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<div class="section" id="s-module-django.utils">
<span id="s-django-utils"></span><span id="module-django.utils"></span><span id="django-utils"></span><h1>Django Utils<a class="headerlink" href="#module-django.utils" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>This document covers all stable modules in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.utils</span></tt>. Most of the
modules in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.utils</span></tt> are designed for internal use and only the
following parts can be considered stable and thus backwards compatible as per
the <a class="reference internal" href="../internals/release-process.html#internal-release-deprecation-policy"><em>internal release deprecation policy</em></a>.</p>
<div class="section" id="s-module-django.utils.cache">
<span id="s-django-utils-cache"></span><span id="module-django.utils.cache"></span><span id="django-utils-cache"></span><h2><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.utils.cache</span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#module-django.utils.cache" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>This module contains helper functions for controlling caching. It does so by
managing the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Vary</span></tt> header of responses. It includes functions to patch the
header of response objects directly and decorators that change functions to do
that header-patching themselves.</p>
<p>For information on the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Vary</span></tt> header, see <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616.html#section-14.44"><strong>RFC 2616</strong></a> section
14.44.</p>
<p>Essentially, the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Vary</span></tt> HTTP header defines which headers a cache should take
into account when building its cache key. Requests with the same path but
different header content for headers named in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Vary</span></tt> need to get different
cache keys to prevent delivery of wrong content.</p>
<p>For example, <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/i18n/index.html"><em>internationalization</em></a> middleware would need
to distinguish caches by the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Accept-language</span></tt> header.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.cache.patch_cache_control">
<tt class="descname">patch_cache_control</tt>(<em>response</em>, <em>**kwargs</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.cache.patch_cache_control" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This function patches the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Cache-Control</span></tt> header by adding all keyword
arguments to it. The transformation is as follows:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>All keyword parameter names are turned to lowercase, and underscores
are converted to hyphens.</li>
<li>If the value of a parameter is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> (exactly <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>, not just a
true value), only the parameter name is added to the header.</li>
<li>All other parameters are added with their value, after applying
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">str()</span></tt> to it.</li>
</ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.cache.get_max_age">
<tt class="descname">get_max_age</tt>(<em>response</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.cache.get_max_age" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the max-age from the response Cache-Control header as an integer
(or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> if it wasn’t found or wasn’t an integer).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.cache.patch_response_headers">
<tt class="descname">patch_response_headers</tt>(<em>response</em>, <em>cache_timeout=None</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.cache.patch_response_headers" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Adds some useful headers to the given <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HttpResponse</span></tt> object:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ETag</span></tt></li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Last-Modified</span></tt></li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Expires</span></tt></li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Cache-Control</span></tt></li>
</ul>
<p>Each header is only added if it isn’t already set.</p>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cache_timeout</span></tt> is in seconds. The <a class="reference internal" href="settings.html#std:setting-CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_SECONDS"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_SECONDS</span></tt></a>
setting is used by default.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.cache.add_never_cache_headers">
<tt class="descname">add_never_cache_headers</tt>(<em>response</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.cache.add_never_cache_headers" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Adds headers to a response to indicate that a page should never be cached.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.cache.patch_vary_headers">
<tt class="descname">patch_vary_headers</tt>(<em>response</em>, <em>newheaders</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.cache.patch_vary_headers" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Adds (or updates) the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Vary</span></tt> header in the given <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HttpResponse</span></tt> object.
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">newheaders</span></tt> is a list of header names that should be in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Vary</span></tt>.
Existing headers in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Vary</span></tt> aren’t removed.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.cache.get_cache_key">
<tt class="descname">get_cache_key</tt>(<em>request</em>, <em>key_prefix=None</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.cache.get_cache_key" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns a cache key based on the request path. It can be used in the
request phase because it pulls the list of headers to take into account
from the global path registry and uses those to build a cache key to
check against.</p>
<p>If there is no headerlist stored, the page needs to be rebuilt, so this
function returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.cache.learn_cache_key">
<tt class="descname">learn_cache_key</tt>(<em>request</em>, <em>response</em>, <em>cache_timeout=None</em>, <em>key_prefix=None</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.cache.learn_cache_key" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Learns what headers to take into account for some request path from the
response object. It stores those headers in a global path registry so that
later access to that path will know what headers to take into account
without building the response object itself. The headers are named in
the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Vary</span></tt> header of the response, but we want to prevent response
generation.</p>
<p>The list of headers to use for cache key generation is stored in the same
cache as the pages themselves. If the cache ages some data out of the
cache, this just means that we have to build the response once to get at
the Vary header and so at the list of headers to use for the cache key.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-module-django.utils.datastructures">
<span id="s-django-utils-datastructures"></span><span id="module-django.utils.datastructures"></span><span id="django-utils-datastructures"></span><h2><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.utils.datastructures</span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#module-django.utils.datastructures" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.utils.datastructures.SortedDict">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">SortedDict</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.datastructures.SortedDict" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.datastructures.SortedDict" title="django.utils.datastructures.SortedDict"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.utils.datastructures.SortedDict</span></tt></a> class is a dictionary
that keeps its keys in the order in which they’re inserted.
