Mitmproxy is an enormously flexible tool. Knowing exactly how the proxying
process works will help you deploy it creatively, and allow you to understand
its fundamental assumptions and how to work around them. This document explains
mitmproxy's proxy mechanism in detail, starting with the simplest unencrypted
explicit proxying, and working up to the most complicated interaction -
transparent proxying of SSL-protected traffic[^ssl] in the presence of
[SNI](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication).
<div class="page-header">
<h1>Explicit HTTP</h1>
</div>
Configuring the client to use mitmproxy as an explicit proxy is the simplest
and most reliable way to intercept traffic. The proxy protocol is codified in
the [HTTP RFC](http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2068.txt), so the behaviour of both
the client and the server is well defined, and usually reliable. In the
simplest possible interaction with mitmproxy, a client connects directly to the
proxy, and makes a request that looks like this:
<pre>GET http://example.com/index.html HTTP/1.1</pre>
This is a proxy GET request - an extended form of the vanilla HTTP GET request
that includes a schema and host specification, and it includes all the
information mitmproxy needs to proceed.
<img src="explicit.png"/>
<table class="table">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><b>1</b></td>
<td>The client connects to the proxy and makes a request.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2</b></td>
<td>Mitmproxy connects to the upstream server and simply forwards
the request on.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="page-header">
<h1>Explicit HTTPS</h1>
</div>
The process for an explicitly proxied HTTPS connection is quite different. The
client connects to the proxy and makes a request that looks like this:
<pre>CONNECT example.com:443 HTTP/1.1</pre>
A conventional proxy can neither view nor manipulate an SSL-encrypted data
stream, so a CONNECT request simply asks the proxy to open a pipe between the
client and server. The proxy here is just a facilitator - it blindly forwards
data in both directions without knowing anything about the contents. The
negotiation of the SSL connection happens over this pipe, and the subsequent
flow of requests and responses are completely opaque to the proxy.
## The MITM in mitmproxy
This is where mitmproxy's fundamental trick comes into play. The MITM in its name stands for Man-In-The-Middle - a reference to the process we use to intercept and interfere with these theoretially opaque data streams. The basic idea is to pretend to be the server to the client, and pretend to be the client to the server, while we sit in the middle decoding traffic from both sides. The tricky part is that the [Certificate Authority](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_authority) system is designed to prevent exactly this attack, by allowing a trusted third-party to cryptographically sign a server's SSL certificates to verify that they are legit. If this signature doesn't match or is from a non-trusted party, a secure client will simply drop the connection and refuse to proceed. Despite the many shortcomings of the CA system as it exists today, this is usually fatal to attempts to MITM an SSL connection for analysis. Our answer to this conundrum is to become a trusted Certificate Authority ourselves. Mitmproxy includes a full CA implementation that generates interception certificates on the fly. To get the client to trust these certificates, we [register mitmproxy as a trusted CA with the device manually](@!urlTo("ssl.html")!@).
## Complication 1: What's the remote hostname?
To proceed with this plan, we need to know the domain name to use in the interception certificate - the client will verify that the certificate is for the domain it's connecting to, and abort if this is not the case. At first blush, it seems that the CONNECT request above gives us all we need - in this example, both of these values are "example.com". But what if the client had initiated the connection as follows:
<pre>CONNECT 10.1.1.1:443 HTTP/1.1</pre>
Using the IP address is perfectly legitimate because it gives us enough information to initiate the pipe, even though it doesn't reveal the remote hostname.
Mitmproxy has a cunning mechanism that smooths this over - [upstream certificate sniffing](@!urlTo("features/upstreamcerts.html")!@). As soon as we see the CONNECT request, we pause the client part of the conversation, and initiate a simultaneous connection to the server. We complete the SSL handshake with the server, and inspect the certificates it used. Now, we use the Common Name in the upstream SSL certificates to generate the dummy certificate for the client. Voila, we have the correct hostname to present to the client, even if it was never specified.
## Complication 2: Subject Alternative Name
Enter the next complication. Sometimes, the certificate Common Name is not, in
fact, the hostname that the client is connecting to. This is because of the
optional [Subject Alternative
Name](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SubjectAltName) field in the SSL certificate
that allows an arbitrary number of alternative domains to be specified. If the
expected domain matches any of these, the client wil proceed, even though the
domain doesn't match the certificate Common Name. The answer here is simple:
when extract the CN from the upstream cert, we also extract the SANs, and add
them to the generated dummy certificate.
## Complication 3: Server Name Indication
One of the big limitations of vanilla SSL is that each certificate requires its own IP address. This means that you couldn't do virtual hosting where multiple domains with independent certificates share the same IP address. In a world with a rapidly shrinking IPv4 address pool this is a problem, and we have a solution in the form of the [Server Name Indication](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication) extension to the SSL and TLS protocols. This lets the client specify the remote server name at the start of the SSL handshake, which then lets the server select the right certificate to complete the process.
