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Breadcrumbs go here --> <li>The Network Module in Qt 4</li> </ul> </div> <div class="toolbuttons toolblock"> <ul> <li id="smallA" class="t_button">A</li> <li id="medA" class="t_button active">A</li> <li id="bigA" class="t_button">A</li> <li id="print" class="t_button"><a href="javascript:this.print();"> <span>Print</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="content mainContent"> <link rel="prev" href="qt4-sql.html" /> <link rel="next" href="qt4-styles.html" /> <p class="naviNextPrevious headerNavi"> <a class="prevPage" href="qt4-sql.html">The Qt 4 Database GUI Layer</a> <a class="nextPage" href="qt4-styles.html">The Qt 4 Style API</a> </p><p/> <div class="toc"> <h3><a name="toc">Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li class="level1"><a href="#general-overview">General Overview</a></li> <li class="level1"><a href="#example-code">Example Code</a></li> <li class="level2"><a href="#tcp-client">TCP Client</a></li> <li class="level2"><a href="#tcp-server">TCP Server</a></li> <li class="level2"><a href="#udp-senders-and-receivers">UDP Senders and Receivers</a></li> <li class="level1"><a href="#comparison-with-qt-3">Comparison with Qt 3</a></li> </ul> </div> <h1 class="title">The Network Module in Qt 4</h1> <span class="subtitle"></span> <!-- $$$qt4-network.html-description --> <div class="descr"> <a name="details"></a> <p>The network module in Qt 4 provides some new features, such as support for internationalized domain names, better IPv6 support, and better performance. And since Qt 4 allows us to break binary compatibility with previous releases, we took this opportunity to improve the class names and API to make them more intuitive to use.</p> <a name="general-overview"></a> <h2>General Overview</h2> <p>Compared to Qt 3, the network module in Qt 4 brings the following benefits:</p> <ul> <li>The Qt 4 network classes have more intuitive names and APIs. For example, <a href="porting4.html#qserversocket">QServerSocket</a> has been renamed <a href="qtcpserver.html">QTcpServer</a>.</li> <li>The entire network module is <a href="threads-reentrancy.html#reentrant">reentrant</a>, making it possible to use them simultaneously from multiple threads.</li> <li>It is now possible to send and receive UDP datagrams and to use synchronous (i.e., blocking) sockets without having to use a low-level API (<a href="porting4.html#qsocketdevice">QSocketDevice</a> in Qt 3).</li> <li><a href="qhostaddress.html">QHostAddress</a> and <a href="qhostinfo.html">QHostInfo</a> support internationalized domain names (RFC 3492).</li> <li><a href="qurl.html">QUrl</a> is more lightweight and fully supports the latest URI specification draft.</li> <li>UDP broadcasting is now supported.</li> </ul> <p>The Qt 4 network module provides fundamental classes for writing TCP and UDP applications, as well as higher-level classes that implement the client side of the HTTP and FTP protocols.</p> <p>Here's an overview of the TCP and UDP classes:</p> <ul> <li><a href="qtcpsocket.html">QTcpSocket</a> encapsulates a TCP socket. It inherits from <a href="qiodevice.html">QIODevice</a>, so you can use <a href="qtextstream.html">QTextStream</a> and <a href="qdatastream.html">QDataStream</a> to read or write data. It is useful for writing both clients and servers.</li> <li><a href="qtcpserver.html">QTcpServer</a> allows you to listen on a certain port on a server. It emits a <a href="qtcpserver.html#newConnection">newConnection()</a> signal every time a client tries to connect to the server. Once the connection is established, you can talk to the client using <a href="qtcpsocket.html">QTcpSocket</a>.</li> <li><a href="qudpsocket.html">QUdpSocket</a> is an API for sending and receiving UDP datagrams.</li> </ul> <p><a href="qtcpsocket.html">QTcpSocket</a> and <a href="qudpsocket.html">QUdpSocket</a> inherit most of their functionality from <a href="qabstractsocket.html">QAbstractSocket</a>. You can also use <a href="qabstractsocket.html">QAbstractSocket</a> directly as a wrapper around a native socket descriptor.