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<HTML
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>The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide</TITLE
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><DIV
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><H1
CLASS="TITLE"
><A
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>The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide</H1
><SPAN
CLASS="COLLAB"
><SPAN
CLASS="COLLABNAME"
>Peter Jay Salzman</SPAN
><BR></SPAN
><SPAN
CLASS="COLLAB"
><SPAN
CLASS="COLLABNAME"
>Michael Burian</SPAN
><BR></SPAN
><SPAN
CLASS="COLLAB"
><SPAN
CLASS="COLLABNAME"
>Ori Pomerantz</SPAN
><BR></SPAN
><P
CLASS="COPYRIGHT"
>Copyright &copy; 2001 Peter Jay Salzman</P
><DIV
CLASS="LEGALNOTICE"
><A
NAME="AEN16"
></A
><P
></P
><P
>The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide is a free book; you may reproduce and/or modify it under the terms of the
			Open Software License, version 1.1.  You can obtain a copy of this license at <A
HREF="http://opensource.org/licenses/osl.php"
TARGET="_top"
>http://opensource.org/licenses/osl.php</A
>.</P
><P
>This book is distributed in the hope it will be useful, but without any warranty, without even the implied warranty
			of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.</P
><P
>The author encourages wide distribution of this book for personal or commercial use, provided the above copyright
			notice remains intact and the method adheres to the provisions of the Open Software License.  In summary, you may copy and
			distribute this book free of charge or for a profit.  No explicit permission is required from the author for reproduction
			of this book in any medium, physical or electronic.</P
><P
>Derivative works and translations of this document must be placed under the Open Software License, and the original
			copyright notice must remain intact.  If you have contributed new material to this book, you must make the material and
			source code available for your revisions.  Please make revisions and updates available directly to the document
			maintainer, Peter Jay Salzman <TT
CLASS="EMAIL"
>&#60;<A
HREF="mailto:p@dirac.org"
>p@dirac.org</A
>&#62;</TT
>.  This will allow for the merging of updates and provide
			consistent revisions to the Linux community.</P
><P
>If you publish or distribute this book commercially, donations, royalties, and/or printed copies are greatly
			appreciated by the author and the <A
HREF="http://www.tldp.org"
TARGET="_top"
>Linux Documentation Project</A
> (LDP).
			Contributing in this way shows your support for free software and the LDP.  If you have questions or comments, please
			contact the address above.</P
><P
></P
></DIV
><HR></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="TOC"
><DL
><DT
><B
>Table of Contents</B
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="f25.htm"
>Foreword</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="f25.htm#AEN27"
>Authorship</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x30.htm"
>Versioning and Notes</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x35.htm"
>Acknowledgements</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>1. <A
HREF="c43.htm"
>Introduction</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="c43.htm#AEN45"
>What Is A Kernel Module?</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x49.htm"
>How Do Modules Get Into The Kernel?</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="x49.htm#AEN127"
>Before We Begin</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DD
><DT
>2. <A
HREF="c147.htm"
>Hello World</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="c147.htm#AEN149"
>Hello, World (part 1): The Simplest Module</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="c147.htm#INTRODUCINGPRINTK"
>Introducing <TT
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>printk()</TT
></A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
><A
HREF="x209.htm"
>Compiling Kernel Modules</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x236.htm"
>Hello World (part 2)</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x264.htm"
>Hello World (part 3): The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>__init</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>__exit</TT
> Macros</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x298.htm"
>Hello World (part 4): Licensing and Module Documentation</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x333.htm"
>Passing Command Line Arguments to a Module</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x365.htm"
>Modules Spanning Multiple Files</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x419.htm"
>Building modules for a precompiled kernel</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>3. <A
HREF="c464.htm"
>Preliminaries</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="c464.htm#AEN466"
>Modules vs Programs</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="c464.htm#AEN468"
>How modules begin and end</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="c464.htm#AEN480"
>Functions available to modules</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="c464.htm#AEN517"
>User Space vs Kernel Space</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="c464.htm#AEN522"
>Name Space</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="c464.htm#AEN539"
