<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <HTML ><HEAD ><TITLE >Date/Time Types</TITLE ><META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK REV="MADE" HREF="mailto:pgsql-docs@postgresql.org"><LINK REL="HOME" TITLE="PostgreSQL 9.0.15 Documentation" HREF="index.html"><LINK REL="UP" TITLE="Data Types" HREF="datatype.html"><LINK REL="PREVIOUS" TITLE="Binary Data Types" HREF="datatype-binary.html"><LINK REL="NEXT" TITLE="Boolean Type" HREF="datatype-boolean.html"><LINK REL="STYLESHEET" TYPE="text/css" HREF="stylesheet.css"><META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"><META NAME="creation" CONTENT="2014-01-24T13:16:52"></HEAD ><BODY CLASS="SECT1" ><DIV CLASS="NAVHEADER" ><TABLE SUMMARY="Header navigation table" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" ><TR ><TH COLSPAN="5" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="bottom" ><A HREF="index.html" >PostgreSQL 9.0.15 Documentation</A ></TH ></TR ><TR ><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" ><A TITLE="Binary Data Types" HREF="datatype-binary.html" ACCESSKEY="P" >Prev</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="datatype.html" ACCESSKEY="U" >Up</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="bottom" >Chapter 8. Data Types</TD ><TD WIDTH="20%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" ><A TITLE="Boolean Type" HREF="datatype-boolean.html" ACCESSKEY="N" >Next</A ></TD ></TR ></TABLE ><HR ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="100%"></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT1" ><H1 CLASS="SECT1" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME" >8.5. Date/Time Types</A ></H1 ><P > <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > supports the full set of <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM > date and time types, shown in <A HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-TABLE" >Table 8-9</A >. The operations available on these data types are described in <A HREF="functions-datetime.html" >Section 9.9</A >. </P ><DIV CLASS="TABLE" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-TABLE" ></A ><P ><B >Table 8-9. Date/Time Types</B ></P ><TABLE BORDER="1" CLASS="CALSTABLE" ><COL><COL><COL><COL><COL><COL><THEAD ><TR ><TH >Name</TH ><TH >Storage Size</TH ><TH >Description</TH ><TH >Low Value</TH ><TH >High Value</TH ><TH >Resolution</TH ></TR ></THEAD ><TBODY ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp [ (<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >p</I ></TT >) ] [ without time zone ]</TT ></TD ><TD >8 bytes</TD ><TD >both date and time (no time zone)</TD ><TD >4713 BC</TD ><TD >294276 AD</TD ><TD >1 microsecond / 14 digits</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp [ (<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >p</I ></TT >) ] with time zone</TT ></TD ><TD >8 bytes</TD ><TD >both date and time, with time zone</TD ><TD >4713 BC</TD ><TD >294276 AD</TD ><TD >1 microsecond / 14 digits</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >date</TT ></TD ><TD >4 bytes</TD ><TD >date (no time of day)</TD ><TD >4713 BC</TD ><TD >5874897 AD</TD ><TD >1 day</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >time [ (<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >p</I ></TT >) ] [ without time zone ]</TT ></TD ><TD >8 bytes</TD ><TD >time of day (no date)</TD ><TD >00:00:00</TD ><TD >24:00:00</TD ><TD >1 microsecond / 14 digits</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >time [ (<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >p</I ></TT >) ] with time zone</TT ></TD ><TD >12 bytes</TD ><TD >times of day only, with time zone</TD ><TD >00:00:00+1459</TD ><TD >24:00:00-1459</TD ><TD >1 microsecond / 14 digits</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >interval [ <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >fields</I ></TT > ] [ (<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >p</I ></TT >) ]</TT ></TD ><TD >12 bytes</TD ><TD >time interval</TD ><TD >-178000000 years</TD ><TD >178000000 years</TD ><TD >1 microsecond / 14 digits</TD ></TR ></TBODY ></TABLE ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="NOTE" ><BLOCKQUOTE CLASS="NOTE" ><P ><B >Note: </B > The SQL standard requires that writing just <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT > be equivalent to <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp without time zone</TT >, and <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > honors that behavior. (Releases prior to 7.3 treated it as <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp with time zone</TT >.) </P ></BLOCKQUOTE ></DIV ><P > <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time</TT >, <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT >, and <TT CLASS="TYPE" >interval</TT > accept an optional precision value <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >p</I ></TT > which specifies the number of fractional digits retained in the seconds field. By default, there is no explicit bound on precision. The allowed range of <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >p</I ></TT > is from 0 to 6 for the <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT > and <TT CLASS="TYPE" >interval</TT > types. </P ><DIV CLASS="NOTE" ><BLOCKQUOTE CLASS="NOTE" ><P ><B >Note: </B > When <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT > values are stored as eight-byte integers (currently the default), microsecond precision is available over the full range of values. When <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT > values are stored as double precision floating-point numbers instead (a deprecated compile-time option), the effective limit of precision might be less than 6. <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT > values are stored as seconds before or after midnight 2000-01-01. When <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT > values are implemented using floating-point numbers, microsecond precision is achieved for dates within a few years of 2000-01-01, but the precision degrades for dates further away. Note that using floating-point datetimes allows a larger range of <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT > values to be represented than shown above: from 4713 BC up to 5874897 AD. </P ><P > The same compile-time option also determines whether <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time</TT > and <TT CLASS="TYPE" >interval</TT > values are stored as floating-point numbers or eight-byte integers. In the floating-point case, large <TT CLASS="TYPE" >interval</TT > values degrade in precision as the size of the interval increases. </P ></BLOCKQUOTE ></DIV ><P > For the <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time</TT > types, the allowed range of <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >p</I ></TT > is from 0 to 6 when eight-byte integer storage is used, or from 0 to 10 when floating-point storage is used. </P ><P > The <TT CLASS="TYPE" >interval</TT > type has an additional option, which is to restrict the set of stored fields by writing one of these phrases: </P><PRE