</p> <p>By default, the socket classes work asynchronously (i.e., they are non-blocking), emitting signals to notify when data has arrived or when the peer has closed the connection. In multithreaded applications and in non-GUI applications, you also have the opportunity of using blocking (synchronous) functions on the socket, which often results in a more straightforward style of programming, with the networking logic concentrated in one or two functions instead of spread across multiple slots.</p> <p><a href="qftp.html">QFtp</a> and <a href="qnetworkaccessmanager.html">QNetworkAccessManager</a> and its associated classes use <a href="qtcpsocket.html">QTcpSocket</a> internally to implement the FTP and HTTP protocols. The classes work asynchronously and can schedule (i.e., queue) requests.</p> <p>The network module contains four helper classes: <a href="qhostaddress.html">QHostAddress</a>, <a href="qhostinfo.html">QHostInfo</a>, <a href="qurl.html">QUrl</a>, and <a href="qurlinfo.html">QUrlInfo</a>. <a href="qhostaddress.html">QHostAddress</a> stores an IPv4 or IPv6 address, <a href="qhostinfo.html">QHostInfo</a> resolves host names into addresses, <a href="qurl.html">QUrl</a> stores a URL, and <a href="qurlinfo.html">QUrlInfo</a> stores information about a resource pointed to by a URL, such as the file size and modification date. (Because <a href="qurl.html">QUrl</a> is used by <a href="qtextbrowser.html">QTextBrowser</a>, it is part of the <a href="qtcore.html">QtCore</a> library and not of <a href="qtnetwork.html">QtNetwork</a>.)</p> <p>See the <a href="qtnetwork.html">QtNetwork</a> module overview for more information.</p> <a name="example-code"></a> <h2>Example Code</h2> <p>All the code snippets presented here are quoted from self-contained, compilable examples located in Qt's <tt>examples/network</tt> directory.</p> <a name="tcp-client"></a> <h3>TCP Client</h3> <p>The first example illustrates how to write a TCP client using <a href="qtcpsocket.html">QTcpSocket</a>. The client talks to a fortune server that provides fortune to the user. Here's how to set up the socket:</p> <pre class="cpp"> tcpSocket <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="type"><a href="qtcpsocket.html">QTcpSocket</a></span>(<span class="keyword">this</span>); connect(tcpSocket<span class="operator">,</span> SIGNAL(readyRead())<span class="operator">,</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="operator">,</span> SLOT(readFortune())); connect(tcpSocket<span class="operator">,</span> SIGNAL(error(<span class="type"><a href="qabstractsocket.html">QAbstractSocket</a></span><span class="operator">::</span>SocketError))<span class="operator">,</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="operator">,</span> SLOT(displayError(<span class="type"><a href="qabstractsocket.html">QAbstractSocket</a></span><span class="operator">::</span>SocketError)));</pre> <p>When the user requests a new fortune, the client establishes a connection to the server:</p> <pre class="cpp"> tcpSocket<span class="operator">-</span><span class="operator">></span>connectToHost(hostLineEdit<span class="operator">-</span><span class="operator">></span>text()<span class="operator">,</span> portLineEdit<span class="operator">-</span><span class="operator">></span>text()<span class="operator">.</span>toInt());</pre> <p>When the server answers, the following code is executed to read the data from the socket:</p> <pre class="cpp"> <span class="type"><a href="qdatastream.html">QDataStream</a></span> in(tcpSocket); in<span class="operator">.</span>setVersion(<span class="type"><a href="qdatastream.html">QDataStream</a></span><span class="operator">::</span>Qt_4_0); <span class="keyword">if</span> (blockSize <span class="operator">=</span><span class="operator">=</span> <span class="number">0</span>) { <span class="keyword">if</span> (tcpSocket<span class="operator">-</span><span class="operator">></span>bytesAvailable() <span class="operator"><</span> (<span class="type">int</span>)<span class="keyword">sizeof</span>(<span class="type"><a href="qtglobal.html#quint16-typedef">quint16</a></span>)) <span class="keyword">return</span>; in <span class="operator">></span><span class="operator">></span> blockSize; } <span class="keyword">if</span> (tcpSocket<span class="operator">-</span><span class="operator">></span>bytesAvailable() <span class="operator"><</span> blockSize) <span class="keyword">return</span>; <span class="type"><a href="qstring.html">QString</a></span> nextFortune; in <span class="operator">></span><span class="operator">></span> nextFortune; <span