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Python Language Services</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body"> <div class="section" id="module-tokenize"> <span id="tokenize-tokenizer-for-python-source"></span><h1>31.7. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tokenize" title="tokenize: Lexical scanner for Python source code."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">tokenize</span></tt></a> — Tokenizer for Python source<a class="headerlink" href="#module-tokenize" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/3.3/Lib/tokenize.py">Lib/tokenize.py</a></p> <hr class="docutils" /> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tokenize" title="tokenize: Lexical scanner for Python source code."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">tokenize</span></tt></a> module provides a lexical scanner for Python source code, implemented in Python. The scanner in this module returns comments as tokens as well, making it useful for implementing “pretty-printers,” including colorizers for on-screen displays.</p> <p>To simplify token stream handling, all <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/lexical_analysis.html#operators"><em>Operators</em></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/lexical_analysis.html#delimiters"><em>Delimiters</em></a> tokens are returned using the generic <a class="reference internal" href="token.html#token.OP" title="token.OP"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">token.OP</span></tt></a> token type. The exact type can be determined by checking the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exact_type</span></tt> property on the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-named-tuple"><em class="xref std std-term">named tuple</em></a> returned from <a class="reference internal" href="#tokenize.tokenize" title="tokenize.tokenize"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">tokenize.tokenize()</span></tt></a>.</p> <div class="section" id="tokenizing-input"> <h2>31.7.1. Tokenizing Input<a class="headerlink" href="#tokenizing-input" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>The primary entry point is a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-generator"><em class="xref std std-term">generator</em></a>:</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="tokenize.tokenize"> <tt class="descclassname">tokenize.</tt><tt class="descname">tokenize</tt><big>(</big><em>readline</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#tokenize.tokenize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tokenize" title="tokenize: Lexical scanner for Python source code."><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">tokenize()</span></tt></a> generator requires one argument, <em>readline</em>, which must be a callable object which provides the same interface as the <a class="reference internal" href="io.html#io.IOBase.readline" title="io.IOBase.readline"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">io.IOBase.readline()</span></tt></a> method of file objects. Each call to the function should return one line of input as bytes.</p> <p>The generator produces 5-tuples with these members: the token type; the token string; a 2-tuple <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(srow,</span> <span class="pre">scol)</span></tt> of ints specifying the row and column where the token begins in the source; a 2-tuple <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(erow,</span> <span class="pre">ecol)</span></tt> of ints specifying the row and column where the token ends in the source; and the line on which the token was found. The line passed (the last tuple item) is the <em>logical</em> line; continuation lines are included. The 5 tuple is returned as a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-named-tuple"><em class="xref std std-term">named tuple</em></a> with the field names: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">type</span> <span class="pre">string</span> <span class="pre">start</span> <span class="pre">end</span> <span class="pre">line</span></tt>.</p> <p>The returned <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-named-tuple"><em class="xref std std-term">named tuple</em></a> has a additional property named <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exact_type</span></tt> that contains the exact operator type for <a class="reference internal" href="token.html#token.OP" title="token.OP"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">token.OP</span></tt></a> tokens. For all other token types <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exact_type</span></tt> equals the named tuple <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">type</span></tt> field.</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.1:</span> Added support for named tuples.</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.3:</span> Added support for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exact_type</span></tt>.</p> <p><a class="reference internal" href="#module-tokenize" title="tokenize: Lexical scanner for Python source code."><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">tokenize()</span></tt></a> determines the source encoding of the file by looking for a UTF-8 BOM or encoding cookie, according to <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0263"><strong>PEP 263</strong></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <p>All constants from the <a class="reference internal" href="token.html#module-token" title="token: Constants representing terminal nodes of the parse tree."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">token</span></tt></a> module are also exported from <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tokenize" title="tokenize: Lexical scanner for Python source code."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">tokenize</span></tt></a>, as are three additional token type values:</p> <dl class="data"> <dt id="tokenize.COMMENT"> <tt class="descclassname">tokenize.</tt><tt class="descname">COMMENT</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#tokenize.COMMENT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Token value used to indicate a comment.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="tokenize.NL"> <tt class="descclassname">tokenize.</tt><tt class="descname">NL</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#tokenize.NL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Token value used to indicate a non-terminating newline. The NEWLINE token indicates the end of a logical line of Python code; NL tokens are generated when a logical line of code is continued over multiple physical lines.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="tokenize.ENCODING"> <tt class="descclassname">tokenize.