CLASS="LITERALLAYOUT" >YEAR MONTH DAY HOUR MINUTE SECOND YEAR TO MONTH DAY TO HOUR DAY TO MINUTE DAY TO SECOND HOUR TO MINUTE HOUR TO SECOND MINUTE TO SECOND</PRE ><P> Note that if both <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >fields</I ></TT > and <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >p</I ></TT > are specified, the <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >fields</I ></TT > must include <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >SECOND</TT >, since the precision applies only to the seconds. </P ><P > The type <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time with time zone</TT > is defined by the SQL standard, but the definition exhibits properties which lead to questionable usefulness. In most cases, a combination of <TT CLASS="TYPE" >date</TT >, <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time</TT >, <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp without time zone</TT >, and <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp with time zone</TT > should provide a complete range of date/time functionality required by any application. </P ><P > The types <TT CLASS="TYPE" >abstime</TT > and <TT CLASS="TYPE" >reltime</TT > are lower precision types which are used internally. You are discouraged from using these types in applications; these internal types might disappear in a future release. </P ><DIV CLASS="SECT2" ><H2 CLASS="SECT2" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-INPUT" >8.5.1. Date/Time Input</A ></H2 ><P > Date and time input is accepted in almost any reasonable format, including ISO 8601, <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM >-compatible, traditional <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >POSTGRES</SPAN >, and others. For some formats, ordering of day, month, and year in date input is ambiguous and there is support for specifying the expected ordering of these fields. Set the <A HREF="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-DATESTYLE" >DateStyle</A > parameter to <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >MDY</TT > to select month-day-year interpretation, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >DMY</TT > to select day-month-year interpretation, or <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >YMD</TT > to select year-month-day interpretation. </P ><P > <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > is more flexible in handling date/time input than the <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM > standard requires. See <A HREF="datetime-appendix.html" >Appendix B</A > for the exact parsing rules of date/time input and for the recognized text fields including months, days of the week, and time zones. </P ><P > Remember that any date or time literal input needs to be enclosed in single quotes, like text strings. Refer to <A HREF="sql-syntax-lexical.html#SQL-SYNTAX-CONSTANTS-GENERIC" >Section 4.1.2.7</A > for more information. <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM > requires the following syntax </P><PRE CLASS="SYNOPSIS" ><TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >type</I ></TT > [ (<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >p</I ></TT >) ] '<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >value</I ></TT >'</PRE ><P> where <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >p</I ></TT > is an optional precision specification giving the number of fractional digits in the seconds field. Precision can be specified for <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time</TT >, <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT >, and <TT CLASS="TYPE" >interval</TT > types. The allowed values are mentioned above. If no precision is specified in a constant specification, it defaults to the precision of the literal value. </P ><DIV CLASS="SECT3" ><H3 CLASS="SECT3" ><A NAME="AEN5346" >8.5.1.1. Dates</A ></H3 ><P > <A HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-DATE-TABLE" >Table 8-10</A > shows some possible inputs for the <TT CLASS="TYPE" >date</TT > type. </P ><DIV CLASS="TABLE" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-DATE-TABLE" ></A ><P ><B >Table 8-10. Date Input</B ></P ><TABLE BORDER="1" CLASS="CALSTABLE" ><COL><COL><THEAD ><TR ><TH >Example</TH ><TH >Description</TH ></TR ></THEAD ><TBODY ><TR ><TD >1999-01-08</TD ><TD >ISO 8601; January 8 in any mode (recommended format)</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >January 8, 1999</TD ><TD >unambiguous in any <TT CLASS="VARNAME" >datestyle</TT > input mode</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >1/8/1999</TD ><TD >January 8 in <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >MDY</TT > mode; August 1 in <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >DMY</TT > mode</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >1/18/1999</TD ><TD >January 18 in <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >MDY</TT > mode; rejected in other modes</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >01/02/03</TD ><TD >January 2, 2003 in <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >MDY</TT > mode; February 1, 2003 in <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >DMY</TT > mode; February 3, 2001 in <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >YMD</TT > mode </TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >1999-Jan-08</TD ><TD >January 8 in any mode</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >Jan-08-1999</TD ><TD >January 8 in any mode</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >08-Jan-1999</TD ><TD >January 8 in any mode</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >99-Jan-08</TD ><TD >January 8 in <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >YMD</TT > mode, else error</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >08-Jan-99</TD ><TD >January 8, except error in <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >YMD</TT > mode</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >Jan-08-99</TD ><TD >January 8, except error in <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >YMD</TT > mode</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >19990108</TD ><TD >ISO 8601; January 8, 1999 in any mode</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >990108</TD ><TD >ISO 8601; January 8, 1999 in any mode</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >1999.008</TD ><TD >year and day of year</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >J2451187</TD ><TD >Julian day</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >January 8, 99 BC</TD ><TD >year 99 BC</TD ></TR ></TBODY ></TABLE ></DIV ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT3" ><H3 CLASS="SECT3" ><A NAME="AEN5419" >8.5.1.2. Times</A ></H3 ><P > The time-of-day types are <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time [ (<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >p</I ></TT >) ] without time zone</TT > and <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time [ (<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >p</I ></TT >) ] with time