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SortedDict</span></tt> adds two additional methods to the standard Python <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict</span></tt>
class:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.utils.datastructures.SortedDict.insert">
<tt class="descname">insert</tt>(<em>index</em>, <em>key</em>, <em>value</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.datastructures.SortedDict.insert" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
<span class="title">Deprecated in Django 1.5.</span> </div>
<p>Inserts the key, value pair before the item with the given index.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.utils.datastructures.SortedDict.value_for_index">
<tt class="descname">value_for_index</tt>(<em>index</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.datastructures.SortedDict.value_for_index" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
<span class="title">Deprecated in Django 1.5.</span> </div>
<p>Returns the value of the item at the given zero-based index.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<div class="section" id="s-creating-a-new-sorteddict">
<span id="creating-a-new-sorteddict"></span><h3>Creating a new SortedDict<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-a-new-sorteddict" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Creating a new <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SortedDict</span></tt> must be done in a way where ordering is
guaranteed. For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">SortedDict</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="s">'b'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'a'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'c'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">})</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>will not work. Passing in a basic Python <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict</span></tt> could produce unreliable
results. Instead do:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">SortedDict</span><span class="p">([(</span><span class="s">'b'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'a'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'c'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)])</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-django-utils-dateparse">
<span id="django-utils-dateparse"></span><h2><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.utils.dateparse</span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#django-utils-dateparse" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="versionadded">
<span class="title">New in Django 1.4.</span> </div>
<span class="target" id="module-django.utils.dateparse"></span><p>The functions defined in this module share the following properties:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>They raise <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2.7/library/exceptions.html#exceptions.ValueError" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></tt></a> if their input is well formatted but
isn’t a valid date or time.</li>
<li>They return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> if it isn’t well formatted at all.</li>
<li>They accept up to picosecond resolution in input, but they truncate it to
microseconds, since that’s what Python supports.</li>
</ul>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.dateparse.parse_date">
<tt class="descname">parse_date</tt>(<em>value</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.dateparse.parse_date" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Parses a string and returns a <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2.7/library/datetime.html#datetime.date" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime.date</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.dateparse.parse_time">
<tt class="descname">parse_time</tt>(<em>value</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.dateparse.parse_time" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Parses a string and returns a <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2.7/library/datetime.html#datetime.time" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime.time</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>UTC offsets aren’t supported; if <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value</span></tt> describes one, the result is
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.dateparse.parse_datetime">
<tt class="descname">parse_datetime</tt>(<em>value</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.dateparse.parse_datetime" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Parses a string and returns a <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2.7/library/datetime.html#datetime.datetime" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime.datetime</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>UTC offsets are supported; if <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value</span></tt> describes one, the result’s
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tzinfo</span></tt> attribute is a <a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.tzinfo.FixedOffset" title="django.utils.tzinfo.FixedOffset"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">FixedOffset</span></tt></a>
instance.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-module-django.utils.decorators">
<span id="s-django-utils-decorators"></span><span id="module-django.utils.decorators"></span><span id="django-utils-decorators"></span><h2><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.utils.decorators</span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#module-django.utils.decorators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.decorators.method_decorator">
<tt class="descname">method_decorator</tt>(<em>decorator</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.decorators.method_decorator" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Converts a function decorator into a method decorator. See <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/class-based-views/intro.html#id1"><em>decorating
class based views</em></a> for example usage.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.decorators.decorator_from_middleware">
<tt class="descname">decorator_from_middleware</tt>(<em>middleware_class</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.decorators.decorator_from_middleware" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Given a middleware class, returns a view decorator. This lets you use
middleware functionality on a per-view basis. The middleware is created
with no params passed.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.decorators.decorator_from_middleware_with_args">
<tt class="descname">decorator_from_middleware_with_args</tt>(<em>middleware_class</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.decorators.decorator_from_middleware_with_args" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Like <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator_from_middleware</span></tt>, but returns a function
that accepts the arguments to be passed to the middleware_class.
For example, the <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/cache.html#django.views.decorators.cache.cache_page" title="django.views.decorators.cache.cache_page"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">cache_page()</span></tt></a>
decorator is created from the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CacheMiddleware</span></tt> like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">cache_page</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">decorator_from_middleware_with_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CacheMiddleware</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nd">@cache_page</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3600</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">my_view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-module-django.utils.encoding">
<span id="s-django-utils-encoding"></span><span id="module-django.utils.encoding"></span><span id="django-utils-encoding"></span><h2><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.utils.encoding</span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#module-django.utils.encoding" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.utils.encoding.StrAndUnicode">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">StrAndUnicode</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.encoding.StrAndUnicode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A class that derives <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__str__</span></tt> from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__unicode__</span></tt>.</p>
<p>On Python 2, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__str__</span></tt> returns the output of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__unicode__</span></tt> encoded as
a UTF-8 bytestring. On Python 3, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__str__</span></tt> returns the output of
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__unicode__</span></tt>.</p>
<p>Useful as a mix-in. If you support Python 2 and 3 with a single code base,
you can inherit this mix-in and just define <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__unicode__</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.encoding.python_2_unicode_compatible">
<tt class="descname">python_2_unicode_compatible</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.encoding.python_2_unicode_compatible" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A decorator that defines <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__unicode__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__str__</span></tt> methods under
Python 2. Under Python 3 it does nothing.</p>
<p>To support Python 2 and 3 with a single code base, define a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__str__</span></tt>
method returning text and apply this decorator to the class.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.encoding.smart_text">
<tt class="descname">smart_text</tt>(<em>s</em>, <em>encoding='utf-8'</em>, <em>strings_only=False</em>, <em>errors='strict'</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.encoding.smart_text" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="versionadded">
<span class="title">New in Django 1.5.</span> </div>
<p>Returns a text object representing <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s</span></tt> – <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> on Python 2 and
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> on Python 3. Treats bytestrings using the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">encoding</span></tt> codec.</p>
<p>If <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strings_only</span></tt> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>, don’t convert (some) non-string-like
objects.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.encoding.smart_unicode">
<tt class="descname">smart_unicode</tt>(<em>s</em>, <em>encoding='utf-8'</em>, <em>strings_only=False</em>, <em>errors='strict'</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.encoding.smart_unicode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Historical name of <a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.encoding.smart_text" title="django.utils.encoding.smart_text"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">smart_text()</span></tt></a>. Only available under Python 2.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.encoding.is_protected_type">
<tt class="descname">is_protected_type</tt>(<em>obj</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.encoding.is_protected_type" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Determine if the object instance is of a protected type.</p>
<p>Objects of protected types are preserved as-is when passed to
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">force_text(strings_only=True)</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.encoding.force_text">
<tt class="descname">force_text</tt>(<em>s</em>, <em>encoding='utf-8'</em>, <em>strings_only=False</em>, <em>errors='strict'</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.encoding.force_text" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="versionadded">
<span class="title">New in Django 1.5.</span> </div>
<p>Similar to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">smart_text</span></tt>, except that lazy instances are resolved to
strings, rather than kept as lazy objects.</p>
<p>If <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strings_only</span></tt> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>, don’t convert (some) non-string-like
