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</div><hr /><div id="language.exceptions.extending" class="sect1">
   <h2 class="title">Extending Exceptions</h2>
   <p class="para">
    A User defined Exception class can be defined by extending the built-in
    Exception class. The members and properties below, show what is accessible
    within the child class that derives from the built-in Exception class.
   </p>
   <div class="example" id="example-272">
    <p><strong>Example #1 The Built in Exception class</strong></p>
    <div class="example-contents">
<div class="phpcode"><code><span style="color: #000000">
<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">class&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Exception<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">{<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;protected&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$message&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">=&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'Unknown&nbsp;exception'</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;exception&nbsp;message<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">private&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$string</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;__toString&nbsp;cache<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">protected&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$code&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">=&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">0</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;user&nbsp;defined&nbsp;exception&nbsp;code<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">protected&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$file</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;source&nbsp;filename&nbsp;of&nbsp;exception<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">protected&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$line</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;source&nbsp;line&nbsp;of&nbsp;exception<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">private&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$trace</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;backtrace<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">private&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$previous</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;previous&nbsp;exception&nbsp;if&nbsp;nested&nbsp;exception<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">public&nbsp;function&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">__construct</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$message&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">=&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">null</span><span style="color: #007700">,&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$code&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">=&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">0</span><span style="color: #007700">,&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Exception&nbsp;$previous&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">=&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">null</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;final&nbsp;private&nbsp;function&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">__clone</span><span style="color: #007700">();&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;Inhibits&nbsp;cloning&nbsp;of&nbsp;exceptions.<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">final&nbsp;public&nbsp;&nbsp;function&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">getMessage</span><span style="color: #007700">();&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;message&nbsp;of&nbsp;exception<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">final&nbsp;public&nbsp;&nbsp;function&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">getCode</span><span style="color: #007700">();&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;code&nbsp;of&nbsp;exception<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">final&nbsp;public&nbsp;&nbsp;function&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">getFile</span><span style="color: #007700">();&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;source&nbsp;filename<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">final&nbsp;public&nbsp;&nbsp;function&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">getLine</span><span style="color: #007700">();&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;source&nbsp;line<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">final&nbsp;public&nbsp;&nbsp;function&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">getTrace</span><span style="color: #007700">();&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;an&nbsp;array&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;backtrace()<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">final&nbsp;public&nbsp;&nbsp;function&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">getPrevious</span><span style="color: #007700">();&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;previous&nbsp;exception<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">final&nbsp;public&nbsp;&nbsp;function&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">getTraceAsString</span><span style="color: #007700">();&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;formatted&nbsp;string&nbsp;of&nbsp;trace<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;//&nbsp;Overrideable<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">public&nbsp;function&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">__toString</span><span style="color: #007700">();&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;formatted&nbsp;string&nbsp;for&nbsp;display<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">}<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>
</span>
</code></div>
    </div>

   </div>
   <p class="para">
    If a class extends the built-in Exception class and re-defines the <a href="language.oop5.decon.html" class="link">constructor</a>, it is highly recommended
    that it also call <a href="language.oop5.paamayim-nekudotayim.html" class="link">parent::__construct()</a> 
    to ensure all available data has been properly assigned. The <a href="language.oop5.magic.html" class="link">__toString()</a> method can be overridden
    to provide a custom output when the object is presented as a string.
   </p>
   <blockquote class="note"><p><strong class="note">Note</strong>: 
    <p class="para">
     Exceptions cannot be cloned. Attempting to <a href="language.oop5.cloning.html" class="link">clone</a> an Exception will result in a
     fatal <strong><code>E_ERROR</code></strong> error.