zone</TT >. <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time</TT > alone is equivalent to <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time without time zone</TT >. </P ><P > Valid input for these types consists of a time of day followed by an optional time zone. (See <A HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-TIME-TABLE" >Table 8-11</A > and <A HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-TIMEZONE-TABLE" >Table 8-12</A >.) If a time zone is specified in the input for <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time without time zone</TT >, it is silently ignored. You can also specify a date but it will be ignored, except when you use a time zone name that involves a daylight-savings rule, such as <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >America/New_York</TT >. In this case specifying the date is required in order to determine whether standard or daylight-savings time applies. The appropriate time zone offset is recorded in the <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time with time zone</TT > value. </P ><DIV CLASS="TABLE" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-TIME-TABLE" ></A ><P ><B >Table 8-11. Time Input</B ></P ><TABLE BORDER="1" CLASS="CALSTABLE" ><COL><COL><THEAD ><TR ><TH >Example</TH ><TH >Description</TH ></TR ></THEAD ><TBODY ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >04:05:06.789</TT ></TD ><TD >ISO 8601</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >04:05:06</TT ></TD ><TD >ISO 8601</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >04:05</TT ></TD ><TD >ISO 8601</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >040506</TT ></TD ><TD >ISO 8601</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >04:05 AM</TT ></TD ><TD >same as 04:05; AM does not affect value</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >04:05 PM</TT ></TD ><TD >same as 16:05; input hour must be <= 12</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >04:05:06.789-8</TT ></TD ><TD >ISO 8601</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >04:05:06-08:00</TT ></TD ><TD >ISO 8601</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >04:05-08:00</TT ></TD ><TD >ISO 8601</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >040506-08</TT ></TD ><TD >ISO 8601</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >04:05:06 PST</TT ></TD ><TD >time zone specified by abbreviation</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >2003-04-12 04:05:06 America/New_York</TT ></TD ><TD >time zone specified by full name</TD ></TR ></TBODY ></TABLE ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="TABLE" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-TIMEZONE-TABLE" ></A ><P ><B >Table 8-12. Time Zone Input</B ></P ><TABLE BORDER="1" CLASS="CALSTABLE" ><COL><COL><THEAD ><TR ><TH >Example</TH ><TH >Description</TH ></TR ></THEAD ><TBODY ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >PST</TT ></TD ><TD >Abbreviation (for Pacific Standard Time)</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >America/New_York</TT ></TD ><TD >Full time zone name</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >PST8PDT</TT ></TD ><TD >POSIX-style time zone specification</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >-8:00</TT ></TD ><TD >ISO-8601 offset for PST</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >-800</TT ></TD ><TD >ISO-8601 offset for PST</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >-8</TT ></TD ><TD >ISO-8601 offset for PST</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >zulu</TT ></TD ><TD >Military abbreviation for UTC</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >z</TT ></TD ><TD >Short form of <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >zulu</TT ></TD ></TR ></TBODY ></TABLE ></DIV ><P > Refer to <A HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-TIMEZONES" >Section 8.5.3</A > for more information on how to specify time zones. </P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT3" ><H3 CLASS="SECT3" ><A NAME="AEN5539" >8.5.1.3. Time Stamps</A ></H3 ><P > Valid input for the time stamp types consists of the concatenation of a date and a time, followed by an optional time zone, followed by an optional <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >AD</TT > or <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >BC</TT >. (Alternatively, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >AD</TT >/<TT CLASS="LITERAL" >BC</TT > can appear before the time zone, but this is not the preferred ordering.) Thus: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >1999-01-08 04:05:06</PRE ><P> and: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >1999-01-08 04:05:06 -8:00</PRE ><P> are valid values, which follow the <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >ISO</ACRONYM > 8601 standard. In addition, the common format: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >January 8 04:05:06 1999 PST</PRE ><P> is supported. </P ><P > The <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM > standard differentiates <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp without time zone</TT > and <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp with time zone</TT > literals by the presence of a <SPAN CLASS="QUOTE" >"+"</SPAN > or <SPAN CLASS="QUOTE" >"-"</SPAN > symbol and time zone offset after the time. Hence, according to the standard, </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >TIMESTAMP '2004-10-19 10:23:54'</PRE ><P> is a <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp without time zone</TT >, while </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >TIMESTAMP '2004-10-19 10:23:54+02'</PRE ><P> is a <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp with time zone</TT >. <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > never examines the content of a literal string before determining its type, and therefore will treat both of the above as <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp without time zone</TT >. To ensure that a literal is treated as <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp with time zone</TT >, give it the correct explicit type: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE '2004-10-19 10:23:54+02'</PRE ><P> In a literal that has been determined to be <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp without time zone</TT >, <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > will silently ignore any time zone indication. That is, the resulting value is derived from the date/time fields in the input value, and is not adjusted for time zone. </P ><P > For <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp with time zone</TT >, the internally stored value is always in UTC (Universal Coordinated Time, traditionally known as Greenwich Mean Time, <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >GMT</ACRONYM >). An input value that has an explicit time zone specified is converted to UTC using the appropriate offset for that time zone. If no time zone is stated in the input string, then it is assumed to