SNI breaks our upstream certificate sniffing process, because when we connect without using SNI, we get served a default certificate that may have nothing to do with the certificate expected by the client. The solution is another tricky complication to the client connection process. After the client connects, we allow the SSL handshake to continue until just _after_ the SNI value has been passed to us. Now we can pause the conversation, and initiate an upstream connection using the correct SNI value, which then serves us the correct upstream certificate, from which we can extract the expected CN and SANs.
There's another wrinkle here. Due to a limitation of the SSL library mitmproxy uses, we can't detect that a connection _hasn't_ sent an SNI request until it's too late for upstream certificate sniffing. In practice, we therefore make a vanilla SSL connection upstream to sniff non-SNI certificates, and then discard the connection if the client sends an SNI notification. If you're watching your traffic with a packet sniffer, you'll see two connections to the server when an SNI request is made, the first of which is immediately closed after the SSL handshake. Luckily, this is almost never an issue in practice.
## Putting it all together
Lets put all of this together into the complete explicitly proxied HTTPS flow.
<img src="explicit_https.png"/>
<table class="table">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><b>1</b></td>
<td>The client makes a connection to mitmproxy, and issues an HTTP
CONNECT request.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2</b></td>
<td>Mitmproxy responds with a 200 Connection Established, as if it
has set up the CONNECT pipe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>3</b></td>
<td>The client believes it's talking to the remote server, and
initiates the SSL connection. It uses SNI to indicate the hostname
it is connecting to.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>4</b></td>
<td>Mitmproxy connects to the server, and establishes an SSL
connection using the SNI hostname indicated by the client.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>5</b></td>
<td>The server responds with the matching SSL certificate, which
contains the CN and SAN values needed to generate the interception
certificate.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>6</b></td>
<td>Mitmproxy generates the interception cert, and continues the
client SSL handshake paused in step 3.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>7</b></td>
<td>The client sends the request over the established SSL
connection.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>7</b></td>
<td>Mitmproxy passes the request on to the server over the SSL
connection initiated in step 4.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="page-header">
<h1>Transparent HTTP</h1>
</div>
When a transparent proxy is used, the HTTP/S connection is redirected into a
proxy at the network layer, without any client configuration being required.
This makes transparent proxying ideal for those situations where you can't
change client behaviour - proxy-oblivious Android applications being a common
example.
To achieve this, we need to introduce two extra components. The first is a
redirection mechanism that transparently reroutes a TCP connection destined for
a server on the Internet to a listening proxy server. This usually takes the
form of a firewall on the same host as the proxy server -
[iptables](http://www.netfilter.org/) on Linux or
[pf](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PF_\(firewall\)) on OSX. Once the client has
initiated the connection, it makes a vanilla HTTP request, which might look
something like this:
<pre>GET /index.html HTTP/1.1</pre>
Note that this request differs from the explicit proxy variation, in that it
omits the scheme and hostname. How, then, do we know which upstream host to
forward the request to? The routing mechanism that has performed the
redirection keeps track of the original destination for us. Each routing
mechanism has a different way of exposing this data, so this introduces the
second component required for working transparent proxying: a host module that
knows how to retrieve the original destination address from the router. In
mitmproxy, this takes the form of a built-in set of
[modules](https://github.com/cortesi/mitmproxy/tree/master/libmproxy/platform)
that know how to talk to each platform's redirection mechanism. Once we have
this information, the process is fairly straight-forward.
<img src="transparent.png"/>
<table class="table">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><b>1</b></td>
<td>The client makes a connection to the server.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2</b></td>
<td>The router redirects the connection to mitmproxy, which is
typically listening on a local port of the same host. Mitmproxy
then consults the routing mechanism to establish what the original
destination was.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>3</b></td>
<td>Now, we simply read the client's request...</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>4</b></td>
<td>... and forward it upstream.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="page-header">
<h1>Transparent HTTPS</h1>
</div>
The process for transparently proxying an HTTPS request is a merger of the
methods we've outlined for transparently proxying HTTP, and explicitly proxying
HTTPS. We use the routing mechanism to establish the upstream server address,
and then proceed as for explit HTTPS connections to establish the CN and SANs,
and cope with SNI.
<img src="transparent_https.png"/>
<table class="table">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><b>1</b></td>
<td>The client makes a connection to the server.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2</b></td>
<td>The router redirects the connection to mitmproxy, which is
typically listening on a local port of the same host. Mitmproxy
then consults the routing mechanism to establish what the original
destination was.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>3</b></td>
<td>The client believes it's talking to the remote server, and
initiates the SSL connection. It uses SNI to indicate the hostname
it is connecting to.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>4</b></td>
<td>Mitmproxy connects to the server, and establishes an SSL
connection using the SNI hostname indicated by the client.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>5</b></td>
<td>The server responds with the matching SSL certificate, which
contains the CN and SAN values needed to generate the interception
certificate.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>6</b></td>
<td>Mitmproxy generates the interception cert, and continues the
client SSL handshake paused in step 3.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>7</b></td>
<td>The client sends the request over the established SSL
connection.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>7</b></td>
<td>Mitmproxy passes the request on to the server over the SSL
connection initiated in step 4.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
[^ssl]: I use "SSL" to refer to both SSL and TLS in the generic sense, unless otherwise specified.
