using sessions in views</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-clearing-the-session-table">
<span id="clearing-the-session-table"></span><h2>Clearing the session table<a class="headerlink" href="#clearing-the-session-table" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>If you’re using the database backend, note that session data can accumulate in
the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django_session</span></tt> database table and Django does <em>not</em> provide automatic
purging. Therefore, it’s your job to purge expired sessions on a regular basis.</p>
<p>To understand this problem, consider what happens when a user uses a session.
When a user logs in, Django adds a row to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django_session</span></tt> database
table. Django updates this row each time the session data changes. If the user
logs out manually, Django deletes the row. But if the user does <em>not</em> log out,
the row never gets deleted.</p>
<p>Django provides a sample clean-up script: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django-admin.py</span> <span class="pre">cleanup</span></tt>.
That script deletes any session in the session table whose <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">expire_date</span></tt> is
in the past – but your application may have different requirements.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-settings">
<span id="settings"></span><h2>Settings<a class="headerlink" href="#settings" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>A few <a class="reference internal" href="../../ref/settings.html"><em>Django settings</em></a> give you control over session
behavior:</p>
<div class="section" id="s-session-engine">
<span id="session-engine"></span><h3>SESSION_ENGINE<a class="headerlink" href="#session-engine" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Default: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.contrib.sessions.backends.db</span></tt></p>
<p>Controls where Django stores session data. Valid values are:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'django.contrib.sessions.backends.db'</span></tt></li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'django.contrib.sessions.backends.file'</span></tt></li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'django.contrib.sessions.backends.cache'</span></tt></li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'django.contrib.sessions.backends.cached_db'</span></tt></li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'django.contrib.sessions.backends.signed_cookies'</span></tt></li>
</ul>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="#configuring-the-session-engine">configuring the session engine</a> for more details.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-session-file-path">
<span id="session-file-path"></span><h3>SESSION_FILE_PATH<a class="headerlink" href="#session-file-path" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Default: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/tmp/</span></tt></p>
<p>If you’re using file-based session storage, this sets the directory in
which Django will store session data.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-session-cookie-age">
<span id="session-cookie-age"></span><h3>SESSION_COOKIE_AGE<a class="headerlink" href="#session-cookie-age" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Default: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">1209600</span></tt> (2 weeks, in seconds)</p>
<p>The age of session cookies, in seconds.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-session-cookie-domain">
<span id="session-cookie-domain"></span><h3>SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN<a class="headerlink" href="#session-cookie-domain" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Default: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></p>
<p>The domain to use for session cookies. Set this to a string such as
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">".lawrence.com"</span></tt> (note the leading dot!) for cross-domain cookies, or use
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> for a standard domain cookie.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-session-cookie-httponly">
<span id="session-cookie-httponly"></span><h3>SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY<a class="headerlink" href="#session-cookie-httponly" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Default: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt></p>
<p>Whether to use HTTPOnly flag on the session cookie. If this is set to
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>, client-side JavaScript will not to be able to access the
session cookie.</p>
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.owasp.org/index.php/HTTPOnly">HTTPOnly</a> is a flag included in a Set-Cookie HTTP response header. It
is not part of the <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2109.html"><strong>RFC 2109</strong></a> standard for cookies, and it isn’t honored
consistently by all browsers. However, when it is honored, it can be a
useful way to mitigate the risk of client side script accessing the
protected cookie data.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<span class="title">Changed in Django 1.4:</span> The default value of the setting was changed from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>.</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-session-cookie-name">
<span id="session-cookie-name"></span><h3>SESSION_COOKIE_NAME<a class="headerlink" href="#session-cookie-name" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Default: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'sessionid'</span></tt></p>
<p>The name of the cookie to use for sessions. This can be whatever you want.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-session-cookie-path">
<span id="session-cookie-path"></span><h3>SESSION_COOKIE_PATH<a class="headerlink" href="#session-cookie-path" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Default: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'/'</span></tt></p>
<p>The path set on the session cookie. This should either match the URL path of
your Django installation or be parent of that path.</p>
<p>This is useful if you have multiple Django instances running under the same
hostname. They can use different cookie paths, and each instance will only see
its own session cookie.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-session-cookie-secure">
<span id="session-cookie-secure"></span><h3>SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE<a class="headerlink" href="#session-cookie-secure" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Default: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt></p>
<p>Whether to use a secure cookie for the session cookie. If this is set to
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>, the cookie will be marked as “secure,” which means browsers may
ensure that the cookie is only sent under an HTTPS connection.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-session-expire-at-browser-close">
<span id="session-expire-at-browser-close"></span><h3>SESSION_EXPIRE_AT_BROWSER_CLOSE<a class="headerlink" href="#session-expire-at-browser-close" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Default: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt></p>
<p>Whether to expire the session when the user closes his or her browser. See
“Browser-length sessions vs. persistent sessions” above.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-session-save-every-request">
<span id="session-save-every-request"></span><h3>SESSION_SAVE_EVERY_REQUEST<a class="headerlink" href="#session-save-every-request" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Default: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt></p>
<p>Whether to save the session data on every request. If this is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>
(default), then the session data will only be saved if it has been modified –
that is, if any of its dictionary values have been assigned or deleted.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-technical-details">
<span id="technical-details"></span><h2>Technical details<a class="headerlink" href="#technical-details" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li>The session dictionary should accept any pickleable Python object. See
the <tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">pickle</span></tt> module for more information.</li>
<li>Session data is stored in a database table named <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django_session</span></tt> .</li>
<li>Django only sends a cookie if it needs to. If you don’t set any session
data, it won’t send a session cookie.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-session-ids-in-urls">
<span id="session-ids-in-urls"></span><h2>Session IDs in URLs<a class="headerlink" href="#session-ids-in-urls" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The Django sessions framework is entirely, and solely, cookie-based. It does
not fall back to putting session IDs in URLs as a last resort, as PHP does.
This is an intentional design decision. Not only does that behavior make URLs
ugly, it makes your site vulnerable to session-ID theft via the “Referer”
header.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<h3><a href="../../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">How to use sessions</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#enabling-sessions">Enabling sessions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#configuring-the-session-engine">Configuring the session engine</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-database-backed-sessions">Using database-backed sessions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-cached-sessions">Using cached sessions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-file-based-sessions">Using file-based sessions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-cookie-based-sessions">Using cookie-based sessions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-sessions-in-views">Using sessions in views</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-object-guidelines">Session object guidelines</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#examples">Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-test-cookies">Setting test cookies</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-sessions-out-of-views">Using sessions out of views</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#when-sessions-are-saved">When sessions are saved</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#browser-length-sessions-vs-persistent-sessions">Browser-length sessions vs. persistent sessions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#clearing-the-session-table">Clearing the session table</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#settings">Settings</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-engine">SESSION_ENGINE</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-file-path">SESSION_FILE_PATH</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-cookie-age">SESSION_COOKIE_AGE</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-cookie-domain">SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-cookie-httponly">SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-cookie-name">SESSION_COOKIE_NAME</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-cookie-path">SESSION_COOKIE_PATH</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-cookie-secure">SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-expire-at-browser-close">SESSION_EXPIRE_AT_BROWSER_CLOSE</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-save-every-request">SESSION_SAVE_EVERY_REQUEST</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#technical-details">Technical details</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#session-ids-in-urls">Session IDs in URLs</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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