class="keyword">if</span> (nextFortune <span class="operator">=</span><span class="operator">=</span> currentFortune) { <span class="type"><a href="qtimer.html">QTimer</a></span><span class="operator">::</span>singleShot(<span class="number">0</span><span class="operator">,</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="operator">,</span> SLOT(requestNewFortune())); <span class="keyword">return</span>; } currentFortune <span class="operator">=</span> nextFortune;</pre> <p>The server's answer starts with a <i>size</i> field (which we store in <tt>blockSize</tt>), followed by <i>size</i> bytes of data. If the client hasn't received all the data yet, it waits for the server to send more.</p> <p>An alternative approach is to use a blocking socket. The code can then be concentrated in one function:</p> <pre class="cpp"> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="type">int</span> Timeout <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="number">5</span> <span class="operator">*</span> <span class="number">1000</span>; <span class="type"><a href="qtcpsocket.html">QTcpSocket</a></span> socket; socket<span class="operator">.</span>connectToHost(serverName<span class="operator">,</span> serverPort); <span class="keyword">if</span> (<span class="operator">!</span>socket<span class="operator">.</span>waitForConnected(Timeout)) { <span class="keyword">emit</span> error(socket<span class="operator">.</span>error()<span class="operator">,</span> socket<span class="operator">.</span>errorString()); <span class="keyword">return</span>; } <span class="keyword">while</span> (socket<span class="operator">.</span>bytesAvailable() <span class="operator"><</span> (<span class="type">int</span>)<span class="keyword">sizeof</span>(<span class="type"><a href="qtglobal.html#quint16-typedef">quint16</a></span>)) { <span class="keyword">if</span> (<span class="operator">!</span>socket<span class="operator">.</span>waitForReadyRead(Timeout)) { <span class="keyword">emit</span> error(socket<span class="operator">.</span>error()<span class="operator">,</span> socket<span class="operator">.</span>errorString()); <span class="keyword">return</span>; } } <span class="type"><a href="qtglobal.html#quint16-typedef">quint16</a></span> blockSize; <span class="type"><a href="qdatastream.html">QDataStream</a></span> in(<span class="operator">&</span>socket); in<span class="operator">.</span>setVersion(<span class="type"><a href="qdatastream.html">QDataStream</a></span><span class="operator">::</span>Qt_4_0); in <span class="operator">></span><span class="operator">></span> blockSize; <span class="keyword">while</span> (socket<span class="operator">.</span>bytesAvailable() <span class="operator"><</span> blockSize) { <span class="keyword">if</span> (<span class="operator">!</span>socket<span class="operator">.</span>waitForReadyRead(Timeout)) { <span class="keyword">emit</span> error(socket<span class="operator">.</span>error()<span class="operator">,</span> socket<span class="operator">.</span>errorString()); <span class="keyword">return</span>; } } mutex<span class="operator">.</span>lock(); <span class="type"><a href="qstring.html">QString</a></span> fortune; in <span class="operator">></span><span class="operator">></span> fortune; <span class="keyword">emit</span> newFortune(fortune);</pre> <a name="tcp-server"></a> <h3>TCP Server</h3> <p>The following code snippets illustrate how to write a TCP server using <a href="qtcpserver.html">QTcpServer</a> and <a href="qtcpsocket.html">QTcpSocket</a>. Here's how to set up a TCP server:</p> <pre class="cpp"> tcpServer <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="type"><a href="qtcpserver.html">QTcpServer</a></span>(<span class="keyword">this</span>); <span class="keyword">if</span> (<span class="operator">!</span>tcpServer<span class="operator">-</span><span class="operator">></span>listen()) { <span class="type"><a href="qmessagebox.html">QMessageBox</a></span><span class="operator">::</span>critical(<span class="keyword">this</span><span class="operator">,</span> tr(<span class="string">"Fortune Server"</span>)<span class="operator">,</span> tr(<span class="string">"Unable to start the server: %1."</span>) <span class="operator">.