objects.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.encoding.force_unicode">
<tt class="descname">force_unicode</tt>(<em>s</em>, <em>encoding='utf-8'</em>, <em>strings_only=False</em>, <em>errors='strict'</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.encoding.force_unicode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Historical name of <a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.encoding.force_text" title="django.utils.encoding.force_text"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">force_text()</span></tt></a>. Only available under Python 2.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.encoding.smart_bytes">
<tt class="descname">smart_bytes</tt>(<em>s</em>, <em>encoding='utf-8'</em>, <em>strings_only=False</em>, <em>errors='strict'</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.encoding.smart_bytes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="versionadded">
<span class="title">New in Django 1.5.</span> </div>
<p>Returns a bytestring version of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s</span></tt>, encoded as specified in
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">encoding</span></tt>.</p>
<p>If <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strings_only</span></tt> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>, don’t convert (some) non-string-like
objects.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.encoding.force_bytes">
<tt class="descname">force_bytes</tt>(<em>s</em>, <em>encoding='utf-8'</em>, <em>strings_only=False</em>, <em>errors='strict'</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.encoding.force_bytes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="versionadded">
<span class="title">New in Django 1.5.</span> </div>
<p>Similar to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">smart_bytes</span></tt>, except that lazy instances are resolved to
bytestrings, rather than kept as lazy objects.</p>
<p>If <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strings_only</span></tt> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>, don’t convert (some) non-string-like
objects.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.encoding.smart_str">
<tt class="descname">smart_str</tt>(<em>s</em>, <em>encoding='utf-8'</em>, <em>strings_only=False</em>, <em>errors='strict'</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.encoding.smart_str" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Alias of <a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.encoding.smart_bytes" title="django.utils.encoding.smart_bytes"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">smart_bytes()</span></tt></a> on Python 2 and <a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.encoding.smart_text" title="django.utils.encoding.smart_text"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">smart_text()</span></tt></a> on Python
3. This function returns a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> or a lazy string.</p>
<p>For instance, this is suitable for writing to <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2.7/library/sys.html#sys.stdout" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></tt></a> on
Python 2 and 3.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.encoding.force_str">
<tt class="descname">force_str</tt>(<em>s</em>, <em>encoding='utf-8'</em>, <em>strings_only=False</em>, <em>errors='strict'</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.encoding.force_str" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Alias of <a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.encoding.force_bytes" title="django.utils.encoding.force_bytes"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">force_bytes()</span></tt></a> on Python 2 and <a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.encoding.force_text" title="django.utils.encoding.force_text"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">force_text()</span></tt></a> on Python
3. This function always returns a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.encoding.iri_to_uri">
<tt class="descname">iri_to_uri</tt>(<em>iri</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.encoding.iri_to_uri" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert an Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) portion to a URI
portion that is suitable for inclusion in a URL.</p>
<p>This is the algorithm from section 3.1 of <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3987.html#section-3.1"><strong>RFC 3987</strong></a>. However,
since we are assuming input is either UTF-8 or unicode already, we can
simplify things a little from the full method.</p>
<p>Returns an ASCII string containing the encoded result.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.encoding.filepath_to_uri">
<tt class="descname">filepath_to_uri</tt>(<em>path</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.encoding.filepath_to_uri" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert a file system path to a URI portion that is suitable for inclusion
in a URL. The path is assumed to be either UTF-8 or unicode.</p>
<p>This method will encode certain characters that would normally be
recognized as special characters for URIs. Note that this method does not
encode the ‘ character, as it is a valid character within URIs. See
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">encodeURIComponent()</span></tt> JavaScript function for more details.</p>
<p>Returns an ASCII string containing the encoded result.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-module-django.utils.feedgenerator">
<span id="s-django-utils-feedgenerator"></span><span id="module-django.utils.feedgenerator"></span><span id="django-utils-feedgenerator"></span><h2><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.utils.feedgenerator</span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#module-django.utils.feedgenerator" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Sample usage:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.utils</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">feedgenerator</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">feed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">feedgenerator</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Rss201rev2Feed</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">u"Poynter E-Media Tidbits"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">link</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">u"http://www.poynter.org/column.asp?id=31"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">description</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">u"A group Weblog by the sharpest minds in online media/journalism/publishing."</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">language</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">u"en"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">feed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_item</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"Hello"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">link</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">u"http://www.holovaty.com/test/"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">description</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"Testing."</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'test.rss'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'w'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">feed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'utf-8'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>For simplifying the selection of a generator use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">feedgenerator.DefaultFeed</span></tt>
which is currently <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Rss201rev2Feed</span></tt></p>
<p>For definitions of the different versions of RSS, see:
<a class="reference external" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110718035220/http://diveintomark.org/archives/2004/02/04/incompatible-rss">http://web.archive.org/web/20110718035220/http://diveintomark.org/archives/2004/02/04/incompatible-rss</a></p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.feedgenerator.get_tag_uri">
<tt class="descname">get_tag_uri</tt>(<em>url</em>, <em>date</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.feedgenerator.get_tag_uri" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Creates a TagURI.</p>
<p>See <a class="reference external" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110514113830/http://diveintomark.org/archives/2004/05/28/howto-atom-id">http://web.archive.org/web/20110514113830/http://diveintomark.org/archives/2004/05/28/howto-atom-id</a></p>
</dd></dl>
<div class="section" id="s-syndicationfeed">
<span id="syndicationfeed"></span><h3>SyndicationFeed<a class="headerlink" href="#syndicationfeed" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.utils.feedgenerator.SyndicationFeed">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">SyndicationFeed</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.feedgenerator.SyndicationFeed" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Base class for all syndication feeds. Subclasses should provide write().</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.utils.feedgenerator.SyndicationFeed.__init__">
<tt class="descname">__init__</tt>(<em>title</em>, <em>link</em>, <em>description</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>language=None</em>, <em>author_email=None</em>, <em>author_name=None</em>, <em>author_link=None</em>, <em>subtitle=None</em>, <em>categories=None</em>, <em>feed_url=None</em>, <em>feed_copyright=None</em>, <em>feed_guid=None</em>, <em>ttl=None</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><span class="optional">]</span>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.feedgenerator.SyndicationFeed.__init__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Initialize the feed with the given dictionary of metadata, which applies
to the entire feed.</p>
<p>Any extra keyword arguments you pass to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__init__</span></tt> will be stored in
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">self.feed</span></tt>.</p>
<p>All parameters should be Unicode objects, except <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">categories</span></tt>, which
should be a sequence of Unicode objects.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.utils.feedgenerator.SyndicationFeed.add_item">
<tt class="descname">add_item</tt>(<em>title</em>, <em>link</em>, <em>description</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>author_email=None</em>, <em>author_name=None</em>, <em>author_link=None</em>, <em>pubdate=None</em>, <em>comments=None</em>, <em>unique_id=None</em>, <em>enclosure=None</em>, <em>categories=()</em>, <em>item_copyright=None</em>, <em>ttl=None</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><span class="optional">]</span>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.feedgenerator.SyndicationFeed.add_item" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Adds an item to the feed. All args are expected to be Python <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt>
objects except <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pubdate</span></tt>, which is a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime.datetime</span></tt> object, and
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">enclosure</span></tt>, which is an instance of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Enclosure</span></tt> class.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.utils.feedgenerator.SyndicationFeed.num_items">
<tt class="descname">num_items</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.feedgenerator.SyndicationFeed.num_items" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.utils.feedgenerator.SyndicationFeed.root_attributes">
<tt class="descname">root_attributes</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.feedgenerator.SyndicationFeed.root_attributes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return extra attributes to place on the root (i.e. feed/channel)
element. Called from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">write()</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.utils.feedgenerator.SyndicationFeed.add_root_elements">
<tt class="descname">add_root_elements</tt>(<em>handler</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.feedgenerator.SyndicationFeed.add_root_elements" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Add elements in the root (i.e. feed/channel) element.
