.. currentmodule:: astropy.io.fits
Verification
------------
Astropy has built in a flexible scheme to verify FITS data being conforming to
the FITS standard. The basic verification philosophy in Astropy is to be
tolerant in input and strict in output.
When Astropy reads a FITS file which is not conforming to FITS standard, it
will not raise an error and exit. It will try to make the best educated
interpretation and only gives up when the offending data is accessed and no
unambiguous interpretation can be reached.
On the other hand, when writing to an output FITS file, the content to be
written must be strictly compliant to the FITS standard by default. This
default behavior can be overwritten by several other options, so the user will
not be held up because of a minor standard violation.
FITS Standard
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Since FITS standard is a "loose" standard, there are many places the violation
can occur and to enforce them all will be almost impossible. It is not uncommon
for major observatories to generate data products which are not 100% FITS
compliant. Some observatories have also developed their own sub-standard
(dialect?) and some of these become so prevalent that they become de facto
standards. Examples include the long string value and the use of the CONTINUE
card.
The violation of the standard can happen at different levels of the data
structure. Astropy's verification scheme is developed on these hierarchical
levels. Here are the 3 Astropy verification levels:
1. The HDU List
2. Each HDU
3. Each Card in the HDU Header
These three levels correspond to the three categories of PyFITS objects:
:class:`HDUList`, any HDU (e.g. :class:`PrimaryHDU`, :class:`ImageHDU`, etc.),
and :class:`Card`. They are the only objects having the ``verify()`` method.
Most other classes in astropy.io.fits do not have a ``verify()`` method.
If ``verify()`` is called at the HDU List level, it verifies standard
compliance at all three levels, but a call of ``verify()`` at the Card level
will only check the compliance of that Card. Since Astropy is tolerant when
reading a FITS file, no ``verify()`` is called on input. On output,
``verify()`` is called with the most restrictive option as the default.
Verification Options
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
There are 5 options for all verify(option) calls in Astropy. In addition, they
available for the ``output_verify`` argument of the following methods:
``close()``, ``writeto()``, and ``flush()``. In these cases, they are passed to
a ``verify()`` call within these methods. The 5 options are:
**exception**
This option will raise an exception, if any FITS standard is violated. This is
the default option for output (i.e. when ``writeto()``, ``close()``, or
``flush()`` is called. If a user wants to overwrite this default on output, the
other options listed below can be used.
**ignore**
This option will ignore any FITS standard violation. On output, it will write
the HDU List content to the output FITS file, whether or not it is conforming
to the FITS standard.
The ignore option is useful in the following situations:
1. An input FITS file with non-standard formatting is read and the user wants
to copy or write out to an output file. The non-standard formatting will be
preserved in the output file.
2. A user wants to create a non-standard FITS file on purpose, possibly for
testing or consistency.
No warning message will be printed out. This is like a silent warning option
(see below).
**fix**
This option will try to fix any FITS standard violations. It is not always
possible to fix such violations. In general, there are two kinds of FITS
standard violations: fixable and non-fixable. For example, if a keyword has a
floating number with an exponential notation in lower case 'e' (e.g. 1.23e11)
instead of the upper case 'E' as required by the FITS standard, it is a fixable
violation. On the other hand, a keyword name like 'P.I.' is not fixable, since
it will not know what to use to replace the disallowed periods. If a violation
is fixable, this option will print out a message noting it is fixed. If it is
not fixable, it will throw an exception.
The principle behind fixing is to do no harm. For example, it is plausible to
'fix' a Card with a keyword name like 'P.I.' by deleting it, but Astropy will
not take such action to hurt the integrity of the data.
Not all fixes may be the "correct" fix, but at least Astropy will try to make
the fix in such a way that it will not throw off other FITS readers.
**silentfix**
Same as fix, but will not print out informative messages. This may be useful in
a large script where the user does not want excessive harmless messages. If the
violation is not fixable, it will still throw an exception.
**warn**
This option is the same as the ignore option but will send warning messages. It
will not try to fix any FITS standard violations whether fixable or not.
Verifications at Different Data Object Levels
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
We'll examine what Astropy's verification does at the three different levels:
Verification at HDUList
"""""""""""""""""""""""
At the HDU List level, the verification is only for two simple cases:
1. Verify that the first HDU in the HDU list is a Primary HDU. This is a
fixable case. The fix is to insert a minimal Primary HDU into the HDU list.
2. Verify second or later HDU in the HDU list is not a Primary HDU. Violation
will not be fixable.
Verification at Each HDU
""""""""""""""""""""""""
For each HDU, the mandatory keywords, their locations in the header, and their
values will be verified. Each FITS HDU has a fixed set of required keywords in
a fixed order. For example, the Primary HDU's header must at least have the
following keywords:
.. parsed-literal::
SIMPLE = T /
BITPIX = 8 /
NAXIS = 0
If any of the mandatory keywords are missing or in the wrong order, the fix
option will fix them:
>>> hdu.header # has a 'bad' header
SIMPLE = T /
NAXIS = 0
BITPIX = 8 /
>>> hdu.verify('fix') # fix it
Output verification result:
'BITPIX' card at the wrong place (card 2). Fixed by moving it to the right
place (card 1).
>>> h.header # voila!
