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<div class="section" id="s-writing-your-first-django-app-part-6">
<span id="writing-your-first-django-app-part-6"></span><h1>Writing your first Django app, part 6<a class="headerlink" href="#writing-your-first-django-app-part-6" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>This tutorial begins where <a class="reference internal" href="tutorial05.html"><em>Tutorial 5</em></a> left off.
We’ve built a tested Web-poll application, and we’ll now add a stylesheet and
an image.</p>
<p>Aside from the HTML generated by the server, web applications generally need
to serve additional files — such as images, JavaScript, or CSS — necessary to
render the complete web page. In Django, we refer to these files as “static
files”.</p>
<p>For small projects, this isn’t a big deal, because you can just keep the
static files somewhere your web server can find it. However, in bigger
projects – especially those comprised of multiple apps – dealing with the
multiple sets of static files provided by each application starts to get
tricky.</p>
<p>That’s what <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.contrib.staticfiles</span></tt> is for: it collects static files
from each of your applications (and any other places you specify) into a
single location that can easily be served in production.</p>
<div class="section" id="s-customize-your-app-s-look-and-feel">
<span id="customize-your-app-s-look-and-feel"></span><h2>Customize your <em>app’s</em> look and feel<a class="headerlink" href="#customize-your-app-s-look-and-feel" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>First, create a directory called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">static</span></tt> in your <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">polls</span></tt> directory. Django
will look for static files there, similarly to how Django finds templates
inside <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">polls/templates/</span></tt>.</p>
<p>Django’s <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/settings.html#std:setting-STATICFILES_FINDERS"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">STATICFILES_FINDERS</span></tt></a> setting contains a list
of finders that know how to discover static files from various
sources. One of the defaults is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AppDirectoriesFinder</span></tt> which
looks for a “static” subdirectory in each of the
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/settings.html#std:setting-INSTALLED_APPS"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">INSTALLED_APPS</span></tt></a>, like the one in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">polls</span></tt> we just created. The admin
site uses the same directory structure for its static files.</p>
<p>Within the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">static</span></tt> directory you have just created, create another directory
called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">polls</span></tt> and within that create a file called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">style.css</span></tt>. In other
words, your stylesheet should be at <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">polls/static/polls/style.css</span></tt>. Because
of how the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AppDirectoriesFinder</span></tt> staticfile finder works, you can refer to
this static file in Django simply as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">polls/style.css</span></tt>, similar to how you
reference the path for templates.</p>
<div class="admonition-static-file-namespacing admonition">
<p class="first admonition-title">Static file namespacing</p>
<p class="last">Just like templates, we <em>might</em> be able to get away with putting our static
files directly in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">polls/static</span></tt> (rather than creating another <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">polls</span></tt>
subdirectory), but it would actually be a bad idea. Django will choose the
first static file it finds whose name matches, and if you had a static file
with the same name in a <em>different</em> application, Django would be unable to
distinguish between them. We need to be able to point Django at the right
one, and the easiest way to ensure this is by <em>namespacing</em> them. That is,
by putting those static files inside <em>another</em> directory named for the
application itself.</p>
</div>
<p>Put the following code in that stylesheet (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">polls/static/polls/style.css</span></tt>):</p>
<div class="highlight-css"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nt">li</span> <span class="nt">a</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">color</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nb">green</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Next, add the following at the top of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">polls/templates/polls/index.html</span></tt>:</p>
<div class="highlight-html+django"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">load</span> <span class="nv">staticfiles</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
<span class="nt"><link</span> <span class="na">rel=</span><span class="s">"stylesheet"</span> <span class="na">type=</span><span class="s">"text/css"</span> <span class="na">href=</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">static</span> <span class="s1">'polls/style.css'</span> <span class="cp">%}</span><span class="s">"</span> <span class="nt">/></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{%</span> <span class="pre">load</span> <span class="pre">staticfiles</span> <span class="pre">%}</span></tt> loads the <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/staticfiles.html#std:templatetag-staticfiles-static"><tt class="xref std std-ttag docutils literal"><span class="pre">{%</span> <span class="pre">static</span> <span class="pre">%}</span></tt></a>
template tag from the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">staticfiles</span></tt> template library. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{%</span> <span class="pre">static</span> <span class="pre">%}</span></tt>
template tag generates the absolute URL of the static file.</p>
<p>That’s all you need to do for development. Reload
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://localhost:8000/polls/</span></tt> and you should see that the poll links are
green (Django style!) which means that your stylesheet was properly loaded.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-adding-a-background-image">
<span id="adding-a-background-image"></span><h2>Adding a background-image<a class="headerlink" href="#adding-a-background-image" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Next, we’ll create a subdirectory for images. Create an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">images</span></tt> subdirectory
in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">polls/static/polls/</span></tt> directory. Inside this directory, put an image
called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">background.gif</span></tt>. In other words, put your image in
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">polls/static/polls/images/background.gif</span></tt>.</p>
<p>Then, add to your stylesheet (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">polls/static/polls/style.css</span></tt>):</p>
<div class="highlight-css"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nt">body</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">background</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nb">white</span> <span class="sx">url("images/background.gif")</span> <span class="k">no-repeat</span> <span class="k">right</span> <span class="k">bottom</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Reload <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://localhost:8000/polls/</span></tt> and you should see the background
loaded in the bottom right of the screen.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p class="last">Of course the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{%</span> <span class="pre">static</span> <span class="pre">%}</span></tt> template tag is not available for use in
static files like your stylesheet which aren’t generated by Django. You
should always use <strong>relative paths</strong> to link your static files between each
other, because then you can change <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/settings.html#std:setting-STATIC_URL"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">STATIC_URL</span></tt></a> (used by the
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/templates/builtins.html#std:templatetag-static"><tt class="xref std std-ttag docutils literal"><span class="pre">static</span></tt></a> template tag to generate its URLs) without having to modify
a bunch of paths in your static files as well.</p>
</div>
<p>These are the <strong>basics</strong>. For more details on settings and other bits included
with the framework see
<a class="reference internal" href="../howto/static-files/index.html"><em>the static files howto</em></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/staticfiles.html"><em>the staticfiles reference</em></a>. <a class="reference internal" href="../howto/static-files/deployment.html"><em>Deploying
static files</em></a> discusses how to use static
files on a real server.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-what-s-next">
<span id="what-s-next"></span><h2>What’s next?<a class="headerlink" href="#what-s-next" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The beginner tutorial ends here for the time being. In the meantime, you might
want to check out some pointers on <a class="reference internal" href="whatsnext.html"><em>where to go from here</em></a>.</p>
<p>If you are familiar with Python packaging and interested in learning how to
turn polls into a “reusable app”, check out <a class="reference internal" href="reusable-apps.html"><em>Advanced tutorial: How to
write reusable apps</em></a>.</p>
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<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Writing your first Django app, part 6</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#customize-your-app-s-look-and-feel">Customize your <em>app’s</em> look and feel</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#adding-a-background-image">Adding a background-image</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-s-next">What’s next?</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Browse</h3>
<ul>
<li>Prev: <a href="tutorial05.html">Writing your first Django app, part 5</a></li>
<li>Next: <a href="reusable-apps.html">Advanced tutorial: How to write reusable apps</a></li>
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