Called from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">write()</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.utils.feedgenerator.SyndicationFeed.item_attributes">
<tt class="descname">item_attributes</tt>(<em>item</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.feedgenerator.SyndicationFeed.item_attributes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return extra attributes to place on each item (i.e. item/entry)
element.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.utils.feedgenerator.SyndicationFeed.add_item_elements">
<tt class="descname">add_item_elements</tt>(<em>handler</em>, <em>item</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.feedgenerator.SyndicationFeed.add_item_elements" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Add elements on each item (i.e. item/entry) element.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.utils.feedgenerator.SyndicationFeed.write">
<tt class="descname">write</tt>(<em>outfile</em>, <em>encoding</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.feedgenerator.SyndicationFeed.write" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Outputs the feed in the given encoding to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">outfile</span></tt>, which is a
file-like object. Subclasses should override this.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.utils.feedgenerator.SyndicationFeed.writeString">
<tt class="descname">writeString</tt>(<em>encoding</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.feedgenerator.SyndicationFeed.writeString" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the feed in the given encoding as a string.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.utils.feedgenerator.SyndicationFeed.latest_post_date">
<tt class="descname">latest_post_date</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.feedgenerator.SyndicationFeed.latest_post_date" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the latest item’s <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pubdate</span></tt>. If none of them have a
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pubdate</span></tt>, this returns the current date/time.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-enclosure">
<span id="enclosure"></span><h3>Enclosure<a class="headerlink" href="#enclosure" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.utils.feedgenerator.Enclosure">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">Enclosure</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.feedgenerator.Enclosure" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Represents an RSS enclosure</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-rssfeed">
<span id="rssfeed"></span><h3>RssFeed<a class="headerlink" href="#rssfeed" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.utils.feedgenerator.RssFeed">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">RssFeed</tt>(<em>SyndicationFeed</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.feedgenerator.RssFeed" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-rss201rev2feed">
<span id="rss201rev2feed"></span><h3>Rss201rev2Feed<a class="headerlink" href="#rss201rev2feed" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.utils.feedgenerator.Rss201rev2Feed">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">Rss201rev2Feed</tt>(<em>RssFeed</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.feedgenerator.Rss201rev2Feed" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Spec: <a class="reference external" href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html">http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html</a></p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-rssuserland091feed">
<span id="rssuserland091feed"></span><h3>RssUserland091Feed<a class="headerlink" href="#rssuserland091feed" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.utils.feedgenerator.RssUserland091Feed">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">RssUserland091Feed</tt>(<em>RssFeed</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.feedgenerator.RssUserland091Feed" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Spec: <a class="reference external" href="http://backend.userland.com/rss091">http://backend.userland.com/rss091</a></p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-atom1feed">
<span id="atom1feed"></span><h3>Atom1Feed<a class="headerlink" href="#atom1feed" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.utils.feedgenerator.Atom1Feed">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">Atom1Feed</tt>(<em>SyndicationFeed</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.feedgenerator.Atom1Feed" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Spec: <a class="reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4287">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4287</a></p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-module-django.utils.functional">
<span id="s-django-utils-functional"></span><span id="module-django.utils.functional"></span><span id="django-utils-functional"></span><h2><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.utils.functional</span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#module-django.utils.functional" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.utils.functional.cached_property">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">cached_property</tt>(<em>object</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.functional.cached_property" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">@cached_property</span></tt> decorator caches the result of a method with a
single <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">self</span></tt> argument as a property. The cached result will persist
as long as the instance does, so if the instance is passed around and the
function subsequently invoked, the cached result will be returned.</p>
<p>Consider a typical case, where a view might need to call a model’s method
to perform some computation, before placing the model instance into the
context, where the template might invoke the method once more:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre># the model
class Person(models.Model):
def friends(self):
# expensive computation
...
