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  <h1>Source code for django.core.files.storage</h1><div class="highlight"><pre>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">errno</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">datetime</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">datetime</span>

<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.conf</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">settings</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.core.exceptions</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SuspiciousFileOperation</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.core.files</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">locks</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">File</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.core.files.move</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">file_move_safe</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.utils.crypto</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">get_random_string</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.utils.encoding</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">force_text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filepath_to_uri</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.utils.functional</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">LazyObject</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.utils.module_loading</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">import_by_path</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.utils.six.moves.urllib.parse</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">urljoin</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.utils.text</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">get_valid_filename</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.utils._os</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">safe_join</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">abspathu</span>


<span class="n">__all__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;Storage&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;FileSystemStorage&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;DefaultStorage&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;default_storage&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

<div class="viewcode-block" id="Storage"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../../ref/files/storage.html#django.core.files.storage.Storage">[docs]</a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Storage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd">    A base storage class, providing some default behaviors that all other</span>
<span class="sd">    storage systems can inherit or override, as necessary.</span>
<span class="sd">    &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>

    <span class="c"># The following methods represent a public interface to private methods.</span>
    <span class="c"># These shouldn&#39;t be overridden by subclasses unless absolutely necessary.</span>

<div class="viewcode-block" id="Storage.open"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../../ref/files/storage.html#django.core.files.storage.Storage.open">[docs]</a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mode</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;rb&#39;</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd">        Retrieves the specified file from storage.</span>
<span class="sd">        &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">_open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mode</span><span class="p">)</span>
</div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="Storage.save"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../../ref/files/storage.html#django.core.files.storage.Storage.save">[docs]</a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">content</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd">        Saves new content to the file specified by name. The content should be</span>
<span class="sd">        a proper File object or any python file-like object, ready to be read</span>
<span class="sd">        from the beginning.</span>
<span class="sd">        &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="c"># Get the proper name for the file, as it will actually be saved.</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">content</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span>

        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">hasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;chunks&#39;</span><span class="p">):</span>
            <span class="n">content</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">File</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content</span><span class="p">)</span>

        <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_available_name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">_save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">content</span><span class="p">)</span>

        <span class="c"># Store filenames with forward slashes, even on Windows</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">force_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;</span><span class="se">\\</span><span class="s">&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;/&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>

    <span class="c"># These methods are part of the public API, with default implementations.</span>
</div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="Storage.get_valid_name"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../../ref/files/storage.html#django.core.files.storage.Storage.get_valid_name">[docs]</a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_valid_name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd">        Returns a filename, based on the provided filename, that&#39;s suitable for</span>
<span class="sd">        use in the target storage system.</span>
<span class="sd">        &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">get_valid_filename</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
</div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="Storage.get_available_name"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../../ref/files/storage.html#django.core.files.storage.Storage.get_available_name">[docs]</a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_available_name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd">        Returns a filename that&#39;s free on the target storage system, and</span>
<span class="sd">        available for new content to be written to.</span>
<span class="sd">        &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="n">dir_name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">file_name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="n">file_root</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">file_ext</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">splitext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file_name</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="c"># If the filename already exists, add an underscore and a random 7</span>
        <span class="c"># character alphanumeric string (before the file extension, if one</span>
        <span class="c"># exists) to the filename until the generated filename doesn&#39;t exist.</span>
        <span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
            <span class="c"># file_ext includes the dot.</span>
            <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dir_name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">_</span><span class="si">%s%s</span><span class="s">&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file_root</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">get_random_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">file_ext</span><span class="p">))</span>

        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">name</span>
</div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="Storage.path"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../../ref/files/storage.html#django.core.files.storage.Storage.path">[docs]</a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd">        Returns a local filesystem path where the file can be retrieved using</span>
<span class="sd">        Python&#39;s built-in open() function. Storage systems that can&#39;t be</span>
<span class="sd">        accessed using open() should *not* implement this method.</span>
<span class="sd">        &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;This backend doesn&#39;t support absolute paths.&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>