</span>arg(tcpServer<span class="operator">-</span><span class="operator">></span>errorString())); close(); <span class="keyword">return</span>; } connect(tcpServer<span class="operator">,</span> SIGNAL(newConnection())<span class="operator">,</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="operator">,</span> SLOT(sendFortune()));</pre> <p>When a client tries to connect to the server, the following code in the sendFortune() slot is executed:</p> <pre class="cpp"> <span class="type"><a href="qbytearray.html">QByteArray</a></span> block; <span class="type"><a href="qdatastream.html">QDataStream</a></span> out(<span class="operator">&</span>block<span class="operator">,</span> <span class="type"><a href="qiodevice.html">QIODevice</a></span><span class="operator">::</span>WriteOnly); out<span class="operator">.</span>setVersion(<span class="type"><a href="qdatastream.html">QDataStream</a></span><span class="operator">::</span>Qt_4_0); out <span class="operator"><</span><span class="operator"><</span> (<span class="type"><a href="qtglobal.html#quint16-typedef">quint16</a></span>)<span class="number">0</span>; out <span class="operator"><</span><span class="operator"><</span> fortunes<span class="operator">.</span>at(qrand() <span class="operator">%</span> fortunes<span class="operator">.</span>size()); out<span class="operator">.</span>device()<span class="operator">-</span><span class="operator">></span>seek(<span class="number">0</span>); out <span class="operator"><</span><span class="operator"><</span> (<span class="type"><a href="qtglobal.html#quint16-typedef">quint16</a></span>)(block<span class="operator">.</span>size() <span class="operator">-</span> <span class="keyword">sizeof</span>(<span class="type"><a href="qtglobal.html#quint16-typedef">quint16</a></span>)); <span class="type"><a href="qtcpsocket.html">QTcpSocket</a></span> <span class="operator">*</span>clientConnection <span class="operator">=</span> tcpServer<span class="operator">-</span><span class="operator">></span>nextPendingConnection(); connect(clientConnection<span class="operator">,</span> SIGNAL(disconnected())<span class="operator">,</span> clientConnection<span class="operator">,</span> SLOT(deleteLater())); clientConnection<span class="operator">-</span><span class="operator">></span>write(block); clientConnection<span class="operator">-</span><span class="operator">></span>disconnectFromHost();</pre> <a name="udp-senders-and-receivers"></a> <h3>UDP Senders and Receivers</h3> <p>Here's how to broadcast a UDP datagram:</p> <pre class="cpp"> udpSocket <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="type"><a href="qudpsocket.html">QUdpSocket</a></span>(<span class="keyword">this</span>); <span class="type"><a href="qbytearray.html">QByteArray</a></span> datagram <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="string">"Broadcast message "</span> <span class="operator">+</span> <span class="type"><a href="qbytearray.html">QByteArray</a></span><span class="operator">::</span>number(messageNo); udpSocket<span class="operator">-</span><span class="operator">></span>writeDatagram(datagram<span class="operator">.</span>data()<span class="operator">,</span> datagram<span class="operator">.</span>size()<span class="operator">,</span> <span class="type"><a href="qhostaddress.html">QHostAddress</a></span><span class="operator">::</span>Broadcast<span class="operator">,</span> <span class="number">45454</span>);</pre> <p>Here's how to receive a UDP datagram:</p> <pre class="cpp"> udpSocket <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="type"><a href="qudpsocket.html">QUdpSocket</a></span>(<span class="keyword">this</span>); udpSocket<span class="operator">-</span><span class="operator">></span>bind(<span class="number">45454</span><span class="operator">,</span> <span class="type"><a href="qudpsocket.html">QUdpSocket</a></span><span class="operator">::</span>ShareAddress); connect(udpSocket<span class="operator">,</span> SIGNAL(readyRead())<span class="operator">,</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="operator">,</span> SLOT(processPendingDatagrams()));</pre> <p>Then in the processPendingDatagrams() slot:</p> <pre class="cpp"> <span class="keyword">while</span> (udpSocket<span class="operator">-</span><span class="operator">></span>hasPendingDatagrams()) { <span class="type"><a href="qbytearray.html">QByteArray</a></span> datagram; datagram<span class="operator">.