return friends
# in the view:
if person.friends():
# in the template:
{% for friend in person.friends %}</pre>
</div>
<p>Here, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">friends()</span></tt> will be called twice. Since the instance <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">person</span></tt> in
the view and the template are the same, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">@cached_property</span></tt> can avoid
that:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.utils.functional</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">cached_property</span>
<span class="nd">@cached_property</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">friends</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="c"># expensive computation</span>
<span class="o">...</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">friends</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note that as the method is now a property, in Python code it will need to
be invoked appropriately:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre># in the view:
if person.friends:</pre>
</div>
<p>The cached value can be treated like an ordinary attribute of the instance:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># clear it, requiring re-computation next time it's called</span>
<span class="k">del</span> <span class="n">person</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">friends</span> <span class="c"># or delattr(person, "friends")</span>
<span class="c"># set a value manually, that will persist on the instance until cleared</span>
<span class="n">person</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">friends</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">"Huckleberry Finn"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Tom Sawyer"</span><span class="p">]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>As well as offering potential performance advantages, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">@cached_property</span></tt>
can ensure that an attribute’s value does not change unexpectedly over the
life of an instance. This could occur with a method whose computation is
based on <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime.now()</span></tt>, or simply if a change were saved to the
database by some other process in the brief interval between subsequent
invocations of a method on the same instance.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.functional.allow_lazy">
<tt class="descname">allow_lazy</tt>(<em>func</em>, <em>*resultclasses</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.functional.allow_lazy" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Django offers many utility functions (particularly in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.utils</span></tt>) that
take a string as their first argument and do something to that string. These
functions are used by template filters as well as directly in other code.</p>
<p>If you write your own similar functions and deal with translations, you’ll
face the problem of what to do when the first argument is a lazy translation
object. You don’t want to convert it to a string immediately, because you might
be using this function outside of a view (and hence the current thread’s locale
setting will not be correct).</p>
<p>For cases like this, use the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.utils.functional.allow_lazy()</span></tt>
decorator. It modifies the function so that <em>if</em> it’s called with a lazy
translation as the first argument, the function evaluation is delayed until it
needs to be converted to a string.</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.utils.functional</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">allow_lazy</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">fancy_utility_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="c"># Do some conversion on string 's'</span>
<span class="o">...</span>
<span class="n">fancy_utility_function</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">allow_lazy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fancy_utility_function</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">unicode</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">allow_lazy()</span></tt> decorator takes, in addition to the function to decorate,
a number of extra arguments (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">*args</span></tt>) specifying the type(s) that the
original function can return. Usually, it’s enough to include <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> here
and ensure that your function returns only Unicode strings.</p>
<p>Using this decorator means you can write your function and assume that the
input is a proper string, then add support for lazy translation objects at the
end.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-module-django.utils.html">
<span id="s-django-utils-html"></span><span id="module-django.utils.html"></span><span id="django-utils-html"></span><h2><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.utils.html</span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#module-django.utils.html" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Usually you should build up HTML using Django’s templates to make use of its
autoescape mechanism, using the utilities in <a class="reference internal" href="#module-django.utils.safestring" title="django.utils.safestring: Functions and classes for working with strings that can be displayed safely without further escaping in HTML."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.utils.safestring</span></tt></a>
where appropriate. This module provides some additional low level utilitiesfor
escaping HTML.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.html.escape">
<tt class="descname">escape</tt>(<em>text</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.html.escape" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the given text with ampersands, quotes and angle brackets encoded
for use in HTML. The input is first passed through
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.encoding.force_text" title="django.utils.encoding.force_text"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">force_text()</span></tt></a> and the output has
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.safestring.mark_safe" title="django.utils.safestring.mark_safe"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">mark_safe()</span></tt></a> applied.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.html.conditional_escape">
<tt class="descname">conditional_escape</tt>(<em>text</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.html.conditional_escape" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Similar to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">escape()</span></tt>, except that it doesn’t operate on pre-escaped strings,
so it will not double escape.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.html.format_html">
<tt class="descname">format_html</tt>(<em>format_string</em>, <em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.html.format_html" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is similar to <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#str.format">str.format</a>, except that it is appropriate for
building up HTML fragments. All args and kwargs are passed through
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.html.conditional_escape" title="django.utils.html.conditional_escape"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">conditional_escape()</span></tt></a> before being passed to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">str.format</span></tt>.</p>
<p>For the case of building up small HTML fragments, this function is to be
preferred over string interpolation using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">str.format</span></tt> directly,
because it applies escaping to all arguments - just like the Template system
applies escaping by default.</p>
<p>So, instead of writing:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">mark_safe</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">u"</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s"> <b></span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s"></b> </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_html</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">escape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_text</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="n">escape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_text</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>you should instead use:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">format_html</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">u"%{0} <b>{1}</b> {2}"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">mark_safe</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_html</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">some_text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_other_text</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This has the advantage that you don’t need to apply <a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.html.escape" title="django.utils.html.escape"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">escape()</span></tt></a> to each
argument and risk a bug and an XSS vulnerability if you forget one.</p>
<p>Note that although this function uses <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">str.format</span></tt> to do the
interpolation, some of the formatting options provided by <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#str.format">str.format</a>
(e.g. number formatting) will not work, since all arguments are passed
through <a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.html.conditional_escape" title="django.utils.html.conditional_escape"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">conditional_escape()</span></tt></a> which (ultimately) calls
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.encoding.force_text" title="django.utils.encoding.force_text"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">force_text()</span></tt></a> on the values.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.html.format_html_join">
<tt class="descname">format_html_join</tt>(<em>sep</em>, <em>format_string</em>, <em>args_generator</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.html.format_html_join" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A wrapper of <a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.html.format_html" title="django.utils.html.format_html"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">format_html()</span></tt></a>, for the common case of a group of
arguments that need to be formatted using the same format string, and then
joined using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sep</span></tt>. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sep</span></tt> is also passed through
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.html.conditional_escape" title="django.utils.html.conditional_escape"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">conditional_escape()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">args_generator</span></tt> should be an iterator that returns the sequence of
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">args</span></tt> that will be passed to <a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.html.format_html" title="django.utils.html.format_html"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">format_html()</span></tt></a>. For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">format_html_join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"<li>{0} {1}</li>"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="n">u</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first_name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">u</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">last_name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">u</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">users</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.html.strip_tags">
<tt class="descname">strip_tags</tt>(<em>value</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.html.strip_tags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Tries to remove anything that looks like an HTML tag from the string, that