    <span class="c"># The following methods form the public API for storage systems, but with</span>
    <span class="c"># no default implementations. Subclasses must implement *all* of these.</span>
</div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="Storage.delete"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../../ref/files/storage.html#django.core.files.storage.Storage.delete">[docs]</a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd">        Deletes the specified file from the storage system.</span>
<span class="sd">        &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">()</span>
</div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="Storage.exists"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../../ref/files/storage.html#django.core.files.storage.Storage.exists">[docs]</a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd">        Returns True if a file referened by the given name already exists in the</span>
<span class="sd">        storage system, or False if the name is available for a new file.</span>
<span class="sd">        &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">()</span>
</div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="Storage.listdir"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../../ref/files/storage.html#django.core.files.storage.Storage.listdir">[docs]</a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">listdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">path</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd">        Lists the contents of the specified path, returning a 2-tuple of lists;</span>
<span class="sd">        the first item being directories, the second item being files.</span>
<span class="sd">        &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">()</span>
</div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="Storage.size"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../../ref/files/storage.html#django.core.files.storage.Storage.size">[docs]</a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">size</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd">        Returns the total size, in bytes, of the file specified by name.</span>
<span class="sd">        &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">()</span>
</div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="Storage.url"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../../ref/files/storage.html#django.core.files.storage.Storage.url">[docs]</a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd">        Returns an absolute URL where the file&#39;s contents can be accessed</span>
<span class="sd">        directly by a Web browser.</span>
<span class="sd">        &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">()</span>
</div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="Storage.accessed_time"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../../ref/files/storage.html#django.core.files.storage.Storage.accessed_time">[docs]</a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">accessed_time</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd">        Returns the last accessed time (as datetime object) of the file</span>
<span class="sd">        specified by name.</span>
<span class="sd">        &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">()</span>
</div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="Storage.created_time"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../../ref/files/storage.html#django.core.files.storage.Storage.created_time">[docs]</a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">created_time</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd">        Returns the creation time (as datetime object) of the file</span>
<span class="sd">        specified by name.</span>
<span class="sd">        &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">()</span>
</div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="Storage.modified_time"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../../ref/files/storage.html#django.core.files.storage.Storage.modified_time">[docs]</a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">modified_time</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd">        Returns the last modified time (as datetime object) of the file</span>
<span class="sd">        specified by name.</span>
<span class="sd">        &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">()</span>
</div></div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="FileSystemStorage"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../../ref/files/storage.html#django.core.files.storage.FileSystemStorage">[docs]</a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">FileSystemStorage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Storage</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd">    Standard filesystem storage</span>
<span class="sd">    &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">location</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">base_url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">location</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="n">location</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MEDIA_ROOT</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">base_location</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">location</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">location</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">abspathu</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">base_location</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">base_url</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="n">base_url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MEDIA_URL</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">base_url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">base_url</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">_open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mode</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;rb&#39;</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">File</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">mode</span><span class="p">))</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">_save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">content</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="n">full_path</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>

        <span class="c"># Create any intermediate directories that do not exist.</span>
        <span class="c"># Note that there is a race between os.path.exists and os.makedirs:</span>
        <span class="c"># if os.makedirs fails with EEXIST, the directory was created</span>
        <span class="c"># concurrently, and we can continue normally. Refs #16082.</span>
        <span class="n">directory</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dirname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">full_path</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">directory</span><span class="p">):</span>
            <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
                <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">makedirs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">directory</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">OSError</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">:</span>
                <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">errno</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">errno</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">EEXIST</span><span class="p">:</span>
                    <span class="k">raise</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">directory</span><span class="p">):</span>
            <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">IOError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s"> exists and is not a directory.&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">directory</span><span class="p">)</span>

        <span class="c"># There&#39;s a potential race condition between get_available_name and</span>
        <span class="c"># saving the file; it&#39;s possible that two threads might return the</span>
        <span class="c"># same name, at which point all sorts of fun happens. So we need to</span>
        <span class="c"># try to create the file, but if it already exists we have to go back</span>
        <span class="c"># to get_available_name() and try again.</span>