</span>resize(udpSocket<span class="operator">-</span><span class="operator">></span>pendingDatagramSize()); udpSocket<span class="operator">-</span><span class="operator">></span>readDatagram(datagram<span class="operator">.</span>data()<span class="operator">,</span> datagram<span class="operator">.</span>size()); statusLabel<span class="operator">-</span><span class="operator">></span>setText(tr(<span class="string">"Received datagram: \"%1\""</span>) <span class="operator">.</span>arg(datagram<span class="operator">.</span>data())); }</pre> <a name="comparison-with-qt-3"></a> <h2>Comparison with Qt 3</h2> <p>The main difference between Qt 3 and Qt 4 is that the very high level <a href="porting4.html#qnetworkprotocol">QNetworkProtocol</a> and <a href="porting4.html#qurloperator">QUrlOperator</a> abstraction has been eliminated. These classes attempted the impossible (unify FTP and HTTP under one roof), and unsurprisingly failed at that. Qt 4 still provides <a href="qftp.html">QFtp</a>, and it also provides the <a href="qnetworkaccessmanager.html">QNetworkAccessManager</a>.</p> <p>The <a href="porting4.html#qsocket">QSocket</a> class in Qt 3 has been renamed <a href="qtcpsocket.html">QTcpSocket</a>. The new class is reentrant and supports blocking. It's also easier to handle closing than with Qt 3, where you had to connect to both the QSocket::connectionClosed() and the QSocket::delayedCloseFinished() signals.</p> <p>The <a href="porting4.html#qserversocket">QServerSocket</a> class in Qt 3 has been renamed <a href="qtcpserver.html">QTcpServer</a>. The API has changed quite a bit. While in Qt 3 it was necessary to subclass <a href="porting4.html#qserversocket">QServerSocket</a> and reimplement the newConnection() pure virtual function, <a href="qtcpserver.html">QTcpServer</a> now emits a <a href="qtcpserver.html#newConnection">newConnection()</a> signal that you can connect to a slot.</p> <p>The <a href="qhostinfo.html">QHostInfo</a> class has been redesigned to use the operating system's getaddrinfo() function instead of implementing the DNS protocol. Internally, <a href="qhostinfo.html">QHostInfo</a> simply starts a thread and calls getaddrinfo() in that thread. This wasn't possible in Qt 3 because getaddrinfo() is a blocking call and Qt 3 could be configured without multithreading support.</p> <p>The <a href="porting4.html#qsocketdevice">QSocketDevice</a> class in Qt 3 is no longer part of the public Qt API. If you used <a href="porting4.html#qsocketdevice">QSocketDevice</a> to send or receive UDP datagrams, use <a href="qudpsocket.html">QUdpSocket</a> instead. If you used <a href="porting4.html#qsocketdevice">QSocketDevice</a> because it supported blocking sockets, use <a href="qtcpsocket.html">QTcpSocket</a> or <a href="qudpsocket.html">QUdpSocket</a> instead and use the blocking functions (<a href="qabstractsocket.html#waitForConnected">waitForConnected()</a>, <a href="qabstractsocket.html#waitForConnected">waitForReadyRead()</a>, etc.). If you used <a href="porting4.html#qsocketdevice">QSocketDevice</a> from a non-GUI thread because it was the only reentrant networking class in Qt 3, use <a href="qtcpsocket.html">QTcpSocket</a>, <a href="qtcpserver.html">QTcpServer</a>, or <a href="qudpsocket.html">QUdpSocket</a> instead.</p> <p>Internally, Qt 4 has a class called QSocketLayer that provides a cross-platform low-level socket API. It resembles the old <a href="porting4.html#qsocketdevice">QSocketDevice</a> class. We might make it public in a later release if users ask for it.</p> <p>As an aid to porting to Qt 4, the <a href="qt3support.html">Qt3Support</a> library includes <a href="q3dns.html" class="compat">Q3Dns</a>, <a href="q3serversocket.html" class="compat">Q3ServerSocket</a>, <a href="q3socket.html" class="compat">Q3Socket</a>, and <a href="q3socketdevice.html" class="compat">Q3SocketDevice</a> classes.</p> </div> <!-- @@@qt4-network.html --> <p class="naviNextPrevious footerNavi"> <a class="prevPage" href="qt4-sql.html">The Qt 4 Database GUI Layer</a> <a class="nextPage" href="qt4-styles.html">The Qt 4 Style API</a> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ft"> <span></span> </div> </div> <div class="footer"> <p> <acronym title="Copyright">©</acronym> 2013 Digia Plc and/or its subsidiaries. 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