SIMPLE = T / conforms to FITS standard
BITPIX = 8 / array data type
NAXIS = 0
Verification at Each Card
"""""""""""""""""""""""""
The lowest level, the Card, also has the most complicated verification
possibilities. Here is a lit of fixable and not fixable Cards:
Fixable Cards:
1. floating point numbers with lower case 'e' or 'd'
2. the equal sign is before column 9 in the card image
3. string value without enclosing quotes
4. missing equal sign before column 9 in the card image
5. space between numbers and E or D in floating point values
6. unparseable values will be "fixed" as a string
Here are some examples of fixable cards:
>>> hdu.header[4:] # has a bunch of fixable cards
FIX1 = 2.1e23
FIX2= 2
FIX3 = string value without quotes
FIX4 2
FIX5 = 2.4 e 03
FIX6 = '2 10 '
# can still access the values before the fix
>>> hdu.header[5]
2
>>> hdu.header['fix4']
2
>>> hdu.header['fix5']
2400.0
>>> hdu.verify('silentfix')
>>> hdu.header[4:]
FIX1 = 2.1E23
FIX2 = 2
FIX3 = 'string value without quotes'
FIX4 = 2
FIX5 = 2.4E03
FIX6 = '2 10 '
Unfixable Cards:
1. illegal characters in keyword name
We'll summarize the verification with a "life-cycle" example:
>>> h = fits.PrimaryHDU() # create a PrimaryHDU
# Try to add an non-standard FITS keyword 'P.I.' (FITS does no allow '.'
# in the keyword), if using the update() method - doesn't work!
>>> h['P.I.'] = 'Hubble'
ValueError: Illegal keyword name 'P.I.'
# Have to do it the hard way (so a user will not do this by accident)
# First, create a card image and give verbatim card content (including
# the proper spacing, but no need to add the trailing blanks)
>>> c = fits.Card.fromstring("P.I. = 'Hubble'")
# then append it to the header
>>> h.header.append(c)
# Now if we try to write to a FITS file, the default output verification
# will not take it.
>>> h.writeto('pi.fits')
Output verification result:
HDU 0:
Card 4:
Unfixable error: Illegal keyword name 'P.I.'
......
raise VerifyError
VerifyError
# Must set the output_verify argument to 'ignore', to force writing a
# non-standard FITS file
>>> h.writeto('pi.fits', output_verify='ignore')
# Now reading a non-standard FITS file
# astropy.io.fits is magnanimous in reading non-standard FITS files
>>> hdus = fits.open('pi.fits')
>>> hdus[0].header
SIMPLE = T / conforms to FITS standard
BITPIX = 8 / array data type
NAXIS = 0 / number of array dimensions
EXTEND = T
P.I. = 'Hubble'
# even when you try to access the offending keyword, it does NOT complain
>>> hdus[0].header['p.i.']
'Hubble'
# But if you want to make sure if there is anything wrong/non-standard,
# use the verify() method
>>> hdus.verify()
Output verification result:
HDU 0:
Card 4:
Unfixable error: Illegal keyword name 'P.I.'
Verification using the FITS Checksum Keyword Convention
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The North American FITS committee has reviewed the FITS Checksum Keyword
Convention for possible adoption as a FITS Standard. This convention provides
an integrity check on information contained in FITS HDUs. The convention
consists of two header keyword cards: CHECKSUM and DATASUM. The CHECKSUM
keyword is defined as an ASCII character string whose value forces the 32-bit
1's complement checksum accumulated over all the 2880-byte FITS logical records
in the HDU to equal negative zero. The DATASUM keyword is defined as a
character string containing the unsigned integer value of the 32-bit 1's
complement checksum of the data records in the HDU. Verifying the the
accumulated checksum is still equal to negative zero provides a fairly reliable
way to determine that the HDU has not been modified by subsequent data
processing operations or corrupted while copying or storing the file on
physical media.
In order to avoid any impact on performance, by default Astropy will not verify
HDU checksums when a file is opened or generate checksum values when a file is
written. In fact, CHECKSUM and DATASUM cards are automatically removed from
HDU headers when a file is opened, and any CHECKSUM or DATASUM cards are
stripped from headers when a HDU is written to a file. In order to verify the
checksum values for HDUs when opening a file, the user must supply the checksum
keyword argument in the call to the open convenience function with a value of
True. When this is done, any checksum verification failure will cause a
warning to be issued (via the warnings module). If checksum verification is
requested in the open, and no CHECKSUM or DATASUM cards exist in the HDU
header, the file will open without comment. Similarly, in order to output the
CHECKSUM and DATASUM cards in an HDU header when writing to a file, the user
must supply the checksum keyword argument with a value of True in the call to
the writeto function. It is possible to write only the DATASUM card to the
header by supplying the checksum keyword argument with a value of 'datasum'.
Here are some examples:
>>> # Open the file pix.fits verifying the checksum values for all HDUs
>>> hdul = fits.open('pix.fits', checksum=True)
>>>
>>> # Open the file in.fits where checksum verification fails for the
>>> # primary HDU
>>> hdul = fits.open('in.fits', checksum=True)
Warning: Checksum verification failed for HDU #0.
>>>
>>> # Create file out.fits containing an HDU constructed from data and
>>> # header containing both CHECKSUM and DATASUM cards.
>>> fits.writeto('out.fits', data, header, checksum=True)
>>>
>>> # Create file out.fits containing all the HDUs in the HDULIST
>>> # hdul with each HDU header containing only the DATASUM card
>>> hdul.writeto('out.fits', checksum='datasum')
>>>
>>> # Create file out.fits containing the HDU hdu with both CHECKSUM
>>> # and DATASUM cards in the header
>>> hdu.writeto('out.fits', checksum=True)
>>>
>>> # Append a new HDU constructed from array data to the end of
>>> # the file existingfile.fits with only the appended HDU
>>> # containing both CHECKSUM and DATASUM cards.
>>> fits.append('existingfile.fits', data, checksum=True)