    </p>
   </p></blockquote>
   <div class="example" id="example-273">
    <p><strong>Example #2 Extending the Exception class (PHP 5.3.0+)</strong></p>
    <div class="example-contents">
<div class="phpcode"><code><span style="color: #000000">
<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php<br /></span><span style="color: #FF8000">/**<br />&nbsp;*&nbsp;Define&nbsp;a&nbsp;custom&nbsp;exception&nbsp;class<br />&nbsp;*/<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">class&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">MyException&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">extends&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Exception<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">{<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;Redefine&nbsp;the&nbsp;exception&nbsp;so&nbsp;message&nbsp;isn't&nbsp;optional<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">public&nbsp;function&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">__construct</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$message</span><span style="color: #007700">,&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$code&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">=&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">0</span><span style="color: #007700">,&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Exception&nbsp;$previous&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">=&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">null</span><span style="color: #007700">)&nbsp;{<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;some&nbsp;code<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;//&nbsp;make&nbsp;sure&nbsp;everything&nbsp;is&nbsp;assigned&nbsp;properly<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">parent</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">__construct</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$message</span><span style="color: #007700">,&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$code</span><span style="color: #007700">,&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$previous</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;}<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;custom&nbsp;string&nbsp;representation&nbsp;of&nbsp;object<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">public&nbsp;function&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">__toString</span><span style="color: #007700">()&nbsp;{<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;return&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">__CLASS__&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">.&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #DD0000">":&nbsp;[</span><span style="color: #007700">{</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$this</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">code</span><span style="color: #007700">}</span><span style="color: #DD0000">]:&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">{</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$this</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">message</span><span style="color: #007700">}</span><span style="color: #DD0000">\n"</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;}<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;public&nbsp;function&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">customFunction</span><span style="color: #007700">()&nbsp;{<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"A&nbsp;custom&nbsp;function&nbsp;for&nbsp;this&nbsp;type&nbsp;of&nbsp;exception\n"</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;}<br />}<br /><br /><br /></span><span style="color: #FF8000">/**<br />&nbsp;*&nbsp;Create&nbsp;a&nbsp;class&nbsp;to&nbsp;test&nbsp;the&nbsp;exception<br />&nbsp;*/<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">class&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">TestException<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">{<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;public&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$var</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;const&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">THROW_NONE&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">=&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">0</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;const&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">THROW_CUSTOM&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">=&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">1</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;const&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">THROW_DEFAULT&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">=&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">2</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;function&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">__construct</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$avalue&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">=&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">self</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">THROW_NONE</span><span style="color: #007700">)&nbsp;{<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;switch&nbsp;(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$avalue</span><span style="color: #007700">)&nbsp;{<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;case&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">self</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">THROW_CUSTOM</span><span style="color: #007700">:<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;throw&nbsp;custom&nbsp;exception<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">throw&nbsp;new&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">MyException</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'1&nbsp;is&nbsp;an&nbsp;invalid&nbsp;parameter'</span><span style="color: #007700">,&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">5</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;break;<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;case&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">self</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">THROW_DEFAULT</span><span style="color: #007700">:<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;throw&nbsp;default&nbsp;one.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">throw&nbsp;new&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Exception</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'2&nbsp;is&nbsp;not&nbsp;allowed&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;parameter'</span><span style="color: #007700">,&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">6</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;break;<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;default:&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;No&nbsp;exception,&nbsp;object&nbsp;will&nbsp;be&nbsp;created.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$this</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">var&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">=&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$avalue</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;break;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;}<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;}<br />}<br /><br /><br /></span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;Example&nbsp;1<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">try&nbsp;{<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$o&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">=&nbsp;new&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">TestException</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">TestException</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">THROW_CUSTOM</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br />}&nbsp;catch&nbsp;(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">MyException&nbsp;$e</span><span style="color: #007700">)&nbsp;{&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;Will&nbsp;be&nbsp;caught<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"Caught&nbsp;my&nbsp;exception\n"</span><span style="color: #007700">,&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$e</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$e</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">customFunction</span><span style="color: #007700">();<br />}&nbsp;catch&nbsp;(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Exception&nbsp;$e</span><span style="color: #007700">)&nbsp;{&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;Skipped<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"Caught&nbsp;Default&nbsp;Exception\n"</span><span style="color: #007700">,&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$e</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br />}<br /><br /></span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;Continue&nbsp;execution<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">var_dump</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$o</span><span style="color: #007700">);&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;Null<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"\n\n"</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /><br /><br /></span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;Example&nbsp;2<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">try&nbsp;{<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$o&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">=&nbsp;new&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">TestException</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">TestException</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">THROW_DEFAULT</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br />}&nbsp;catch&nbsp;(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">MyException&nbsp;$e</span><span style="color: #007700">)&nbsp;{&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;Doesn't&nbsp;match&nbsp;this&nbsp;type<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"Caught&nbsp;my&nbsp;exception\n"</span><span style="color: #007700">,&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$e</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$e</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">customFunction</span><span style="color: #007700">();<br />}&nbsp;catch&nbsp;(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Exception&nbsp;$e</span><span style="color: #007700">)&nbsp;{&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;Will&nbsp;be&nbsp;caught<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"Caught&nbsp;Default&nbsp;Exception\n"</span><span style="color: #007700">,&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$e</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br />}<br /><br /></span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;Continue&nbsp;execution<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">var_dump</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$o</span><span style="color: #007700">);&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;Null<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"\n\n"</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /><br /><br /></span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;Example&nbsp;3<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">try&nbsp;{<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$o&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">=&nbsp;new&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">TestException</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">TestException</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">THROW_CUSTOM</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br />}&nbsp;catch&nbsp;(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Exception&nbsp;$e</span><span style="color: #007700">)&nbsp;{&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;Will&nbsp;be&nbsp;caught<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"Default&nbsp;Exception&nbsp;caught\n"</span><span style="color: #007700">,&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$e</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br />}<br /><br /></span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;Continue&nbsp;execution<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">var_dump</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$o</span><span style="color: #007700">);&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;Null<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"\n\n"</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /><br /><br /></span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;Example&nbsp;4<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">try&nbsp;{<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$o&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">=&nbsp;new&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">TestException</span><span style="color: #007700">();<br />}&nbsp;catch&nbsp;(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Exception&nbsp;$e</span><span style="color: #007700">)&nbsp;{&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;Skipped,&nbsp;no&nbsp;exception<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"Default&nbsp;Exception&nbsp;caught\n"</span><span style="color: #007700">,&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$e</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br />}<br /><br /></span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;Continue&nbsp;execution<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">var_dump</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$o</span><span style="color: #007700">);&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;TestException<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"\n\n"</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>
</span>
</code></div>
    </div>

    <blockquote class="note"><p><strong class="note">Note</strong>: 
     <p class="para">
      Versions of PHP 5, prior to PHP 5.3.0 do not support nesting of exceptions.
      The following code fragment can be used as a replacement MyException class
      if you wish to run this example.
     </p>
     <div class="example-contents">
<div class="phpcode"><code><span style="color: #000000">
<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php<br /></span><span style="color: #FF8000">/**<br />&nbsp;*&nbsp;Define&nbsp;a&nbsp;custom&nbsp;exception&nbsp;class<br />&nbsp;*/<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">class&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">MyException&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">extends&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Exception<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">{<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;Redefine&nbsp;the&nbsp;exception&nbsp;so&nbsp;message&nbsp;isn't&nbsp;optional<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">public&nbsp;function&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">__construct</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$message</span><span style="color: #007700">,&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$code&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">=&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">0</span><span style="color: #007700">)&nbsp;{<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;some&nbsp;code<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;//&nbsp;make&nbsp;sure&nbsp;everything&nbsp;is&nbsp;assigned&nbsp;properly<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">parent</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">__construct</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$message</span><span style="color: #007700">,&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$code</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;}<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #FF8000">//&nbsp;custom&nbsp;string&nbsp;representation&nbsp;of&nbsp;object<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">public&nbsp;function&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">__toString</span><span style="color: #007700">()&nbsp;{<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;return&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">__CLASS__&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">.&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #DD0000">":&nbsp;[</span><span style="color: #007700">{</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$this</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">code</span><span style="color: #007700">}</span><span style="color: #DD0000">]:&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">{</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$this</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">message</span><span style="color: #007700">}</span><span style="color: #DD0000">\n"</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;}<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;public&nbsp;function&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">customFunction</span><span style="color: #007700">()&nbsp;{<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"A&nbsp;custom&nbsp;function&nbsp;for&nbsp;this&nbsp;type&nbsp;of&nbsp;exception\n"</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;}<br />}<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>
</span>
</code></div>
     </div>

    </p></blockquote>
   </div>
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