>Code space</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="c464.htm#AEN561"
>Device Drivers</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DD
><DT
>4. <A
HREF="c606.htm"
>Character Device Files</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="c606.htm#AEN608"
>Character Device Drivers</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="c606.htm#AEN613"
>The <SPAN
CLASS="TYPE"
>file_operations</SPAN
> Structure</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="c606.htm#AEN638"
>The <SPAN
CLASS="TYPE"
>file</SPAN
> structure</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="c606.htm#AEN660"
>Registering A Device</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="c606.htm#AEN690"
>Unregistering A Device</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="c606.htm#AEN719"
>chardev.c</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="c606.htm#AEN730"
>Writing Modules for Multiple Kernel Versions</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DD
><DT
>5. <A
HREF="c745.htm"
>The /proc File System</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="c745.htm#AEN747"
>The /proc File System</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>6. <A
HREF="c792.htm"
>Using /proc For Input</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="c792.htm#AEN794"
>Using /proc For Input</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>7. <A
HREF="c883.htm"
>Talking To Device Files</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="c883.htm#AEN885"
>Talking to Device Files (writes and IOCTLs)}</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>8. <A
HREF="c969.htm"
>System Calls</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="c969.htm#AEN971"
>System Calls</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>9. <A
HREF="c1043.htm"
>Blocking Processes</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="c1043.htm#AEN1045"
>Blocking Processes</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="c1043.htm#AEN1052"
>Enter Sandman</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DD
><DT
>10. <A
HREF="c1146.htm"
>Replacing Printks</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="c1146.htm#AEN1148"
>Replacing <TT
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>printk</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x1181.htm"
>Flashing keyboard LEDs</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>11. <A
HREF="c1196.htm"
>Scheduling Tasks</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="c1196.htm#AEN1198"
>Scheduling Tasks</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>12. <A
HREF="c1256.htm"
>Interrupt Handlers</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="c1256.htm#AEN1258"
>Interrupt Handlers</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="c1256.htm#AEN1265"
>Interrupt Handlers</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="c1256.htm#KEYBOARD"
>Keyboards on the Intel Architecture</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DD
><DT
>13. <A
HREF="c1343.htm"
>Symmetric Multi Processing</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="c1343.htm#AEN1345"
>Symmetrical Multi-Processing</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>14. <A
HREF="c1369.htm"
>Common Pitfalls</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="c1369.htm#AEN1371"
>Common Pitfalls</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>A. <A
HREF="a1406.htm"
>Changes: 2.0 To 2.2</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="a1406.htm#AEN1408"
>Changes between 2.0 and 2.2</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="a1406.htm#AEN1415"
>Changes between 2.0 and 2.2</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DD
><DT
>B. <A
HREF="a1535.htm"
>Where To Go From Here</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="a1535.htm#AEN1537"
>Where From Here?</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
><A
HREF="i1544.htm"
>Index</A
></DT
></DL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="LOT"
><DL
CLASS="LOT"
><DT
><B
>List of Examples</B
></DT
><DT
>2-1. <A
HREF="c147.htm#AEN156"
>hello-1.c</A
></DT
><DT
>2-2. <A
HREF="x209.htm#AEN217"
>Makefile for a basic kernel module</A
></DT
><DT
>2-3. <A
HREF="x236.htm#AEN251"
>hello-2.c</A
></DT
><DT
>2-4. <A
HREF="x236.htm#AEN256"
>Makefile for both our modules</A
></DT
><DT
>2-5. <A
HREF="x264.htm#AEN294"
>hello-3.c</A
></DT
><DT
>2-6. <A
HREF="x298.htm#AEN329"
>hello-4.c</A
></DT
><DT
>2-7. <A
HREF="x333.htm#AEN359"
>hello-5.c</A
></DT
><DT
>2-8. <A
HREF="x365.htm#AEN402"
>start.c</A
></DT
><DT
>2-9. <A
HREF="x365.htm#AEN410"
>stop.c</A
></DT
><DT
>2-10. <A
HREF="x365.htm#AEN415"
>Makefile</A
></DT
><DT
>4-1. <A
HREF="c606.htm#AEN726"
>chardev.c</A
></DT
><DT
>5-1. <A
HREF="c745.htm#AEN788"
>procfs.c</A
></DT
><DT
>6-1. <A
HREF="c792.htm#AEN875"
>procfs.c</A
></DT
><DT
>7-1. <A
HREF="c883.htm#AEN944"
>chardev.c</A
></DT
><DT
>7-2. <A
HREF="c883.htm#AEN952"
>chardev.h</A
></DT
><DT
>7-3. <A
HREF="c883.htm#AEN965"
>ioctl.c</A
></DT
><DT
>8-1. <A
HREF="c969.htm#AEN1039"
>syscall.c</A
></DT
><DT
>9-1. <A
HREF="c1043.htm#AEN1142"
>sleep.c</A
></DT
><DT
>10-1. <A
HREF="c1146.htm#AEN1177"
>print_string.c</A
></DT
><DT
>10-2. <A
HREF="x1181.htm#AEN1188"
>kbleds.c</A
></DT
><DT
>11-1. <A
HREF="c1196.htm#AEN1252"
>sched.c</A
></DT
><DT
>12-1. <A
HREF="c1256.htm#AEN1339"
>intrpt.c</A
></DT
></DL
></DIV
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