be in the time zone indicated by the system's <A HREF="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-TIMEZONE" >timezone</A > parameter, and is converted to UTC using the offset for the <TT CLASS="VARNAME" >timezone</TT > zone. </P ><P > When a <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp with time zone</TT > value is output, it is always converted from UTC to the current <TT CLASS="VARNAME" >timezone</TT > zone, and displayed as local time in that zone. To see the time in another time zone, either change <TT CLASS="VARNAME" >timezone</TT > or use the <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >AT TIME ZONE</TT > construct (see <A HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-ZONECONVERT" >Section 9.9.3</A >). </P ><P > Conversions between <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp without time zone</TT > and <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp with time zone</TT > normally assume that the <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp without time zone</TT > value should be taken or given as <TT CLASS="VARNAME" >timezone</TT > local time. A different time zone can be specified for the conversion using <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >AT TIME ZONE</TT >. </P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT3" ><H3 CLASS="SECT3" ><A NAME="AEN5589" >8.5.1.4. Special Values</A ></H3 ><P > <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > supports several special date/time input values for convenience, as shown in <A HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-SPECIAL-TABLE" >Table 8-13</A >. The values <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >infinity</TT > and <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >-infinity</TT > are specially represented inside the system and will be displayed unchanged; but the others are simply notational shorthands that will be converted to ordinary date/time values when read. (In particular, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >now</TT > and related strings are converted to a specific time value as soon as they are read.) All of these values need to be enclosed in single quotes when used as constants in SQL commands. </P ><DIV CLASS="TABLE" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-SPECIAL-TABLE" ></A ><P ><B >Table 8-13. Special Date/Time Inputs</B ></P ><TABLE BORDER="1" CLASS="CALSTABLE" ><COL><COL><COL><THEAD ><TR ><TH >Input String</TH ><TH >Valid Types</TH ><TH >Description</TH ></TR ></THEAD ><TBODY ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >epoch</TT ></TD ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >date</TT >, <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT ></TD ><TD >1970-01-01 00:00:00+00 (Unix system time zero)</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >infinity</TT ></TD ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >date</TT >, <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT ></TD ><TD >later than all other time stamps</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >-infinity</TT ></TD ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >date</TT >, <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT ></TD ><TD >earlier than all other time stamps</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >now</TT ></TD ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >date</TT >, <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time</TT >, <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT ></TD ><TD >current transaction's start time</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >today</TT ></TD ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >date</TT >, <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT ></TD ><TD >midnight today</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >tomorrow</TT ></TD ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >date</TT >, <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT ></TD ><TD >midnight tomorrow</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >yesterday</TT ></TD ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >date</TT >, <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT ></TD ><TD >midnight yesterday</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >allballs</TT ></TD ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >time</TT ></TD ><TD >00:00:00.00 UTC</TD ></TR ></TBODY ></TABLE ></DIV ><P > The following <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM >-compatible functions can also be used to obtain the current time value for the corresponding data type: <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >CURRENT_DATE</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >CURRENT_TIME</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >LOCALTIME</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >LOCALTIMESTAMP</TT >. The latter four accept an optional subsecond precision specification. (See <A HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-CURRENT" >Section 9.9.4</A >.) Note that these are SQL functions and are <SPAN CLASS="emphasis" ><I CLASS="EMPHASIS" >not</I ></SPAN > recognized in data input strings. </P ></DIV ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT2" ><H2 CLASS="SECT2" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-OUTPUT" >8.5.2. Date/Time Output</A ></H2 ><P > The output format of the date/time types can be set to one of the four styles ISO 8601, <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM > (Ingres), traditional <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >POSTGRES</SPAN > (Unix <SPAN CLASS="APPLICATION" >date</SPAN > format), or German. The default is the <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >ISO</ACRONYM > format. (The <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM > standard requires the use of the ISO 8601 format. The name of the <SPAN CLASS="QUOTE" >"SQL"</SPAN > output format is a historical accident.) <A HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-OUTPUT-TABLE" >Table 8-14</A > shows examples of each output style. The output of the <TT CLASS="TYPE" >date</TT > and <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time</TT > types is of course only the date or time part in accordance with the given examples. </P ><DIV CLASS="TABLE" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-OUTPUT-TABLE" ></A ><P ><B >Table 8-14. Date/Time Output Styles</B ></P ><TABLE BORDER="1" CLASS="CALSTABLE" ><COL><COL><COL><THEAD ><TR ><TH >Style Specification</TH ><TH >Description</TH ><TH >Example</TH ></TR ></THEAD ><TBODY ><TR ><TD >ISO</TD ><TD >ISO 8601/SQL standard</TD ><TD >1997-12-17 07:37:16-08</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >SQL</TD ><TD >traditional style</TD ><TD >12/17/1997 07:37:16.00 PST</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >POSTGRES</TD ><TD >original style</TD ><TD >Wed Dec 17 07:37:16 1997 PST</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >German</TD ><TD >regional style</TD ><TD >17.12.1997 07:37:16.00 PST</TD ></TR ></TBODY ></TABLE ></DIV ><P > In the <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM > and POSTGRES styles, day appears before month if DMY field ordering has been specified, otherwise month appears before day. (See <A HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-INPUT" >Section 8.5.1</A > for how this setting also affects interpretation of input values.) <A HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-OUTPUT2-TABLE" >Table 8-15</A > shows an example. </P ><DIV CLASS="TABLE" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-OUTPUT2-TABLE" ></A ><P ><B >Table 8-15. Date Order Conventions</B ></P ><TABLE BORDER="1" CLASS="CALSTABLE" ><COL><COL><COL><THEAD ><TR ><TH ><TT CLASS="VARNAME" >datestyle</TT > Setting</TH ><TH >Input Ordering</TH ><TH >Example Output</TH ></TR ></THEAD ><TBODY ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >SQL, DMY</TT ></TD ><TD ><TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >day</I ></TT >/<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >month</I ></TT >/<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >year</I ></TT ></TD ><TD >17/12/1997 15:37:16.00 CET</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >SQL, MDY</TT ></TD ><TD ><TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >month</I ></TT >/<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >day</I ></TT >/<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >year</I ></TT ></TD ><TD >12/17/1997 07:37:16.00 PST</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >Postgres, DMY</TT ></TD ><TD ><TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >day</I ></TT >/<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >month</I ></TT >/<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >year</I ></TT ></TD ><TD >Wed 17 Dec 07:37:16 1997 PST</TD ></TR ></TBODY ></TABLE ></DIV ><P > The date/time styles can be selected by the user using the <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >SET datestyle</TT > command, the <A HREF="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-DATESTYLE" >DateStyle</A > parameter in the <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >postgresql.conf</TT > configuration file, or the <TT CLASS="ENVAR" >PGDATESTYLE</TT > environment variable on the server or client. The formatting function <CODE CLASS="FUNCTION" >to_char</CODE > (see <A HREF="functions-formatting.html" >Section 9.8</A >) is also available as a more flexible way to format date/time output. </P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT2" ><H2 CLASS="SECT2" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-TIMEZONES" >8.5.3. Time Zones</A ></H2 ><P > Time zones, and time-zone conventions, are influenced by political decisions, not just earth geometry. Time zones around the world became somewhat standardized during the 1900's, but continue to be prone to arbitrary changes, particularly with respect to daylight-savings rules. <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > uses the widely-used <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >zoneinfo</TT > time zone database for information about historical time zone rules. For times in the future, the assumption is that the latest known rules for a given time zone will continue to be observed indefinitely far into the future. </P ><P > <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > endeavors to be compatible with the <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM > standard definitions for typical usage. However, the <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM > standard has an odd mix of date and time types and capabilities. Two obvious problems are: <P ></P ></P><UL ><LI ><P > Although the <TT CLASS="TYPE" >date</TT > type cannot have an associated time zone, the <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time</TT > type can. Time zones in the real world have little meaning unless associated with a date as well as a time, since the offset can vary through the year with daylight-saving time boundaries. </P ></LI ><LI ><P > The default time zone is specified as a constant numeric offset from <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >UTC</ACRONYM >. It is therefore impossible to adapt to daylight-saving time when doing date/time arithmetic across <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >DST</ACRONYM > boundaries. </P ></LI ></UL ><P> </P ><P > To address these difficulties, we recommend using date/time types that contain both date and time when using time zones. We do <SPAN CLASS="emphasis" ><I CLASS="EMPHASIS" >not</I ></SPAN > recommend using the type <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time with time zone</TT > (though it is supported by <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > for legacy applications and for compliance with the <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM > standard). <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > assumes your local time zone for any type containing only date or time. </P ><P > All timezone-aware dates and times are stored internally in <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >UTC</ACRONYM >. They are converted to local time in the zone specified by the <A HREF="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-TIMEZONE" >timezone</A > configuration parameter before being displayed to the client. </P ><P > <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > allows you to specify time zones in three different forms: <P ></P ></P><UL ><LI ><P > A full time zone name, for example <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >America/New_York</TT >. The recognized time zone names are listed in the <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >pg_timezone_names</TT > view (see <A HREF="view-pg-timezone-names.html" >Section 45.60</A >). <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > uses the widely-used <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >zoneinfo</TT > time zone data for this purpose, so the same names are also recognized by much other software. </P ></LI ><LI ><P > A time zone abbreviation, for example <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >PST</TT >. Such a specification merely defines a particular offset from UTC, in contrast to full time zone names which can imply a set of daylight savings transition-date rules as well. The recognized abbreviations are listed in the <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >pg_timezone_abbrevs</TT > view (see <A HREF="view-pg-timezone-abbrevs.html" >Section 45.59</A >). You cannot set the configuration parameters <A HREF="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-TIMEZONE" >timezone</A > or <A HREF="runtime-config-logging.html#GUC-LOG-TIMEZONE" >log_timezone</A > to a time zone abbreviation, but you can use abbreviations in date/time input values and with the <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >AT TIME ZONE</TT > operator. </P ></LI ><LI ><P > In addition to the timezone names and abbreviations, <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > will accept POSIX-style time zone specifications of the form <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >STD</I ></TT ><TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >offset</I ></TT > or <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >STD</I ></TT ><TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >offset</I ></TT ><TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >DST</I ></TT >, where <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >STD</I ></TT > is a zone abbreviation, <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >offset</I ></TT > is a numeric offset in hours west from UTC, and <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >DST</I ></TT > is an optional daylight-savings zone abbreviation, assumed to stand for one hour ahead of the given offset. For example, if <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >EST5EDT</TT > were not already a recognized zone name, it would be accepted and would be functionally equivalent to United States East Coast time. When a daylight-savings zone name is present, it is assumed to be used according to the same daylight-savings transition rules used in the <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >zoneinfo</TT > time zone database's <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >posixrules</TT > entry. In a standard <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > installation, <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >posixrules</TT > is the same as <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >US/Eastern</TT >, so that POSIX-style time zone specifications follow USA daylight-savings rules. If needed, you can adjust this behavior by replacing the <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >posixrules</TT > file. </P ></LI ></UL ><P> In short, this is the difference between abbreviations and full names: abbreviations always represent a fixed offset from UTC, whereas most of the full names imply a local daylight-savings time rule, and so have two possible UTC offsets. </P ><P > One should be wary that the POSIX-style time zone feature can lead to silently accepting bogus input, since there is no check on the reasonableness of the zone abbreviations. For example, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >SET TIMEZONE TO FOOBAR0</TT > will work, leaving the system effectively using a rather peculiar abbreviation for UTC. Another issue to keep in mind is that in POSIX time zone names, positive offsets are used for locations <SPAN CLASS="emphasis" ><I CLASS="EMPHASIS" >west</I ></SPAN > of Greenwich. Everywhere else, <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > follows the ISO-8601 convention that positive timezone offsets are <SPAN CLASS="emphasis" ><I CLASS="EMPHASIS" >east</I ></SPAN > of Greenwich. </P ><P > In all cases, timezone names are recognized case-insensitively. (This is a change from <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > versions prior to 8.2, which were case-sensitive in some contexts but not others.) </P ><P > Neither full names nor abbreviations are hard-wired into the server; they are obtained from configuration files stored under <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >.../share/timezone/</TT > and <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >.../share/timezonesets/</TT > of the installation directory (see <A HREF="datetime-config-files.html" >Section B.3</A >). </P ><P > The <A HREF="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-TIMEZONE" >timezone</A > configuration parameter can be set in the file <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >postgresql.conf</TT >, or in any of the other standard ways described in <A HREF="runtime-config.html" >Chapter 18</A >. There are also several special ways to set it: <P ></P ></P><UL ><LI ><P > If <TT CLASS="VARNAME" >timezone</TT > is not specified in <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >postgresql.conf</TT > or as a server command-line option, the server attempts to use the value of the <TT CLASS="ENVAR" >TZ</TT > environment variable as the default time zone. If <TT CLASS="ENVAR" >TZ</TT > is not defined or is not any of the time zone names known to <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN >, the server attempts to determine the operating system's default time zone by checking the behavior of the C library function <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >localtime()</TT >. The default time zone is selected as the closest match among <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN >'s known time zones. (These rules are also used to choose the default value of <A HREF="runtime-config-logging.html#GUC-LOG-TIMEZONE" >log_timezone</A >, if not specified.) </P ></LI ><LI ><P > The <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM > command <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >SET TIME ZONE</TT > sets the time zone for the session. This is an alternative spelling of <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >SET TIMEZONE TO</TT > with a more SQL-spec-compatible syntax. </P ></LI ><LI ><P > The <TT CLASS="ENVAR" >PGTZ</TT > environment variable is used by <SPAN CLASS="APPLICATION" >libpq</SPAN > clients to send a <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >SET TIME ZONE</TT > command to the server upon connection. </P ></LI ></UL ><P> </P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT2" ><H2 CLASS="SECT2" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-INTERVAL-INPUT" >8.5.4. Interval Input</A ></H2 ><P > <TT CLASS="TYPE" >interval</TT > values can be written using the following verbose syntax: </P><PRE CLASS="SYNOPSIS" >[<SPAN CLASS="OPTIONAL" >@</SPAN >] <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >quantity</I ></TT > <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >unit</I ></TT > [<SPAN CLASS="OPTIONAL" ><TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >quantity</I ></TT > <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >unit</I ></TT >...</SPAN >] [<SPAN CLASS="OPTIONAL" ><TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >direction</I ></TT ></SPAN >]</PRE ><P> where <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >quantity</I ></TT > is a number (possibly signed); <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >unit</I ></TT > is <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >microsecond</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >millisecond</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >second</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >minute</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >hour</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >day</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >week</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >month</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >year</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >decade</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >century</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >millennium</TT >, or abbreviations or plurals of these units; <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >direction</I ></TT > can be <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >ago</TT > or empty. The at sign (<TT CLASS="LITERAL" >@</TT >) is optional noise. The amounts of the different units are implicitly added with appropriate sign accounting. <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >ago</TT > negates all the fields. This syntax is also used for interval output, if <A HREF="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-INTERVALSTYLE" >IntervalStyle</A > is set to <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >postgres_verbose</TT >. </P ><P > Quantities of days, hours, minutes, and seconds can be specified without explicit unit markings. For example, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >'1 12:59:10'</TT > is read the same as <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >'1 day 12 hours 59 min 10 sec'</TT >. Also, a combination of years and months can be specified with a dash; for example <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >'200-10'</TT > is read the same as <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >'200 years 10 months'</TT >. (These shorter forms are in fact the only ones allowed by the <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM > standard, and are used for output when <TT CLASS="VARNAME" >IntervalStyle</TT > is set to <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >sql_standard</TT >.) </P ><P > Interval values can also be written as ISO 8601 time intervals, using either the <SPAN CLASS="QUOTE" >"format with designators"</SPAN > of the standard's section 4.4.3.2 or the <SPAN CLASS="QUOTE" >"alternative format"</SPAN > of section 4.4.3.3. The format with designators looks like this: </P><PRE CLASS="SYNOPSIS" >P <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >quantity</I ></TT > <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >unit</I ></TT > [<SPAN CLASS="OPTIONAL" > <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >quantity</I ></TT > <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >unit</I ></TT > ...</SPAN >] [<SPAN CLASS="OPTIONAL" > T [<SPAN CLASS="OPTIONAL" > <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >quantity</I ></TT > <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >unit</I ></TT > ...</SPAN >]</SPAN >]</PRE ><P> The string must start with a <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >P</TT >, and may include a <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >T</TT > that introduces the time-of-day units. The available unit abbreviations are given in <A HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-INTERVAL-ISO8601-UNITS" >Table 8-16</A >. Units may be omitted, and may be specified in any order, but units smaller than a day must appear after <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >T</TT >. In particular, the meaning of <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >M</TT > depends on whether it is before or after <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >T</TT >. </P ><DIV CLASS="TABLE" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-INTERVAL-ISO8601-UNITS" ></A ><P ><B >Table 8-16. ISO 8601 interval unit abbreviations</B ></P ><TABLE BORDER="1" CLASS="CALSTABLE" ><COL><COL><THEAD ><TR ><TH >Abbreviation</TH ><TH >Meaning</TH ></TR ></THEAD ><TBODY ><TR ><TD >Y</TD ><TD >Years</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >M</TD ><TD >Months (in the date part)</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >W</TD ><TD >Weeks</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >D</TD ><TD >Days</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >H</TD ><TD >Hours</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >M</TD ><TD >Minutes (in the time part)</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >S</TD ><TD >Seconds</TD ></TR ></TBODY ></TABLE ></DIV ><P > In the alternative format: </P><PRE CLASS="SYNOPSIS" >P [<SPAN CLASS="OPTIONAL" > <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >years</I ></TT >-<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >months</I ></TT >-<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >days</I ></TT > </SPAN >] [<SPAN CLASS="OPTIONAL" > T <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >hours</I ></TT >:<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >minutes</I ></TT >:<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >seconds</I ></TT > </SPAN >]</PRE ><P> the string must begin with <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >P</TT >, and a <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >T</TT > separates the date and time parts of the interval. The values are given as numbers similar to ISO 8601 dates. </P ><P > When writing an interval constant with a <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >fields</I ></TT > specification, or when assigning a string to an interval column that was defined with a <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >fields</I ></TT > specification, the interpretation of unmarked quantities depends on the <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >fields</I ></TT >. For example <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >INTERVAL '1' YEAR</TT > is read as 1 year, whereas <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >INTERVAL '1'</TT > means 1 second. Also, field values <SPAN CLASS="QUOTE" >"to the right"</SPAN > of the least significant field allowed by the <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >fields</I ></TT > specification are silently discarded. For example, writing <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >INTERVAL '1 day 2:03:04' HOUR TO MINUTE</TT > results in dropping the seconds field, but not the day field. </P ><P > According to the <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM > standard all fields of an interval value must have the same sign, so a leading negative sign applies to all fields; for example the negative sign in the interval literal <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >'-1 2:03:04'</TT > applies to both the days and hour/minute/second parts. <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > allows the fields to have different signs, and traditionally treats each field in the textual representation as independently signed, so that the hour/minute/second part is considered positive in this example. If <TT CLASS="VARNAME" >IntervalStyle</TT > is set to <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >sql_standard</TT > then a leading sign is considered to apply to all fields (but only if no additional signs appear). Otherwise the traditional <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > interpretation is used. To avoid ambiguity, it's recommended to attach an explicit sign to each field if any field is negative. </P ><P > Internally <TT CLASS="TYPE" >interval</TT > values are stored as months, days, and seconds. This is done because the number of days in a month varies, and a day can have 23 or 25 hours if a daylight savings time adjustment is involved. The months and days fields are integers