is anything contained within <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><></span></tt>.</p>
<p>Absolutely NO guarantee is provided about the resulting string being
HTML safe. So NEVER mark safe the result of a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strip_tag</span></tt> call without
escaping it first, for example with <a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.html.escape" title="django.utils.html.escape"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">escape()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">strip_tags</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value</span></tt> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"<b>Joel</b></span> <span class="pre"><button>is</button></span> <span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre"><span>slug</span>"</span></tt>
the return value will be <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"Joel</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">slug"</span></tt>.</p>
<p>If you are looking for a more robust solution, take a look at the <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/bleach">bleach</a>
Python library.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.html.remove_tags">
<tt class="descname">remove_tags</tt>(<em>value</em>, <em>tags</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.html.remove_tags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Removes a space-separated list of [X]HTML tag names from the output.</p>
<p>Absolutely NO guarantee is provided about the resulting string being HTML
safe. In particular, it doesn’t work recursively, so the output of
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">remove_tags("<sc<script>ript>alert('XSS')</sc</script>ript>",</span> <span class="pre">"script")</span></tt>
won’t remove the “nested” script tags. So if the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value</span></tt> is untrusted,
NEVER mark safe the result of a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">remove_tags()</span></tt> call without escaping it
first, for example with <a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.html.escape" title="django.utils.html.escape"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">escape()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">remove_tags</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"b span"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value</span></tt> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"<b>Joel</b></span> <span class="pre"><button>is</button></span> <span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre"><span>slug</span>"</span></tt> the
return value will be <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"Joel</span> <span class="pre"><button>is</button></span> <span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">slug"</span></tt>.</p>
<p>Note that this filter is case-sensitive.</p>
<p>If <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value</span></tt> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"<B>Joel</B></span> <span class="pre"><button>is</button></span> <span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre"><span>slug</span>"</span></tt> the
return value will be <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"<B>Joel</B></span> <span class="pre"><button>is</button></span> <span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">slug"</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-module-django.utils.http">
<span id="s-django-utils-http"></span><span id="module-django.utils.http"></span><span id="django-utils-http"></span><h2><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.utils.http</span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#module-django.utils.http" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.http.urlquote">
<tt class="descname">urlquote</tt>(<em>url</em>, <em>safe='/'</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.http.urlquote" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A version of Python’s <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.quote()</span></tt> function that can operate on
unicode strings. The url is first UTF-8 encoded before quoting. The
returned string can safely be used as part of an argument to a subsequent
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">iri_to_uri()</span></tt> call without double-quoting occurring. Employs lazy
execution.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.http.urlquote_plus">
<tt class="descname">urlquote_plus</tt>(<em>url</em>, <em>safe=''</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.http.urlquote_plus" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A version of Python’s urllib.quote_plus() function that can operate on
unicode strings. The url is first UTF-8 encoded before quoting. The
returned string can safely be used as part of an argument to a subsequent
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">iri_to_uri()</span></tt> call without double-quoting occurring. Employs lazy
execution.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.http.urlencode">
<tt class="descname">urlencode</tt>(<em>query</em>, <em>doseq=0</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.http.urlencode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A version of Python’s urllib.urlencode() function that can operate on
unicode strings. The parameters are first case to UTF-8 encoded strings
and then encoded as per normal.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.http.cookie_date">
<tt class="descname">cookie_date</tt>(<em>epoch_seconds=None</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.http.cookie_date" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Formats the time to ensure compatibility with Netscape’s cookie standard.</p>
<p>Accepts a floating point number expressed in seconds since the epoch in
UTC–such as that outputted by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">time.time()</span></tt>. If set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>,
defaults to the current time.</p>
<p>Outputs a string in the format <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Wdy,</span> <span class="pre">DD-Mon-YYYY</span> <span class="pre">HH:MM:SS</span> <span class="pre">GMT</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.http.http_date">
<tt class="descname">http_date</tt>(<em>epoch_seconds=None</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.http.http_date" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Formats the time to match the <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1123.html"><strong>RFC 1123</strong></a> date format as specified by HTTP
<span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616.html#section-3.3.1"><strong>RFC 2616</strong></a> section 3.3.1.</p>
<p>Accepts a floating point number expressed in seconds since the epoch in
UTC–such as that outputted by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">time.time()</span></tt>. If set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>,
defaults to the current time.</p>
<p>Outputs a string in the format <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Wdy,</span> <span class="pre">DD</span> <span class="pre">Mon</span> <span class="pre">YYYY</span> <span class="pre">HH:MM:SS</span> <span class="pre">GMT</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.http.base36_to_int">
<tt class="descname">base36_to_int</tt>(<em>s</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.http.base36_to_int" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Converts a base 36 string to an integer. On Python 2 the output is
guaranteed to be an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">int</span></tt> and not a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">long</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.http.int_to_base36">
<tt class="descname">int_to_base36</tt>(<em>i</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.http.int_to_base36" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Converts a positive integer to a base 36 string. On Python 2 <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">i</span></tt> must be
smaller than <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2.7/library/sys.html#sys.maxint" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.maxint</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-module-django.utils.safestring">
<span id="s-django-utils-safestring"></span><span id="module-django.utils.safestring"></span><span id="django-utils-safestring"></span><h2><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.utils.safestring</span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#module-django.utils.safestring" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Functions and classes for working with “safe strings”: strings that can be
displayed safely without further escaping in HTML. Marking something as a “safe
string” means that the producer of the string has already turned characters
that should not be interpreted by the HTML engine (e.g. ‘<’) into the
appropriate entities.</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.utils.safestring.SafeBytes">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">SafeBytes</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.safestring.SafeBytes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="versionadded">
<span class="title">New in Django 1.5.</span> </div>
<p>A <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></tt> subclass that has been specifically marked as “safe”
(requires no further escaping) for HTML output purposes.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.utils.safestring.SafeString">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">SafeString</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.safestring.SafeString" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> subclass that has been specifically marked as “safe”
(requires no further escaping) for HTML output purposes. This is
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.safestring.SafeBytes" title="django.utils.safestring.SafeBytes"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">SafeBytes</span></tt></a> on Python 2 and <a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.safestring.SafeText" title="django.utils.safestring.SafeText"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">SafeText</span></tt></a> on Python 3.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.utils.safestring.SafeText">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">SafeText</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.safestring.SafeText" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="versionadded">
<span class="title">New in Django 1.5.</span> </div>
<p>A <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> (in Python 3) or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> (in Python 2) subclass
that has been specifically marked as “safe” for HTML output purposes.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.utils.safestring.SafeUnicode">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">SafeUnicode</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.safestring.SafeUnicode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Historical name of <a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.safestring.SafeText" title="django.utils.safestring.SafeText"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">SafeText</span></tt></a>. Only available under Python 2.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.safestring.mark_safe">
<tt class="descname">mark_safe</tt>(<em>s</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.safestring.mark_safe" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Explicitly mark a string as safe for (HTML) output purposes. The returned
object can be used everywhere a string or unicode object is appropriate.</p>
<p>Can be called multiple times on a single string.</p>