        <span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
                <span class="c"># This file has a file path that we can move.</span>
                <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">hasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;temporary_file_path&#39;</span><span class="p">):</span>
                    <span class="n">file_move_safe</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">temporary_file_path</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">full_path</span><span class="p">)</span>
                    <span class="n">content</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>

                <span class="c"># This is a normal uploadedfile that we can stream.</span>
                <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
                    <span class="c"># This fun binary flag incantation makes os.open throw an</span>
                    <span class="c"># OSError if the file already exists before we open it.</span>
                    <span class="n">flags</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">O_WRONLY</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">O_CREAT</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">O_EXCL</span> <span class="o">|</span>
                             <span class="nb">getattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;O_BINARY&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">))</span>
                    <span class="c"># The current umask value is masked out by os.open!</span>
                    <span class="n">fd</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">full_path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">flags</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="n">o666</span><span class="p">)</span>
                    <span class="n">_file</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
                    <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
                        <span class="n">locks</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">locks</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">LOCK_EX</span><span class="p">)</span>
                        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">chunk</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">content</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">chunks</span><span class="p">():</span>
                            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">_file</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
                                <span class="n">mode</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;wb&#39;</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">chunk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">bytes</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="s">&#39;wt&#39;</span>
                                <span class="n">_file</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fdopen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mode</span><span class="p">)</span>
                            <span class="n">_file</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">chunk</span><span class="p">)</span>
                    <span class="k">finally</span><span class="p">:</span>
                        <span class="n">locks</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">unlock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">)</span>
                        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">_file</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
                            <span class="n">_file</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
                        <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
                            <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">OSError</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">:</span>
                <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">errno</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">errno</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">EEXIST</span><span class="p">:</span>
                    <span class="c"># Ooops, the file exists. We need a new file name.</span>
                    <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_available_name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
                    <span class="n">full_path</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
                <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
                    <span class="k">raise</span>
            <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
                <span class="c"># OK, the file save worked. Break out of the loop.</span>
                <span class="k">break</span>

        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">FILE_UPLOAD_PERMISSIONS</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">chmod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">full_path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">FILE_UPLOAD_PERMISSIONS</span><span class="p">)</span>

        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">name</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;The name argument is not allowed to be empty.&quot;</span>
        <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="c"># If the file exists, delete it from the filesystem.</span>
        <span class="c"># Note that there is a race between os.path.exists and os.remove:</span>
        <span class="c"># if os.remove fails with ENOENT, the file was removed</span>
        <span class="c"># concurrently, and we can continue normally.</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
            <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
                <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">OSError</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">:</span>
                <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">errno</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">errno</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ENOENT</span><span class="p">:</span>
                    <span class="k">raise</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">))</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">listdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">path</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="n">path</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="n">directories</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">files</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[],</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">entry</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">):</span>
            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">entry</span><span class="p">)):</span>
                <span class="n">directories</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">entry</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
                <span class="n">files</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">entry</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">directories</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">files</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="n">path</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">safe_join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">location</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">SuspiciousFileOperation</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Attempted access to &#39;</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">&#39; denied.&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">normpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">)</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">size</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getsize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">))</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">base_url</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;This file is not accessible via a URL.&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">urljoin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">base_url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filepath_to_uri</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">))</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">accessed_time</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fromtimestamp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getatime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)))</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">created_time</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fromtimestamp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getctime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)))</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">modified_time</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fromtimestamp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getmtime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)))</span>
</div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="get_storage_class"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../../ref/files/storage.html#django.core.files.storage.get_storage_class">[docs]</a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_storage_class</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">import_path</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">import_by_path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">import_path</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DEFAULT_FILE_STORAGE</span><span class="p">)</span>
</div>
<div class="viewcode-block" id="DefaultStorage"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../../../../ref/files/storage.html#django.core.files.storage.DefaultStorage">[docs]</a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">DefaultStorage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LazyObject</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">_setup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">_wrapped</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_storage_class</span><span class="p">()()</span>
</div>
<span class="n">default_storage</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">DefaultStorage</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>

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