</tt><tt class="descname">ENCODING</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#tokenize.ENCODING" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Token value that indicates the encoding used to decode the source bytes into text. The first token returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tokenize" title="tokenize: Lexical scanner for Python source code."><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">tokenize()</span></tt></a> will always be an ENCODING token.</p> </dd></dl> <p>Another function is provided to reverse the tokenization process. This is useful for creating tools that tokenize a script, modify the token stream, and write back the modified script.</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="tokenize.untokenize"> <tt class="descclassname">tokenize.</tt><tt class="descname">untokenize</tt><big>(</big><em>iterable</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#tokenize.untokenize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Converts tokens back into Python source code. The <em>iterable</em> must return sequences with at least two elements, the token type and the token string. Any additional sequence elements are ignored.</p> <p>The reconstructed script is returned as a single string. The result is guaranteed to tokenize back to match the input so that the conversion is lossless and round-trips are assured. The guarantee applies only to the token type and token string as the spacing between tokens (column positions) may change.</p> <p>It returns bytes, encoded using the ENCODING token, which is the first token sequence output by <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tokenize" title="tokenize: Lexical scanner for Python source code."><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">tokenize()</span></tt></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <p><a class="reference internal" href="#module-tokenize" title="tokenize: Lexical scanner for Python source code."><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">tokenize()</span></tt></a> needs to detect the encoding of source files it tokenizes. The function it uses to do this is available:</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="tokenize.detect_encoding"> <tt class="descclassname">tokenize.</tt><tt class="descname">detect_encoding</tt><big>(</big><em>readline</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#tokenize.detect_encoding" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#tokenize.detect_encoding" title="tokenize.detect_encoding"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">detect_encoding()</span></tt></a> function is used to detect the encoding that should be used to decode a Python source file. It requires one argument, readline, in the same way as the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tokenize" title="tokenize: Lexical scanner for Python source code."><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">tokenize()</span></tt></a> generator.</p> <p>It will call readline a maximum of twice, and return the encoding used (as a string) and a list of any lines (not decoded from bytes) it has read in.</p> <p>It detects the encoding from the presence of a UTF-8 BOM or an encoding cookie as specified in <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0263"><strong>PEP 263</strong></a>. If both a BOM and a cookie are present, but disagree, a SyntaxError will be raised. Note that if the BOM is found, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'utf-8-sig'</span></tt> will be returned as an encoding.</p> <p>If no encoding is specified, then the default of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'utf-8'</span></tt> will be returned.</p> <p>Use <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#open" title="open"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">open()</span></tt></a> to open Python source files: it uses <a class="reference internal" href="#tokenize.detect_encoding" title="tokenize.detect_encoding"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">detect_encoding()</span></tt></a> to detect the file encoding.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="tokenize.open"> <tt class="descclassname">tokenize.</tt><tt class="descname">open</tt><big>(</big><em>filename</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#tokenize.open" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Open a file in read only mode using the encoding detected by <a class="reference internal" href="#tokenize.detect_encoding" title="tokenize.detect_encoding"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">detect_encoding()</span></tt></a>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.2.</span> </p> </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="command-line-usage"> <span id="tokenize-cli"></span><h2>31.7.2. Command-Line Usage<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-usage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.3.</span> </p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tokenize" title="tokenize: Lexical scanner for Python source code."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">tokenize</span></tt></a> module can be executed as a script from the command line. It is as simple as:</p> <div class="highlight-sh"><div class="highlight"><pre>python -m tokenize <span class="o">[</span>-e<span class="o">]</span> <span class="o">[</span>filename.py<span class="o">]</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The following options are accepted:</p> <dl class="cmdoption"> <dt id="cmdoption-tokenize-h"> <tt class="descname">-h</tt><tt class="descclassname"></tt><tt class="descclassname">, </tt><tt class="descname">--help</tt><tt class="descclassname"></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-tokenize-h" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>show this help message and exit</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="cmdoption"> <dt id="cmdoption-tokenize-e"> <tt class="descname">-e</tt><tt class="descclassname"></tt><tt class="descclassname">, </tt><tt class="descname">--exact</tt><tt class="descclassname"></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-tokenize-e" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>display token names using the exact type</p> </dd></dl> <p>If <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">filename.py</span></tt> is specified its contents are tokenized to stdout. Otherwise, tokenization is performed on stdin.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="examples"> <h2>31.7.3. Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Example of a script rewriter that transforms float literals into Decimal objects:</p> <div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">tokenize</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">tokenize</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">untokenize</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">NUMBER</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">STRING</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">NAME</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">OP</span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">io</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">BytesIO</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">decistmt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="sd">"""Substitute Decimals for floats in a string of statements.</span> <span class="sd"> >>> from decimal import Decimal</span> <span class="sd"> >>> s = 'print(+21.3e-5*-.1234/81.7)'</span> <span class="sd"> >>> decistmt(s)</span> <span class="sd"> "print (+Decimal ('21.3e-5')*-Decimal ('.1234')/Decimal ('81.7'))"</span> <span class="sd"> The format of the exponent is inherited from the platform C library.</span> <span class="sd"> Known cases are "e-007" (Windows) and "e-07" (not Windows). Since</span> <span class="sd"> we're only showing 12 digits, and the 13th isn't close to 5, the</span> <span class="sd"> rest of the output should be platform-independent.</span> <span class="sd"> >>> exec(s) #doctest: +ELLIPSIS</span> <span class="sd"> -3.21716034272e-0...7</span> <span class="sd"> Output from calculations with Decimal should be identical across all</span> <span class="sd"> platforms.</span> <span class="sd"> >>> exec(decistmt(s))</span> <span class="sd"> -3.217160342717258261933904529E-7</span> <span class="sd"> """</span> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span> <span class="n">g</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tokenize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BytesIO</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'utf-8'</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">readline</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># tokenize the string</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">toknum</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tokval</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">g</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">toknum</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">NUMBER</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="s">'.'</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">tokval</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c"># replace NUMBER tokens</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extend</span><span class="p">([</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NAME</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'Decimal'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">OP</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'('</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">STRING</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tokval</span><span class="p">)),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">OP</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">')'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">])</span> <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">toknum</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tokval</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">untokenize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'utf-8'</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Example of tokenizing from the command line. The script:</p> <div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">say_hello</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Hello, World!"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">say_hello</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>will be tokenized to the following output where the first column is the range of the line/column coordinates where the token is found, the second column is the name of the token, and the final column is the value of the token (if any)</p> <div class="highlight-sh"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>python -m tokenize hello.py 0,0-0,0: ENCODING <span class="s1">'utf-8'</span> 1,0-1,3: NAME <span class="s1">'def'</span> 1,4-1,13: NAME <span class="s1">'say_hello'</span> 1,13-1,14: OP <span class="s1">'('</span> 1,14-1,15: OP <span class="s1">')'</span> 1,15-1,16: OP <span class="s1">':'</span> 1,16-1,17: NEWLINE <span class="s1">'\n'</span> 2,0-2,4: INDENT <span class="s1">' '</span> 2,4-2,9: NAME <span class="s1">'print'</span> 2,9-2,10: OP <span class="s1">'('</span> 2,10-2,25: STRING <span class="s1">'"Hello, World!"'</span> 2,25-2,26: OP <span class="s1">')'</span> 2,26-2,27: NEWLINE <span class="s1">'\n'</span> 3,0-3,1: NL <span class="s1">'\n'</span> 4,0-4,0: DEDENT <span class="s1">''</span> 4,0-4,9: NAME <span class="s1">'say_hello'</span> 4,9-4,10: OP <span class="s1">'('</span> 4,10-4,11: OP <span class="s1">')'</span> 4,11-4,12: NEWLINE <span class="s1">'\n'</span> 5,0-5,0: ENDMARKER <span class="s1">''</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The exact token type names can be displayed using the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-e</span></tt> option:</p> <div class="highlight-sh"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$ </span>python -m tokenize -e hello.py 0,0-0,0: ENCODING <span class="s1">'utf-8'</span> 1,0-1,3: NAME <span class="s1">'def'</span> 1,4-1,13: NAME <span class="s1">'say_hello'</span> 1,13-1,14: LPAR <span class="s1">'('</span> 1,14-1,15: RPAR <span class="s1">')'</span> 1,15-1,16: COLON <span class="s1">':'</span> 1,16-1,17: NEWLINE <span class="s1">'\n'</span> 2,0-2,4: INDENT <span class="s1">' '</span> 2,4-2,9: NAME <span class="s1">'print'</span> 2,9-2,10: LPAR <span class="s1">'('</span> 2,10-2,25: STRING <span class="s1">'"Hello, World!"'</span> 2,25-2,26: RPAR <span class="s1">')'</span> 2,26-2,27: NEWLINE <span class="s1">'\n'</span> 3,0-3,1: NL <span class="s1">'\n'</span> 4,0-4,0: DEDENT <span class="s1">''</span> 4,0-4,9: NAME <span class="s1">'say_hello'</span> 4,9-4,10: LPAR <span class="s1">'('</span> 4,10-4,11: RPAR <span class="s1">')'</span> 4,11-4,12: NEWLINE <span class="s1">'\n'</span> 5,0-5,0: ENDMARKER <span class="s1">''</span> </pre></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">31.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tokenize</span></tt> — Tokenizer for Python source</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#tokenizing-input">31.7.1. Tokenizing Input</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#command-line-usage">31.7.2. Command-Line Usage</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#examples">31.7.3. 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