<p>String marked safe will become unsafe again if modified. For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mystr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'<b>Hello World</b> '</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mystr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mark_safe</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mystr</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mystr</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go"><class 'django.utils.safestring.SafeBytes'></span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mystr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mystr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strip</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c"># removing whitespace</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mystr</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go"><type 'str'></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.safestring.mark_for_escaping">
<tt class="descname">mark_for_escaping</tt>(<em>s</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.safestring.mark_for_escaping" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Explicitly mark a string as requiring HTML escaping upon output. Has no
effect on <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SafeData</span></tt> subclasses.</p>
<p>Can be called multiple times on a single string (the resulting escaping is
only applied once).</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-module-django.utils.text">
<span id="s-django-utils-text"></span><span id="module-django.utils.text"></span><span id="django-utils-text"></span><h2><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.utils.text</span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#module-django.utils.text" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.text.slugify">
<tt class="descname">slugify</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.text.slugify" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Converts to lowercase, removes non-word characters (alphanumerics and
underscores) and converts spaces to hyphens. Also strips leading and trailing
whitespace.</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">slugify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value</span></tt> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"Joel</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">slug"</span></tt>, the output will be <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"joel-is-a-slug"</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-module-django.utils.translation">
<span id="s-django-utils-translation"></span><span id="module-django.utils.translation"></span><span id="django-utils-translation"></span><h2><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.utils.translation</span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#module-django.utils.translation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>For a complete discussion on the usage of the following see the
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/i18n/translation.html"><em>translation documentation</em></a>.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.translation.gettext">
<tt class="descname">gettext</tt>(<em>message</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.translation.gettext" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Translates <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">message</span></tt> and returns it in a UTF-8 bytestring</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.translation.ugettext">
<tt class="descname">ugettext</tt>(<em>message</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.translation.ugettext" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Translates <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">message</span></tt> and returns it in a unicode string</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.translation.pgettext">
<tt class="descname">pgettext</tt>(<em>context</em>, <em>message</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.translation.pgettext" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Translates <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">message</span></tt> given the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">context</span></tt> and returns
it in a unicode string.</p>
<p>For more information, see <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/i18n/translation.html#contextual-markers"><em>Contextual markers</em></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.translation.gettext_lazy">
<tt class="descname">gettext_lazy</tt>(<em>message</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.translation.gettext_lazy" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.translation.ugettext_lazy">
<tt class="descname">ugettext_lazy</tt>(<em>message</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.translation.ugettext_lazy" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.translation.pgettext_lazy">
<tt class="descname">pgettext_lazy</tt>(<em>context</em>, <em>message</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.translation.pgettext_lazy" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Same as the non-lazy versions above, but using lazy execution.</p>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/i18n/translation.html#lazy-translations"><em>lazy translations documentation</em></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.translation.gettext_noop">
<tt class="descname">gettext_noop</tt>(<em>message</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.translation.gettext_noop" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.translation.ugettext_noop">
<tt class="descname">ugettext_noop</tt>(<em>message</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.translation.ugettext_noop" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Marks strings for translation but doesn’t translate them now. This can be
used to store strings in global variables that should stay in the base
language (because they might be used externally) and will be translated
later.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.translation.ngettext">
<tt class="descname">ngettext</tt>(<em>singular</em>, <em>plural</em>, <em>number</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.translation.ngettext" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Translates <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">singular</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plural</span></tt> and returns the appropriate string
based on <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">number</span></tt> in a UTF-8 bytestring.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.translation.ungettext">
<tt class="descname">ungettext</tt>(<em>singular</em>, <em>plural</em>, <em>number</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.translation.ungettext" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Translates <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">singular</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plural</span></tt> and returns the appropriate string
based on <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">number</span></tt> in a unicode string.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.translation.npgettext">
<tt class="descname">npgettext</tt>(<em>context</em>, <em>singular</em>, <em>plural</em>, <em>number</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.translation.npgettext" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Translates <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">singular</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plural</span></tt> and returns the appropriate string
based on <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">number</span></tt> and the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">context</span></tt> in a unicode string.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.translation.ngettext_lazy">
<tt class="descname">ngettext_lazy</tt>(<em>singular</em>, <em>plural</em>, <em>number</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.translation.ngettext_lazy" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.translation.ungettext_lazy">
<tt class="descname">ungettext_lazy</tt>(<em>singular</em>, <em>plural</em>, <em>number</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.translation.ungettext_lazy" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.translation.npgettext_lazy">
<tt class="descname">npgettext_lazy</tt>(<em>context</em>, <em>singular</em>, <em>plural</em>, <em>number</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.translation.npgettext_lazy" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Same as the non-lazy versions above, but using lazy execution.</p>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/i18n/translation.html#lazy-translations"><em>lazy translations documentation</em></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.translation.string_concat">
<tt class="descname">string_concat</tt>(<em>*strings</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.translation.string_concat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Lazy variant of string concatenation, needed for translations that are
constructed from multiple parts.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.translation.activate">
<tt class="descname">activate</tt>(<em>language</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.translation.activate" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Fetches the translation object for a given language and installs it as
the current translation object for the current thread.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.translation.deactivate">
<tt class="descname">deactivate</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.translation.deactivate" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>De-installs the currently active translation object so that further _ calls
will resolve against the default translation object, again.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.translation.deactivate_all">
<tt class="descname">deactivate_all</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.translation.deactivate_all" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Makes the active translation object a NullTranslations() instance. This is
useful when we want delayed translations to appear as the original string
for some reason.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.translation.override">
<tt class="descname">override</tt>(<em>language</em>, <em>deactivate=False</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.translation.override" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="versionadded">
<span class="title">New in Django 1.4.</span> </div>
<p>A Python context manager that uses
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.translation.activate" title="django.utils.translation.activate"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.utils.translation.activate()</span></tt></a> to fetch the translation object
for a given language, installing it as the translation object for the
current thread and reinstall the previous active language on exit.
Optionally it can simply deinstall the temporary translation on exit with
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.translation.deactivate" title="django.utils.translation.deactivate"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.utils.translation.deactivate()</span></tt></a> if the deactivate argument is
True. If you pass None as the language argument, a NullTranslations()
instance is installed while the context is active.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.translation.get_language">
<tt class="descname">get_language</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.translation.get_language" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the currently selected language code.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.translation.get_language_bidi">
<tt class="descname">get_language_bidi</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.translation.get_language_bidi" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns selected language’s BiDi layout:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> = left-to-right layout</li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> = right-to-left layout</li>
</ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.translation.get_language_from_request">
<tt class="descname">get_language_from_request</tt>(<em>request</em>, <em>check_path=False</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.translation.get_language_from_request" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="versionchanged">
<span class="title">Changed in Django 1.4.</span> </div>
<p>Analyzes the request to find what language the user wants the system to show.