while the seconds field can store fractions. Because intervals are usually created from constant strings or <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT > subtraction, this storage method works well in most cases. Functions <CODE CLASS="FUNCTION" >justify_days</CODE > and <CODE CLASS="FUNCTION" >justify_hours</CODE > are available for adjusting days and hours that overflow their normal ranges. </P ><P > In the verbose input format, and in some fields of the more compact input formats, field values can have fractional parts; for example <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >'1.5 week'</TT > or <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >'01:02:03.45'</TT >. Such input is converted to the appropriate number of months, days, and seconds for storage. When this would result in a fractional number of months or days, the fraction is added to the lower-order fields using the conversion factors 1 month = 30 days and 1 day = 24 hours. For example, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >'1.5 month'</TT > becomes 1 month and 15 days. Only seconds will ever be shown as fractional on output. </P ><P > <A HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-INTERVAL-INPUT-EXAMPLES" >Table 8-17</A > shows some examples of valid <TT CLASS="TYPE" >interval</TT > input. </P ><DIV CLASS="TABLE" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-INTERVAL-INPUT-EXAMPLES" ></A ><P ><B >Table 8-17. Interval Input</B ></P ><TABLE BORDER="1" CLASS="CALSTABLE" ><COL><COL><THEAD ><TR ><TH >Example</TH ><TH >Description</TH ></TR ></THEAD ><TBODY ><TR ><TD >1-2</TD ><TD >SQL standard format: 1 year 2 months</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >3 4:05:06</TD ><TD >SQL standard format: 3 days 4 hours 5 minutes 6 seconds</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >1 year 2 months 3 days 4 hours 5 minutes 6 seconds</TD ><TD >Traditional Postgres format: 1 year 2 months 3 days 4 hours 5 minutes 6 seconds</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >P1Y2M3DT4H5M6S</TD ><TD >ISO 8601 <SPAN CLASS="QUOTE" >"format with designators"</SPAN >: same meaning as above</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >P0001-02-03T04:05:06</TD ><TD >ISO 8601 <SPAN CLASS="QUOTE" >"alternative format"</SPAN >: same meaning as above</TD ></TR ></TBODY ></TABLE ></DIV ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT2" ><H2 CLASS="SECT2" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-INTERVAL-OUTPUT" >8.5.5. Interval Output</A ></H2 ><P > The output format of the interval type can be set to one of the four styles <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >sql_standard</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >postgres</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >postgres_verbose</TT >, or <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >iso_8601</TT >, using the command <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >SET intervalstyle</TT >. The default is the <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >postgres</TT > format. <A HREF="datatype-datetime.html#INTERVAL-STYLE-OUTPUT-TABLE" >Table 8-18</A > shows examples of each output style. </P ><P > The <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >sql_standard</TT > style produces output that conforms to the SQL standard's specification for interval literal strings, if the interval value meets the standard's restrictions (either year-month only or day-time only, with no mixing of positive and negative components). Otherwise the output looks like a standard year-month literal string followed by a day-time literal string, with explicit signs added to disambiguate mixed-sign intervals. </P ><P > The output of the <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >postgres</TT > style matches the output of <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > releases prior to 8.4 when the <A HREF="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-DATESTYLE" >DateStyle</A > parameter was set to <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >ISO</TT >. </P ><P > The output of the <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >postgres_verbose</TT > style matches the output of <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > releases prior to 8.4 when the <TT CLASS="VARNAME" >DateStyle</TT > parameter was set to non-<TT CLASS="LITERAL" >ISO</TT > output. </P ><P > The output of the <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >iso_8601</TT > style matches the <SPAN CLASS="QUOTE" >"format with designators"</SPAN > described in section 4.4.3.2 of the ISO 8601 standard. </P ><DIV CLASS="TABLE" ><A NAME="INTERVAL-STYLE-OUTPUT-TABLE" ></A ><P ><B >Table 8-18. Interval Output Style Examples</B ></P ><TABLE BORDER="1" CLASS="CALSTABLE" ><COL><COL><COL><COL><THEAD ><TR ><TH >Style Specification</TH ><TH >Year-Month Interval</TH ><TH >Day-Time Interval</TH ><TH >Mixed Interval</TH ></TR ></THEAD ><TBODY ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >sql_standard</TT ></TD ><TD >1-2</TD ><TD >3 4:05:06</TD ><TD >-1-2 +3 -4:05:06</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >postgres</TT ></TD ><TD >1 year 2 mons</TD ><TD >3 days 04:05:06</TD ><TD >-1 year -2 mons +3 days -04:05:06</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >postgres_verbose</TT ></TD ><TD >@ 1 year 2 mons</TD ><TD >@ 3 days 4 hours 5 mins 6 secs</TD ><TD >@ 1 year 2 mons -3 days 4 hours 5 mins 6 secs ago</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >iso_8601</TT ></TD ><TD >P1Y2M</TD ><TD >P3DT4H5M6S</TD ><TD >P-1Y-2M3DT-4H-5M-6S</TD ></TR ></TBODY ></TABLE ></DIV ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT2" ><H2 CLASS="SECT2" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-INTERNALS" >8.5.6. Internals</A ></H2 ><P > <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > uses Julian dates for all date/time calculations. This has the useful property of correctly calculating dates from 4713 BC to far into the future, using the assumption that the length of the year is 365.2425 days. </P ><P > Date conventions before the 19th century make for interesting reading, but are not consistent enough to warrant coding into a date/time handler. </P ></DIV ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="NAVFOOTER" ><HR ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="100%"><TABLE SUMMARY="Footer navigation table" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" ><TR ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="datatype-binary.html" ACCESSKEY="P" >Prev</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="34%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="index.html" ACCESSKEY="H" >Home</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="datatype-boolean.html" ACCESSKEY="N" >Next</A ></TD ></TR ><TR ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" >Binary Data Types</TD ><TD WIDTH="34%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="datatype.html" ACCESSKEY="U" >Up</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" >Boolean Type</TD ></TR ></TABLE ></DIV ></BODY ></HTML >