Only languages listed in settings.LANGUAGES are taken into account. If the user
requests a sublanguage where we have a main language, we send out the main
language.</p>
<p>If <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">check_path</span></tt> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>, the function first checks the requested URL
for whether its path begins with a language code listed in the
<a class="reference internal" href="settings.html#std:setting-LANGUAGES"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">LANGUAGES</span></tt></a> setting.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.translation.to_locale">
<tt class="descname">to_locale</tt>(<em>language</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.translation.to_locale" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Turns a language name (en-us) into a locale name (en_US).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.translation.templatize">
<tt class="descname">templatize</tt>(<em>src</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.translation.templatize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Turns a Django template into something that is understood by xgettext. It does
so by translating the Django translation tags into standard gettext function
invocations.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-django-utils-timezone">
<span id="s-time-zone-selection-functions"></span><span id="django-utils-timezone"></span><span id="time-zone-selection-functions"></span><h2><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.utils.timezone</span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#django-utils-timezone" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="versionadded">
<span class="title">New in Django 1.4.</span> </div>
<span class="target" id="module-django.utils.timezone"></span><dl class="data">
<dt id="django.utils.timezone.utc">
<tt class="descname">utc</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.timezone.utc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2.7/library/datetime.html#datetime.tzinfo" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">tzinfo</span></tt></a> instance that represents UTC.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.timezone.get_default_timezone">
<tt class="descname">get_default_timezone</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.timezone.get_default_timezone" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns a <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2.7/library/datetime.html#datetime.tzinfo" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">tzinfo</span></tt></a> instance that represents the
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/i18n/timezones.html#default-current-time-zone"><em>default time zone</em></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.timezone.get_default_timezone_name">
<tt class="descname">get_default_timezone_name</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.timezone.get_default_timezone_name" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the name of the <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/i18n/timezones.html#default-current-time-zone"><em>default time zone</em></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.timezone.get_current_timezone">
<tt class="descname">get_current_timezone</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.timezone.get_current_timezone" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns a <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2.7/library/datetime.html#datetime.tzinfo" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">tzinfo</span></tt></a> instance that represents the
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/i18n/timezones.html#default-current-time-zone"><em>current time zone</em></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.timezone.get_current_timezone_name">
<tt class="descname">get_current_timezone_name</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.timezone.get_current_timezone_name" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the name of the <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/i18n/timezones.html#default-current-time-zone"><em>current time zone</em></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.timezone.activate">
<tt class="descname">activate</tt>(<em>timezone</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.timezone.activate" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sets the <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/i18n/timezones.html#default-current-time-zone"><em>current time zone</em></a>. The
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">timezone</span></tt> argument must be an instance of a <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2.7/library/datetime.html#datetime.tzinfo" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">tzinfo</span></tt></a>
subclass or, if <a class="reference external" href="http://pytz.sourceforge.net/">pytz</a> is available, a time zone name.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.timezone.deactivate">
<tt class="descname">deactivate</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.timezone.deactivate" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Unsets the <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/i18n/timezones.html#default-current-time-zone"><em>current time zone</em></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.timezone.override">
<tt class="descname">override</tt>(<em>timezone</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.timezone.override" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a Python context manager that sets the <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/i18n/timezones.html#default-current-time-zone"><em>current time zone</em></a> on entry with <a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.timezone.activate" title="django.utils.timezone.activate"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">activate()</span></tt></a>, and restores
the previously active time zone on exit. If the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">timezone</span></tt> argument is
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, the <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/i18n/timezones.html#default-current-time-zone"><em>current time zone</em></a> is unset
on entry with <a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.timezone.deactivate" title="django.utils.timezone.deactivate"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">deactivate()</span></tt></a> instead.</p>
</dd></dl>
<div class="versionadded">
<span class="title">New in Django 1.5.</span> </div>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.timezone.localtime">
<tt class="descname">localtime</tt>(<em>value</em>, <em>timezone=None</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.timezone.localtime" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Converts an aware <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2.7/library/datetime.html#datetime.datetime" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime</span></tt></a> to a different time zone,
by default the <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/i18n/timezones.html#default-current-time-zone"><em>current time zone</em></a>.</p>
<p>This function doesn’t work on naive datetimes; use <a class="reference internal" href="#django.utils.timezone.make_aware" title="django.utils.timezone.make_aware"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">make_aware()</span></tt></a>
instead.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.timezone.now">
<tt class="descname">now</tt>()<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.timezone.now" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns an aware or naive <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2.7/library/datetime.html#datetime.datetime" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime</span></tt></a> that represents the
current point in time when <a class="reference internal" href="settings.html#std:setting-USE_TZ"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">USE_TZ</span></tt></a> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>
respectively.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.timezone.is_aware">
<tt class="descname">is_aware</tt>(<em>value</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.timezone.is_aware" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> if <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value</span></tt> is aware, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> if it is naive. This
function assumes that <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value</span></tt> is a <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2.7/library/datetime.html#datetime.datetime" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.timezone.is_naive">
<tt class="descname">is_naive</tt>(<em>value</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.timezone.is_naive" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> if <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value</span></tt> is naive, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> if it is aware. This
function assumes that <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value</span></tt> is a <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2.7/library/datetime.html#datetime.datetime" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.timezone.make_aware">
<tt class="descname">make_aware</tt>(<em>value</em>, <em>timezone</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.timezone.make_aware" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns an aware <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2.7/library/datetime.html#datetime.datetime" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime</span></tt></a> that represents the same
point in time as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value</span></tt> in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">timezone</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value</span></tt> being a naive
<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2.7/library/datetime.html#datetime.datetime" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>This function can raise an exception if <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value</span></tt> doesn’t exist or is
ambiguous because of DST transitions.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.utils.timezone.make_naive">
<tt class="descname">make_naive</tt>(<em>value</em>, <em>timezone</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.timezone.make_naive" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns an naive <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2.7/library/datetime.html#datetime.datetime" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime</span></tt></a> that represents in
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">timezone</span></tt> the same point in time as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value</span></tt> being an
aware <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/2.7/library/datetime.html#datetime.datetime" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime</span></tt></a></p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-module-django.utils.tzinfo">
<span id="s-django-utils-tzinfo"></span><span id="module-django.utils.tzinfo"></span><span id="django-utils-tzinfo"></span><h2><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.utils.tzinfo</span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#module-django.utils.tzinfo" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.utils.tzinfo.FixedOffset">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">FixedOffset</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.tzinfo.FixedOffset" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Fixed offset in minutes east from UTC.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.utils.tzinfo.LocalTimezone">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">LocalTimezone</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#django.utils.tzinfo.LocalTimezone" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Proxy timezone information from time module.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
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